Oct 29 2015, 9:42 am
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Timothy M. Swan April L. Board Garan Lucow Miller, P.C. Boonville, Indiana Merrillville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
State Farm Mutual Automobile October 29, 2015 Insurance Company, Court of Appeals Case No. 45A05-1502-CT-78 Appellant-Defendant, Appeal from the Lake Circuit Court v. The Honorable George C. Paras, Judge Carol Jakubowicz, Individually, Cause No. 45C01-0810-CT-156 and as Parent and Legal Guardian of Jacob Jakubowicz and Joseph Jakubowicz, Minors, Appellees-Plaintiffs.
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 1 of 12 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Defendant, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company
(State Farm), appeals the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary
judgment in favor of Appellees-Plaintiffs, Carol Jakubowicz, Individually, and
as Parent and Legal Guardian of Jacob and Joseph Jakubowicz, Minors
(Collectively, Jakubowicz).
[2] We reverse and remand.
ISSUE
[3] State Farm raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as: Whether the trial
court properly denied summary judgment when it determined that Jakubowicz’
underinsured motorist vehicle claim against State Farm is not barred even
though it was filed outside the policy’s three-year limitations period for claims
arising under the underinsured motorist coverage.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] On August 2, 2007, Jakubowicz and Ronald Williams, Jr. (Williams) were
involved in an automobile accident in Highland, Indiana, resulting in
substantial injuries to Jakubowicz. At the time of the accident, Jakubowicz had
an automobile insurance policy with State Farm, which included underinsured
motorist coverage.
[5] On October 7, 2008, Jakubowicz filed her Complaint against Williams. On
April 6, 2009, State Farm also filed a Complaint against Williams, seeking
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 2 of 12 damages for payments under the medical payments provision and for property
damages paid on behalf of Jakubowicz and arising from the automobile
collision. On August 19, 2009, both causes were consolidated. On December
10, 2009, Jakubowicz notified State Farm’s counsel that “please, consider this
correspondence directed to your client, [State Farm] putting them on notice that
it is likely that [Jakubowicz] will pursue underinsured motors claims [sic] in this
case.” (Appellant’s App. p. 108).
[6] On March 31, 2011, Jakubowicz filed her motion for leave to amend the
Complaint to add State Farm as a defendant in order to institute a claim against
the underinsured motorist provision of the insurance policy. The trial court
granted the motion on July 27, 2011 1. Jakubowicz filed her Amended
Complaint that same day.
[7] On September 11, 2013, State Farm filed its motion for summary judgment, as
well as its designated evidence in support thereof, contending that it was
entitled to summary judgment because Jakubowicz’ Amended Complaint was
filed after the expiration of the three-year contractual limitation period.
Jakubowicz opposed State Farm’s motion by filing a brief in opposition with
1 State Farm asserts that the Amended Complaint was filed October 3, 2012. However, during a hearing on October 3, 2012, the trial court noted that the Amended Complaint had been previously sent in and included in the file. Accordingly, for purposes of this appeal, we will accept the file date of July 27, 2011, as stamped on Jakubowicz’ Amended Complaint.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 3 of 12 designation of evidence. On February 19, 2014, the trial court conducted a
hearing on State Farm’s motion, which was summarily denied on April 9, 2014.
[8] After an unsuccessful attempt at mediation, Jakubowicz and State Farm filed a
joint belated motion to certify for interlocutory appeal, which was granted by
the trial court on January 26, 2015. We accepted jurisdiction on March 27,
2015.
[9] In this interlocutory appeal, State Farm now challenges the trial court’s denial
of its motion for summary judgement. Additional facts will be provided as
necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review
[10] Summary judgment is appropriate only when there are no genuine issues of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). “A fact is material if its resolution would affect the
outcome of the case, and an issue is genuine if a trier of fact is required to
resolve the parties’ differing accounts of the truth . . . , or if the undisputed facts
support conflicting reasonable inferences.” Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756,
761 (Ind. 2009).
[11] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on summary judgment, this court stands in the
shoes of the trial court, applying the same standards in deciding whether to
affirm or reverse summary judgment. First Farmers Bank & Trust Co. v. Whorley,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 4 of 12 891 N.E.2d 604, 607 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. Thus, on appeal, we
must determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether
the trial court has correctly applied the law. Id. at 607-08. In doing so, we
consider all of the designated evidence in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party. Id. at 608. The party appealing the grant of summary judgment
has the burden of persuading this court that the trial court’s ruling was
improper. Id. When the defendant is the moving party, the defendant must
show that the undisputed facts negate at least one element of the plaintiff’s
cause of action or that the defendant has a factually unchallenged affirmative
defense that bars the plaintiff’s claim. Id. Accordingly, the grant of summary
judgment must be reversed if the record discloses an incorrect application of the
law to the facts. Id.
[12] We observe that, in the present case, the trial court did not enter findings of fact
and conclusions of law in support of its Judgment. Special findings are not
required in summary judgment proceedings and are not binding on appeal. Id.
However, such findings offer this court valuable insight into the trial court’s
rationale for its decision and facilitate appellate review. Id.
II. Analysis
[13] State Farm contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment because Jakubowicz filed her claim for underinsured motor
vehicle benefits outside the three-year contractual limitation of the policy. In
general, “[i]nsurance policies are governed by the same rules of construction as
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 5 of 12 other contracts . . .” Peabody Energy Corp. v. Roark, 973 N.E.2d 636, 640 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012), aff’d on reh’g, 978 N.E.2d 503 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied.
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Oct 29 2015, 9:42 am
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Timothy M. Swan April L. Board Garan Lucow Miller, P.C. Boonville, Indiana Merrillville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
State Farm Mutual Automobile October 29, 2015 Insurance Company, Court of Appeals Case No. 45A05-1502-CT-78 Appellant-Defendant, Appeal from the Lake Circuit Court v. The Honorable George C. Paras, Judge Carol Jakubowicz, Individually, Cause No. 45C01-0810-CT-156 and as Parent and Legal Guardian of Jacob Jakubowicz and Joseph Jakubowicz, Minors, Appellees-Plaintiffs.
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 1 of 12 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Defendant, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company
(State Farm), appeals the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary
judgment in favor of Appellees-Plaintiffs, Carol Jakubowicz, Individually, and
as Parent and Legal Guardian of Jacob and Joseph Jakubowicz, Minors
(Collectively, Jakubowicz).
[2] We reverse and remand.
ISSUE
[3] State Farm raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as: Whether the trial
court properly denied summary judgment when it determined that Jakubowicz’
underinsured motorist vehicle claim against State Farm is not barred even
though it was filed outside the policy’s three-year limitations period for claims
arising under the underinsured motorist coverage.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] On August 2, 2007, Jakubowicz and Ronald Williams, Jr. (Williams) were
involved in an automobile accident in Highland, Indiana, resulting in
substantial injuries to Jakubowicz. At the time of the accident, Jakubowicz had
an automobile insurance policy with State Farm, which included underinsured
motorist coverage.
[5] On October 7, 2008, Jakubowicz filed her Complaint against Williams. On
April 6, 2009, State Farm also filed a Complaint against Williams, seeking
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 2 of 12 damages for payments under the medical payments provision and for property
damages paid on behalf of Jakubowicz and arising from the automobile
collision. On August 19, 2009, both causes were consolidated. On December
10, 2009, Jakubowicz notified State Farm’s counsel that “please, consider this
correspondence directed to your client, [State Farm] putting them on notice that
it is likely that [Jakubowicz] will pursue underinsured motors claims [sic] in this
case.” (Appellant’s App. p. 108).
[6] On March 31, 2011, Jakubowicz filed her motion for leave to amend the
Complaint to add State Farm as a defendant in order to institute a claim against
the underinsured motorist provision of the insurance policy. The trial court
granted the motion on July 27, 2011 1. Jakubowicz filed her Amended
Complaint that same day.
[7] On September 11, 2013, State Farm filed its motion for summary judgment, as
well as its designated evidence in support thereof, contending that it was
entitled to summary judgment because Jakubowicz’ Amended Complaint was
filed after the expiration of the three-year contractual limitation period.
Jakubowicz opposed State Farm’s motion by filing a brief in opposition with
1 State Farm asserts that the Amended Complaint was filed October 3, 2012. However, during a hearing on October 3, 2012, the trial court noted that the Amended Complaint had been previously sent in and included in the file. Accordingly, for purposes of this appeal, we will accept the file date of July 27, 2011, as stamped on Jakubowicz’ Amended Complaint.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 3 of 12 designation of evidence. On February 19, 2014, the trial court conducted a
hearing on State Farm’s motion, which was summarily denied on April 9, 2014.
[8] After an unsuccessful attempt at mediation, Jakubowicz and State Farm filed a
joint belated motion to certify for interlocutory appeal, which was granted by
the trial court on January 26, 2015. We accepted jurisdiction on March 27,
2015.
[9] In this interlocutory appeal, State Farm now challenges the trial court’s denial
of its motion for summary judgement. Additional facts will be provided as
necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review
[10] Summary judgment is appropriate only when there are no genuine issues of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). “A fact is material if its resolution would affect the
outcome of the case, and an issue is genuine if a trier of fact is required to
resolve the parties’ differing accounts of the truth . . . , or if the undisputed facts
support conflicting reasonable inferences.” Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756,
761 (Ind. 2009).
[11] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on summary judgment, this court stands in the
shoes of the trial court, applying the same standards in deciding whether to
affirm or reverse summary judgment. First Farmers Bank & Trust Co. v. Whorley,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 4 of 12 891 N.E.2d 604, 607 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. Thus, on appeal, we
must determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether
the trial court has correctly applied the law. Id. at 607-08. In doing so, we
consider all of the designated evidence in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party. Id. at 608. The party appealing the grant of summary judgment
has the burden of persuading this court that the trial court’s ruling was
improper. Id. When the defendant is the moving party, the defendant must
show that the undisputed facts negate at least one element of the plaintiff’s
cause of action or that the defendant has a factually unchallenged affirmative
defense that bars the plaintiff’s claim. Id. Accordingly, the grant of summary
judgment must be reversed if the record discloses an incorrect application of the
law to the facts. Id.
[12] We observe that, in the present case, the trial court did not enter findings of fact
and conclusions of law in support of its Judgment. Special findings are not
required in summary judgment proceedings and are not binding on appeal. Id.
However, such findings offer this court valuable insight into the trial court’s
rationale for its decision and facilitate appellate review. Id.
II. Analysis
[13] State Farm contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment because Jakubowicz filed her claim for underinsured motor
vehicle benefits outside the three-year contractual limitation of the policy. In
general, “[i]nsurance policies are governed by the same rules of construction as
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 5 of 12 other contracts . . .” Peabody Energy Corp. v. Roark, 973 N.E.2d 636, 640 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012), aff’d on reh’g, 978 N.E.2d 503 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied.
However, because of the disparity in bargaining power between insurance
companies and insureds, courts have developed distinct rules for those
contracts. Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Harvey, 842 N.E.2d 1279, 1283 (Ind. 2006).
When interpreting an insurance contract, “if an insurance contract is clear and
unambiguous, the language therein must be given its plain and ordinary
meaning.” Castillo v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 834 N.E.2d 204, 206 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2005). The mere fact that a controversy exists and the insured asserts
an interpretation contrary to that asserted by the insurer is insufficient to
establish an ambiguity. Shelter Ins. Co. v. Woolems, 759 N.E.2d 1151, 1155 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied.
[14] “If an ambiguity exists, ‘insurance policies are to be construed strictly against
the insurer and the policy language is viewed from the standpoint of the
insured.’” Wert v. Meridian Sec. Ins. Co., 997 N.E.2d 1167, 1170 (Ind. Ct. App.
2013), reh’g denied, trans. denied (quoting Shelter Ins. Co., 759 N.E.2d at 1155).
This is especially important “where the language in question purports to
exclude coverage.” State Auto Mut. Ins. Co. v. Flexdar, Inc., 964 N.E.2d 845, 848
(Ind. 2012), reh’g denied. We typically “accept an interpretation of the contract
language that harmonizes the provisions rather than one which supports a
conflicting version of the provisions.” Castillo, 834 N.E.2d at 206 (citing Burkett
v. Am. Family Ins. Grp., 737 N.E.2d 447, 452 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)). A court
should construe the language of an insurance policy so as not to render any
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 6 of 12 words, phrases, or terms ineffective or meaningless. FLM, LLC v. Cincinnati Ins.
Co., 973 N.E.2d 1167, 1174 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
[15] Our supreme court has stated that contractual provisions that shorten the time
to commence suit are enforceable “as long as a reasonable time is afforded,
except where there is fraud, duress, and the like.” Bradshaw v. Chandler, 916
N.E.2d 163, 166 (Ind. 2009). “[C]ontractual limitations shortening the time to
commence suit are not favored” even though “they do ‘protect insurers from
policy holders who voice no claim until the year has long since expired,
promote early notification while evidence is available, and provide carriers with
a basis for forming business judgments concerning claim reserves and premium
rates.’” Id. at 167 (quoting Summers v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 719 N.E.2d 412,
414 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)).
[16] Turning to State Farm’s policy, the contested provisions read as follows:
GENERAL TERMS ... 13. Legal Action Against Us Legal action may not be brought against us until there has been full compliance with all the provisions of the policy. In addition, legal action may only be brought against us regarding: a. Liability and Coverage after the amount of damages an insured is legally liable to pay has been finally determined by: (1) judgment after an actual trial, and any appeals of that judgment if any appeals are taken; or (2) agreement between the claimant and us. ...
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 7 of 12 c. Uninsured Motor Vehicle Coverage and Underinsured Motor Vehicle Coverage if the insured or that insured’s legal representative within three years immediately following the date of the accident: (1) presents either an Uninsured Motor Vehicle Coverage claim or an Underinsured Motor Vehicle Coverage claim to us; and (2) files a lawsuit in accordance with Deciding Fault and Amount provision of the involved coverage. Except as provided in c.(2) above, no other legal action may be brought against us relating to Uninsured Motor Vehicle Coverage or Underinsured Motor Vehicle Coverage for any other causes of action that arise out of or are related to these coverages until there has been full compliance with the provisions titled Consent to Settlement and Deciding Fault and Amount.
Deciding Fault and Amount – Uninsured Motor Vehicle Coverage and Underinsured Motor Vehicle Coverage 1. a. The insured and we must agree to the answers to the following two questions: (1) Is the insured legally entitled to recover compensatory damages from the owner or driver of the uninsured motor vehicle or underinsured motor vehicle? (2) If the answer to 1.a.(1) above is yes, then what is the amount of the compensatory damages that the insured is legally entitled to recover from the owner or driver of the uninsured motor vehicle or underinsured motor vehicle. b. If there is no agreement on the answer to either question in 1.a above, then the insured shall: (1) File a lawsuit, in a state or federal court that has jurisdiction against: (a) Us; (b) The owner and driver of the uninsured motor vehicle or underinsured motor vehicle: (i) Unless we have consented to settlement offer proposed by or on behalf of such owner or driver; or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 8 of 12 (ii) Unless such owner or driver is unknown; and (c) Any other party or parties, who may be legally liable for the insured’s damages; (2) Consent to a jury trial if requested by us; (3) Agree that we may contest the issues of liability and the amount of damages; and (4) Secure a judgment in that action. The judgment must be the final result of an actual trial and any appeals, if any appeals are taken. (Appellant’s App. pp. 177-78; 159-60) (internal emphasis omitted).
[17] Jakubowicz urged below, with apparent approval of the trial court, and here on
appeal, that State Farm’s policy provisions with respect to the contractual
shortened limitation period are ambiguous and therefore invalid. According to
Jakubowicz, the provision requiring a lawsuit to be filed within three years
contradicts the requirement that a lawsuit cannot be filed until all provisions
have been complied with and the limits of the tortfeasor’s insurance exhausted.
In general support of her allegation of ambiguity, Jakubowicz refers to Wert v.
Meridian Security Ins. Co., 997 N.E.2d 1167 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), reh’g denied,
trans. denied.
[18] In Wert, the insureds similarly argued that the insurance policy was ambiguous
because the two-year contractual limitation provision conflicted with policy
language requiring full compliance with the policy terms before the insureds
pursued an underinsured motor vehicle claim. Id. at 1170. The policy at issue
in Wert explicitly stated that no legal action would be permitted against the
insurance company unless the insureds fully complied with the policy terms.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 9 of 12 Id. In addition, the Wert policy only allowed a lawsuit to be filed against the
insurance company if it was filed within two years of the date of the accident.
Id. at 1170-71. Importantly, the policy noted that Meridian Insurance would
not pay underinsured motorist benefits to its policyholder until the claim was
either resolved or settled with the underinsured motorist. Id. at 1171. The Wert
court noted the conflict between the policy terms and stated:
Meridian’s policy prohibits the Werts from filing any lawsuit against it for an underinsured motorist claim until the limits of Offill’s liability coverage have been exhausted. At the same time, Meridian attempts to prevent the Werts from filing more than two years after the date of the accident, potentially requiring them to file a lawsuit before they are in full compliance with the policy. Unless a policyholder settles with an underinsured motorist within two years of the collision, these provisions are in direct conflict and therefore ambiguous. Id. See also Clevenger v. Progressive Northwestern Ins. Co., 838 N.E.2d 1111, 1117-
18 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (concluding that the insurance policy was ambiguous
because the provision requiring the exhaustion of the tortfeasor’s policy limits
by payments of judgments or settlements conflicted with the provision
contractually shortening the limitations period within which an insured could
bring an action against Progressive for failing to pay underinsured motorist
coverage).
[19] While Jakubowicz’ coverage contains similar language, none of the language in
State Farm’s policy would support Jakubowicz’ argument that she was required
to wait before filing her claim against the underinsured motorist coverage until
the limits of Williams’ insurance had been exhausted. Even though State
Farm’s language parallels Wert’s language in the existence of a shortened
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 10 of 12 limitation period of three years following the collision and the mandate that a
lawsuit can only be brought after full compliance with the provision of the
policy, State Farm’s policy then subsequently carves out an exception for the
underinsured motor vehicle claim. Specifically, the policy dictates that whereas
Jakubowicz and State Farm must settle as to whether Jakubowicz is “legally
entitled to recover compensatory damages” as well as their amount, the absence
of this settlement—and full compliance with the terms—does not prevent the
commencement of a lawsuit. Rather, the policy’s provision expressly states that
“[i]f there is no agreement,” then Jakubowickz “shall file a lawsuit[.]”
(Appellant’s App. p. 159).
[20] Accordingly, unlike Wert, which included a categorical prohibition of legal
action unless there was exhaustion of the limits of liability “by payments of
judgments or settlements,” State Farm’s policy encourages a negotiation
between the insurance company and Jakubowicz. See Wert, 997 N.E.2d at
1171. However, the absence of an agreement does not prevent Jakowicz from
filing a lawsuit within three years following the automobile collision.
Therefore, we cannot say that State Farm’s policy was ambiguous.
[21] Here, the collision occurred on August 2, 2007 and thus, pursuant to the
provisions of the policy, Jakubowicz had to present State Farm with an
underinsured motor vehicle claim and file a lawsuit within three years, i.e., by
August 2, 2010. Jakubowicz filed her Amended Complaint on July 27, 2011,
almost a full year outside the contractual limitation period. Even if we were to
construe Jakubowicz’ notification to State Farm on December 10, 2009 that a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 11 of 12 claim was “likely” to be instituted, Jakubowicz would still not be in compliance
with the provisions of the policy as these require both the notification of the
claim and the lawsuit to be filed within the three-year contractual limitation
period. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s denial of State Farm’s motion for
summary judgment and we remand with instruction to grant summary
judgment to State Farm.
CONCLUSION
[22] Based on the foregoing, we conclude the trial court erred in denying State
Farm’s motion for summary judgment.
[23] Reversed and remanded.
[24] Brown, J. and Altice, J. concur
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A05-1502-CT-78 | October 29, 2015 Page 12 of 12