IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-1328 Filed February 19, 2020
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
BRYAN GIOVANNI BEJARANO MORENO, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Muscatine County, Stuart P. Werling
(trial) and Patrick A. McElyea (sentencing), Judges.
CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED, SENTENCE VACATED IN PART, AND
REMANDED.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Richard Bennett, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Gamble, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 2
GAMBLE, Senior Judge.
Bryan Bejarano Moreno (Bejarano)1 appeals from his convictions of first-
degree burglary and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. Bejarano
claims he received ineffective assistance of counsel. He also claims the district
court improperly assessed restitution without determining his ability to pay and
improperly included language in the sentencing order requiring him to affirmatively
challenge his ability to pay appellate attorney fees. We affirm in part, reverse in
part, and remand to the district court.
On March 18, 2018, Bejarano broke into the home of his estranged wife.
She was not home at the time. She returned home and opened her door.
Immediately after she opened the door, Bejarano rushed toward her and knocked
her down. Bejarano then struck her repeatedly. She suffered numerous injuries.
The State charged Bejarano with count I, first-degree burglary; and count
II, domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. A jury found Bejarano guilty as
charged. Bejarano appeals.
In his first claim of error, Bejarano claims his counsel was ineffective.2 We
review ineffective-assistance claims de novo. State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128,
133 (Iowa 2006). Generally, ineffective-assistance claims are preserved for
1 Bejarano Moreno expressed a preference to be referred to as Bejarnao. 2 We recognize Iowa Code section 814.7 (2019) was recently amended to provide in pertinent part: “An ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a criminal case shall be determined by filing an application for postconviction relief” and “shall not be decided on direct appeal from the criminal proceedings.” See 2019 Iowa Acts ch. 140, § 31. In State v. Macke, however, our supreme court held the amendment “appl[ies] only prospectively and do[es] not apply to cases pending on July 1, 2019.” 933 N.W.2d 226, 235 (Iowa 2019). We are bound by our supreme court’s holding. We conclude, therefore, the amendment “do[es] not apply” to this case, which was pending on July 1, 2019. Id. 3
postconviction relief so the record can be fully developed. Id. But when the record
is adequate, the claim may be resolved on direct appeal. Id.
To succeed on an ineffective-assistance claim, a defendant must prove by
a preponderance of the evidence that counsel failed to perform an essential duty
and constitutional prejudice resulted. State v. Walker, 935 N.W.2d 874, 881 (Iowa
2019). “Because the test for ineffective assistance of counsel is a two-pronged
test, a defendant must show both prongs have been met.” Nguyen v. State, 878
N.W.2d 744, 754 (Iowa 2016). If a defendant cannot prove either prong, we need
not address the other. See id.
The first prong of the ineffective-assistance test requires Bejarano show
“counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”
State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174, 183 (Iowa 2017) (citation omitted). We consider
whether counsel acted “outside the wide range of professionally competent
assistance.” Id. (citation omitted). We presume counsel acted reasonably. See
id. “[C]ounsel has no duty to raise an issue that lacks merit . . . .” Id. So we
consider if Bejarano’s claims have merit. See id.
Bejarano argues counsel was ineffective for failing to move for judgment of
acquittal on count I because the State failed to prove anyone was present when
he entered the residence.3 Because Bejarano did not object to the jury
instructions, they are the law of the case. See State v. Banes, 910 N.W.2d 634,
639 (Iowa Ct. App. 2018). The first-degree burglary marshalling instruction
provided:
3Counsel moved for judgment of acquittal on counts I and II, arguing a different basis for acquittal. 4
1. On or about March 18, 2018, [Bejarano] entered a residence located at . . . . 2. The residence was an occupied structure as defined in these instructions. 3. One or more persons were present in the occupied structure. 4. [Bejarano] did not have permission or authority to enter the residence. 5. The residence was not open to the public. 6. [Bejarano] entered the residence with the specific intent to commit an assault. 7. During the incident [Bejarano] intentionally or recklessly inflicted a bodily injury on someone.
These instructions do not explicitly require a person be present at the time
Bejarano entered the residence. Moreover, State v. Tillman, made clear another
person’s presence at the time of the defendant’s entering is not required. 514
N.W.2d 106, 109 (Iowa 1994). Rather, another person must simply enter the
premises at some time during the burglary to elevate it to burglary in the first
degree. See id. That is precisely what occurred here.
Bejarano acknowledges Tillman and argues it runs contrary to the plain
meaning of the statute. See Iowa Code § 713.3 (2018). He requests Tillman be
overruled.4 Bejarano asserts Tillman incorrectly relied on Iowa Code section
702.13, which provides:
A person is “participating in a public offense” during part or the entire period commencing with the first act done directly toward the commission of the offense and for the purpose of committing that offense, and terminating when the person has been arrested or has withdrawn from the scene of the intended crime and has eluded pursuers, if any there be.
4 In his routing statement, Bejarano requested the supreme court retain his case to “reexamine” Tillman and requested it be overruled. To the extent Bejarano asks this court to overrule Tillman, we cannot. See State v. Beck, 845 N.W.2d 56, 64 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (“We are not at liberty to overrule controlling supreme court precedent.”). 5
Bejarano argues participating in a public offense under section 702.13 is not an
essential element of burglary in the first degree under section 713.3 when the
“enter” alternative is charged. Bejarano believes counsel was ineffective for failing
to move for judgment of acquittal on the basis that no one was in the residence
when he entered for the purpose of preserving error.
We find counsel was not ineffective. Tillman was decided in 1994, almost
twenty-six years ago. Since then, the legislature has had ample time to weigh in
and correct any statutory misinterpretation in Tillman and has declined to do so.
See Ackelson v. Manley Toy Direct, LLC, 832 N.W.2d 678, 688 (Iowa 2013)
(“When many years pass following such a case without a legislative response, we
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-1328 Filed February 19, 2020
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
BRYAN GIOVANNI BEJARANO MORENO, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Muscatine County, Stuart P. Werling
(trial) and Patrick A. McElyea (sentencing), Judges.
CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED, SENTENCE VACATED IN PART, AND
REMANDED.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Richard Bennett, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Gamble, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 2
GAMBLE, Senior Judge.
Bryan Bejarano Moreno (Bejarano)1 appeals from his convictions of first-
degree burglary and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. Bejarano
claims he received ineffective assistance of counsel. He also claims the district
court improperly assessed restitution without determining his ability to pay and
improperly included language in the sentencing order requiring him to affirmatively
challenge his ability to pay appellate attorney fees. We affirm in part, reverse in
part, and remand to the district court.
On March 18, 2018, Bejarano broke into the home of his estranged wife.
She was not home at the time. She returned home and opened her door.
Immediately after she opened the door, Bejarano rushed toward her and knocked
her down. Bejarano then struck her repeatedly. She suffered numerous injuries.
The State charged Bejarano with count I, first-degree burglary; and count
II, domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. A jury found Bejarano guilty as
charged. Bejarano appeals.
In his first claim of error, Bejarano claims his counsel was ineffective.2 We
review ineffective-assistance claims de novo. State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128,
133 (Iowa 2006). Generally, ineffective-assistance claims are preserved for
1 Bejarano Moreno expressed a preference to be referred to as Bejarnao. 2 We recognize Iowa Code section 814.7 (2019) was recently amended to provide in pertinent part: “An ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a criminal case shall be determined by filing an application for postconviction relief” and “shall not be decided on direct appeal from the criminal proceedings.” See 2019 Iowa Acts ch. 140, § 31. In State v. Macke, however, our supreme court held the amendment “appl[ies] only prospectively and do[es] not apply to cases pending on July 1, 2019.” 933 N.W.2d 226, 235 (Iowa 2019). We are bound by our supreme court’s holding. We conclude, therefore, the amendment “do[es] not apply” to this case, which was pending on July 1, 2019. Id. 3
postconviction relief so the record can be fully developed. Id. But when the record
is adequate, the claim may be resolved on direct appeal. Id.
To succeed on an ineffective-assistance claim, a defendant must prove by
a preponderance of the evidence that counsel failed to perform an essential duty
and constitutional prejudice resulted. State v. Walker, 935 N.W.2d 874, 881 (Iowa
2019). “Because the test for ineffective assistance of counsel is a two-pronged
test, a defendant must show both prongs have been met.” Nguyen v. State, 878
N.W.2d 744, 754 (Iowa 2016). If a defendant cannot prove either prong, we need
not address the other. See id.
The first prong of the ineffective-assistance test requires Bejarano show
“counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”
State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174, 183 (Iowa 2017) (citation omitted). We consider
whether counsel acted “outside the wide range of professionally competent
assistance.” Id. (citation omitted). We presume counsel acted reasonably. See
id. “[C]ounsel has no duty to raise an issue that lacks merit . . . .” Id. So we
consider if Bejarano’s claims have merit. See id.
Bejarano argues counsel was ineffective for failing to move for judgment of
acquittal on count I because the State failed to prove anyone was present when
he entered the residence.3 Because Bejarano did not object to the jury
instructions, they are the law of the case. See State v. Banes, 910 N.W.2d 634,
639 (Iowa Ct. App. 2018). The first-degree burglary marshalling instruction
provided:
3Counsel moved for judgment of acquittal on counts I and II, arguing a different basis for acquittal. 4
1. On or about March 18, 2018, [Bejarano] entered a residence located at . . . . 2. The residence was an occupied structure as defined in these instructions. 3. One or more persons were present in the occupied structure. 4. [Bejarano] did not have permission or authority to enter the residence. 5. The residence was not open to the public. 6. [Bejarano] entered the residence with the specific intent to commit an assault. 7. During the incident [Bejarano] intentionally or recklessly inflicted a bodily injury on someone.
These instructions do not explicitly require a person be present at the time
Bejarano entered the residence. Moreover, State v. Tillman, made clear another
person’s presence at the time of the defendant’s entering is not required. 514
N.W.2d 106, 109 (Iowa 1994). Rather, another person must simply enter the
premises at some time during the burglary to elevate it to burglary in the first
degree. See id. That is precisely what occurred here.
Bejarano acknowledges Tillman and argues it runs contrary to the plain
meaning of the statute. See Iowa Code § 713.3 (2018). He requests Tillman be
overruled.4 Bejarano asserts Tillman incorrectly relied on Iowa Code section
702.13, which provides:
A person is “participating in a public offense” during part or the entire period commencing with the first act done directly toward the commission of the offense and for the purpose of committing that offense, and terminating when the person has been arrested or has withdrawn from the scene of the intended crime and has eluded pursuers, if any there be.
4 In his routing statement, Bejarano requested the supreme court retain his case to “reexamine” Tillman and requested it be overruled. To the extent Bejarano asks this court to overrule Tillman, we cannot. See State v. Beck, 845 N.W.2d 56, 64 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (“We are not at liberty to overrule controlling supreme court precedent.”). 5
Bejarano argues participating in a public offense under section 702.13 is not an
essential element of burglary in the first degree under section 713.3 when the
“enter” alternative is charged. Bejarano believes counsel was ineffective for failing
to move for judgment of acquittal on the basis that no one was in the residence
when he entered for the purpose of preserving error.
We find counsel was not ineffective. Tillman was decided in 1994, almost
twenty-six years ago. Since then, the legislature has had ample time to weigh in
and correct any statutory misinterpretation in Tillman and has declined to do so.
See Ackelson v. Manley Toy Direct, LLC, 832 N.W.2d 678, 688 (Iowa 2013)
(“When many years pass following such a case without a legislative response, we
assume the legislature has acquiesced in our interpretation.”). Accordingly, we
conclude Tillman remains good law that accurately represents the legislature’s
intent. Counsel was not ineffective because the proposed basis for judgment of
acquittal has no merit nor does Bejarano’s challenge to Tillman. See Ortiz, 905
N.W.2d at 183.
Bejarano also claims counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the
accuracy of the court’s response to a jury question. The jury presented three
questions to the court during deliberations. The second question appears below: 6
The court proposed the following response, “As to question 2, the court
understands your question to be as to element 3 of Instruction 13[5], ANSWER-
No.” Counsel objected stating, “The proper response would be that the court is
unable to discern what the question is.” The court submitted the answer as
proposed to the jury.
Bejarano claims the answer amounted to “an incorrect statement based
upon the plain language of the statute.” Bejarano again acknowledges Tillman
does not require another person be present at time of entry and argues counsel
was ineffective for failing to preserve error. For the reasons previously stated, we
find counsel was not ineffective.
In his reply brief, Bejarano asks the court to adopt the plain-error doctrine
so our appellate courts may address the merits of unpreserved errors, including
his challenges to Tillman. The State moved to strike this portion of the reply brief,
noting Bejarano did not make an argument for the adoption of the plain-error
doctrine in his original brief. Bejarano resisted. The supreme court ordered the
matter be submitted with this appeal. Because Bejarano failed to raise his plain-
error argument in his original brief, we cannot consider it. See State v. Olsen, 794
N.W.2d 285, 287 n.1 (Iowa 2011). Therefore, the State’s motion to strike is
sustained. Even if we could consider Bejarano’s argument, we are powerless to
adopt the plain-error doctrine because our supreme court had repeatedly declined
to adopt it. See, e.g., State v. Martin, 877 N.W.2d 859, 866 (Iowa 2016) (noting
5 Instruction thirteen was the first-degree burglary marshalling instruction. 7
the supreme court has “repeatedly declined ‘to abandon our preservation of error
rules in favor of a discretionary plain error rule’” (citation omitted)).
Next, Bejarano argues the court erred in assessing him restitution to the
crime victim assistance division without determining his ability to pay. There are
two categories of restitution. State v. Albright, 925 N.W.2d 144, 159 (Iowa 2019).
The district court orders category-one restitution without regard to a defendant’s
ability to pay. See id. But the district court must determine a defendant’s ability to
pay any form of category-two restitution before ordering a defendant to pay
category-two restitution. See id. Crime victim assistance reimbursement is a form
of category-two restitution, requiring the district court to make an ability-to-pay
determination before ordering a defendant to pay this form of restitution. Iowa
Code § 910.2(1)(a)(1); Albright, 925 N.W.2d at 159.
Here, the district court ordered Bejarano to pay $4620 in restitution to the
crime victim assistance division without determining his ability to pay. The State
argues Bejarano agreed to the amount of restitution and waived any challenge on
appeal. Certainly, counsel acknowledged the amount of requested restitution and
indicated Bejarano agreed to it. But this does not demonstrate his ability to pay
the requested restitution—a condition predicate to any category-two restitution
order. See State v. Petty, 925 N.W.2d 190, 197 (Iowa 2019). Moreover, the district
court must make an ability-to-pay determination for each type of category-two
restitution. See id. The sentencing order and subsequent order for restitution were 8
both silent on Bejarano’s ability to pay this form of restitution.6 Without this
determination, the sentencing order and the order for restitution to the crime victim
assistance division must be vacated and remanded to determine Bejarano’s ability
to pay.
Finally, Bejarano and the State agree the district court erred in including the
following language in the sentencing order:
The defendant is advised that if he determines to appeal this ruling, he may be entitled to court-appointed counsel to represent him in an appeal. The defendant is advised that if he qualifies for court- appointed appellate counsel then he can be assessed the cost of the court-appointed appellate attorney when a claim for such fees is presented to the clerk of court following the appeal. The defendant is further advised that he may request a hearing on his reasonable ability to pay court-appointed appellate attorney fees within 30 days of the issuance of the procedendo following the appeal.
Both this court and our supreme court have determined this language should not
be included in sentencing orders because it is contrary to the requirements of Iowa
Code section 910.2(1). See, e.g., State v. Crawford, No. 17-1640, 2019 WL
1868195, at *1 (Iowa Apr. 26, 2019); State v. Dieckmann, No. 17-1806, 2019 WL
1868208, at *1 (Iowa Apr. 26, 2019); State v. Wooten, No. 18-0023, 2018 WL
6706223, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2018). Accordingly, we vacate the portion
of the sentencing order requiring Bejarano affirmatively request a hearing on his
ability to pay and remand for entry of a corrected sentencing order.
On remand, the district court should determine Bejarano’s ability to pay
restitution to the crime victim assistance division and enter a corrected sentencing
6 The sentencing order determined Bejarano did not have the ability to pay court- appointed attorney fees, jail fees, or court costs—other forms of category-two restitution. See Iowa Code § 910.2(1)(a). 9
order reflecting its determination and omitting the language requiring Bejarano
affirmatively request an ability-to-pay hearing regarding his appellate attorney
fees.