IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-2191 Filed December 21, 2016
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
FRANK FAIRL TURNER III, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeffrey D. Farrell,
Judge.
A defendant appeals the order of restitution imposed following his guilty
pleas to attempted murder and going armed with intent. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Stephan J. Japuntich,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., Bower, J., and Goodhue, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015). 2
GOODHUE, Senior Judge.
Frank Fairl Turner appeals from a restitution order requiring him to pay
$150,000 to the victim’s heir after pleading guilty to the crimes of attempted
murder and going armed with intent. We affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Factual Background and Proceedings.
Turner; his brother, Tad Foster; Foster’s girlfriend, Alexis Williams; and
Turner and Foster’s mother, Angela Gibson, were all at Gibson’s residence on
February 11, 2015. Turner began arguing with his mother about his drinking and
smoking in her home. Foster objected to the way Turner was talking to their
mother. Turner approached Foster with a knife and stabbed him. With
Williams’s help, Foster fled to a neighbor’s house, but Turner pursued them,
threatening to kill Foster. The neighbor called the police and Turner was
apprehended. The paramedics were called and took Foster to the hospital,
where he died as a result of the stabbing.
Turner was charged with first-degree murder. The trial information was
amended as to count one, attempt to commit murder, and count two, going
armed with intent. The amendment was pursuant to a plea agreement, and
consistent with the agreement, Turner entered an Alford plea of guilty to the
amended charges.
In addition to incarceration, Turner was ordered to pay Angela Gibson,
Foster’s heir, the sum of $150,000 in restitution, pursuant to Iowa Code section
910.3B (2015), and $37,553.91 in damages, pursuant to the statement of
pecuniary damages filed by the crime assistance program. Turner has appealed
from the part of the order that requires him to pay $150,000 to Gibson because of 3
Foster’s death. Turner maintains Iowa Code section 910.3B precludes the
assessment based on the victim’s death because he only pled guilty to attempted
murder. He contends the assessment violates the United States Constitution
because he neither admitted he caused Foster’s death nor was there a jury
finding that he caused his death. Finally, Turner claims the order for restitution
was entered as the result of ineffective assistance of counsel.
II. Preservation of Error
The State does not contest error preservation as to Turner’s claim that the
mandatory $150,000 assessment does not apply following a conviction of
attempted murder.
For error to be preserved, an issue must be raised before and ruled on by
the district court. Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). Turner
did not raise a claim of the constitutional infirmity of the restitution order before
the district court, and the district court did not rule on any constitutional issue.
Although Turner does not indicate why his counsel was ineffective, one can
assume his claim is that his counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the
constitutionality of section 910.3B as an issue. A claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel is an exception to the error preservation rule. State v. Straw, 709
N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006).
III. Standard of Review
Restitution orders are reviewed for errors of law. State v. Jenkins, 788
N.W.2d 640, 642 (Iowa 2010). Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are
reviewed de novo. Straw, 709 N.W.2d at 133. 4
IV. Discussion
A. Restitution Order in the Event of a Death
Iowa Code section 910.3B(1) provides as follows:
In all criminal cases in which the offender is convicted of a felony in which the act or acts committed by the offender caused the death of another person . . . the court shall also order the offender to pay at least one hundred fifty thousand dollars in restitution to the victim’s estate if the victim died testate.
Both attempted murder and going armed with intent are felonies. See Iowa Code
§§ 707.11, 708.8.
The minutes of testimony filed with the court included the trial information
and the statement of the Polk County Medical Examiner that the victim’s death
was caused by a stab wound to the chest. Turner does not contend that his act
was not the cause of Foster’s death. Instead, he contends, by not pleading guilty
to the murder charge, he did not admit his act caused Foster’s death and since
no jury found he caused the death, the assessment of the restitution was a
violation of his constitutional right to a jury trial. He also contends that he is
being punished for both an attempted murder and the murder itself, which
constitutes cumulative punishment in violation of the rule prohibiting double
jeopardy. See State v. Ceretti, 871 N.W.2d 88, 96 (Iowa 2015). The Double
Jeopardy Clause only relates to multiple criminal punishments for the same
offense, and the imposition of a restitution award does not implicate multiple
punishments for the same criminal act. State v. Izzolena, 609 N.W.2d 541, 551-
52 (Iowa 2000).
Section 910.3B only requires that a defendant be convicted of a felony
and the act of the defendant caused the victim’s death for the $150,000 5
assessment to be levied. Levying of the mandatory restitution is not dependent
on a first-degree murder conviction under the terms of the statute. “Restitution
orders are not limited by the parameters of the offense committed, but may be
extended to any damages sustained by the victim of a crime which, with some
exceptions, would be recoverable against the offender in a civil action.” State v.
Mai, 572 N.W.2d 168, 171 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).
Section 910.3B has been determined on its face not to be the violation of
a constitutional right against excessive fines or due process. Izzolena, 609
N.W.2d at 551. Izzolena leaves open the question of whether restitution in
excess of $150,000 might sometimes be excessive and also suggests there
might be some situations where the $150,000 might be excessive. Id. Turner
has not claimed there were any special circumstances in his case. Instead,
Turner contends that section 910.3B violates the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution by allowing the mandatory restitution to be set without a jury
finding or a plea of guilty to an offense, which includes as one of its elements that
his act was the proximate cause of Foster’s death.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-2191 Filed December 21, 2016
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
FRANK FAIRL TURNER III, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeffrey D. Farrell,
Judge.
A defendant appeals the order of restitution imposed following his guilty
pleas to attempted murder and going armed with intent. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Stephan J. Japuntich,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., Bower, J., and Goodhue, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015). 2
GOODHUE, Senior Judge.
Frank Fairl Turner appeals from a restitution order requiring him to pay
$150,000 to the victim’s heir after pleading guilty to the crimes of attempted
murder and going armed with intent. We affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Factual Background and Proceedings.
Turner; his brother, Tad Foster; Foster’s girlfriend, Alexis Williams; and
Turner and Foster’s mother, Angela Gibson, were all at Gibson’s residence on
February 11, 2015. Turner began arguing with his mother about his drinking and
smoking in her home. Foster objected to the way Turner was talking to their
mother. Turner approached Foster with a knife and stabbed him. With
Williams’s help, Foster fled to a neighbor’s house, but Turner pursued them,
threatening to kill Foster. The neighbor called the police and Turner was
apprehended. The paramedics were called and took Foster to the hospital,
where he died as a result of the stabbing.
Turner was charged with first-degree murder. The trial information was
amended as to count one, attempt to commit murder, and count two, going
armed with intent. The amendment was pursuant to a plea agreement, and
consistent with the agreement, Turner entered an Alford plea of guilty to the
amended charges.
In addition to incarceration, Turner was ordered to pay Angela Gibson,
Foster’s heir, the sum of $150,000 in restitution, pursuant to Iowa Code section
910.3B (2015), and $37,553.91 in damages, pursuant to the statement of
pecuniary damages filed by the crime assistance program. Turner has appealed
from the part of the order that requires him to pay $150,000 to Gibson because of 3
Foster’s death. Turner maintains Iowa Code section 910.3B precludes the
assessment based on the victim’s death because he only pled guilty to attempted
murder. He contends the assessment violates the United States Constitution
because he neither admitted he caused Foster’s death nor was there a jury
finding that he caused his death. Finally, Turner claims the order for restitution
was entered as the result of ineffective assistance of counsel.
II. Preservation of Error
The State does not contest error preservation as to Turner’s claim that the
mandatory $150,000 assessment does not apply following a conviction of
attempted murder.
For error to be preserved, an issue must be raised before and ruled on by
the district court. Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). Turner
did not raise a claim of the constitutional infirmity of the restitution order before
the district court, and the district court did not rule on any constitutional issue.
Although Turner does not indicate why his counsel was ineffective, one can
assume his claim is that his counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the
constitutionality of section 910.3B as an issue. A claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel is an exception to the error preservation rule. State v. Straw, 709
N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006).
III. Standard of Review
Restitution orders are reviewed for errors of law. State v. Jenkins, 788
N.W.2d 640, 642 (Iowa 2010). Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are
reviewed de novo. Straw, 709 N.W.2d at 133. 4
IV. Discussion
A. Restitution Order in the Event of a Death
Iowa Code section 910.3B(1) provides as follows:
In all criminal cases in which the offender is convicted of a felony in which the act or acts committed by the offender caused the death of another person . . . the court shall also order the offender to pay at least one hundred fifty thousand dollars in restitution to the victim’s estate if the victim died testate.
Both attempted murder and going armed with intent are felonies. See Iowa Code
§§ 707.11, 708.8.
The minutes of testimony filed with the court included the trial information
and the statement of the Polk County Medical Examiner that the victim’s death
was caused by a stab wound to the chest. Turner does not contend that his act
was not the cause of Foster’s death. Instead, he contends, by not pleading guilty
to the murder charge, he did not admit his act caused Foster’s death and since
no jury found he caused the death, the assessment of the restitution was a
violation of his constitutional right to a jury trial. He also contends that he is
being punished for both an attempted murder and the murder itself, which
constitutes cumulative punishment in violation of the rule prohibiting double
jeopardy. See State v. Ceretti, 871 N.W.2d 88, 96 (Iowa 2015). The Double
Jeopardy Clause only relates to multiple criminal punishments for the same
offense, and the imposition of a restitution award does not implicate multiple
punishments for the same criminal act. State v. Izzolena, 609 N.W.2d 541, 551-
52 (Iowa 2000).
Section 910.3B only requires that a defendant be convicted of a felony
and the act of the defendant caused the victim’s death for the $150,000 5
assessment to be levied. Levying of the mandatory restitution is not dependent
on a first-degree murder conviction under the terms of the statute. “Restitution
orders are not limited by the parameters of the offense committed, but may be
extended to any damages sustained by the victim of a crime which, with some
exceptions, would be recoverable against the offender in a civil action.” State v.
Mai, 572 N.W.2d 168, 171 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).
Section 910.3B has been determined on its face not to be the violation of
a constitutional right against excessive fines or due process. Izzolena, 609
N.W.2d at 551. Izzolena leaves open the question of whether restitution in
excess of $150,000 might sometimes be excessive and also suggests there
might be some situations where the $150,000 might be excessive. Id. Turner
has not claimed there were any special circumstances in his case. Instead,
Turner contends that section 910.3B violates the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution by allowing the mandatory restitution to be set without a jury
finding or a plea of guilty to an offense, which includes as one of its elements that
his act was the proximate cause of Foster’s death.
Under our statutory scheme, ordering restitution is a part of the sentencing
procedure. Iowa Code § 910.2. The issue of causation under section 910.3B is
a matter for the court to decide. See Izzolena, 609 N.W.2d at 553. Turner
primarily relies on Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), for his claim
that causation is a jury question under the Sixth Amendment. Appendi involved a
New Jersey statute that allowed the length of a sentence to be increased beyond
the maximum permitted by the applicable statute. 530 U.S. at 490. Under the
statute, the extension of the sentence was permitted by court action and without 6
jury involvement. Id. The statute was declared unconstitutional as a violation of
the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 491. The restitution order against Turner was the
minimum amount mandated by the legislature and the statute contains no
maximum.
One circuit court, in applying the federal restitution statute, has stated:
Even if Appendi covers all forms of punishment, restitution’s not “clearly” punishment . . . . . . . Restitution carries with it no statutory maximum; it’s pegged to the amount of the victim’s loss. A judge can’t exceed the non-existent statutory maximum for restitution no matter what facts he finds, so Appendi’s not implicated.
United States v. Green, 722 F.3d 1146, 1150 (9th Cir. 2013).
Our supreme court has noted with favor that federal authorities reject the
requirement of a jury trial for a determination of criminal restitution. State v.
Jenkins, 788 N.W.2d 640, 643 (Iowa 2010). A defendant does have the right to
challenge causation before the court. Id. at 647. Turner, however, did not and
does not challenge the factual basis for the court’s finding of causation but
contends that it was unconstitutional for the court, as opposed to the jury, to
make the determination. The procedure used to assess the restitution was done
in accordance with section 910.3B, and the statute is not unconstitutional.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Turner claims ineffective assistance of counsel. Turner fails to specify
what counsel did or did not do that constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.
Turner does not request that his plea of guilty be set aside or vacated. He only
objects to the restitution order. His objection to counsel’s performance is 7
assumed to be counsel’s failure to object to the constitutionality of the restitution
order.
Ordinarily ineffective assistance of counsel claims are reserved for
postconviction relief but if the record is adequate to permit a ruling we will
address the claim. State v. Artzer, 609 N.W.2d 526, 531 (Iowa 2000). In this
case the record is adequate insofar as Turner raises the constitutionality of
section 910.3B.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the claimant
must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) counsel failed to perform
an essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted. Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134,
142 (Iowa 2001). As determined above, Turner’s constitutional claim is without
merit. Counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a meritless claim. State v.
Brubaker, 805 N.W.2d 164, 171 (Iowa 2011).
We affirm the decision of the district court.
AFFIRMED.