Andrews, C. J.
The information charges that the defendant has usurped and that he still does usurp the office of street commissioner of and for the city of Bridgeport. The defendant admits that he holds and occupies the said office, but he denies that he has at any time usurped the same. On the contrary, he insists that he was duly and legally elected to that office, and that therefore he may rightfully have, use and enjoy the powers, privileges and duties pertaining to the same. In substance, the question upon which the advice of this court is asked, is this: Was the defendant lawfully elected to the office of street commissioner of the city of Bridgeport at the time and by the proceedings which are set forth in the finding ? In answering this question some subsidiary questions must be considered.
“ An important feature of the law governing quo warranto informations, and one which most distinguishes this remedy from ordinary civil actions at law, is that the prosecutor is not obliged to show title in himself to sustain the action, or to put the respondent upon the necessity of proving his title. And the principle is well established that the burden rests upon the respondent of showing a good title to the office whose functions he claims to exercise, the State being only obliged to answer the particular claim of title asserted. . . In proceedings in the nature of a quo warranto, the object being to test the actual right to the office and not merely a use under color of right, it is incumbent upon the respondent to show a good legal title, and not merely a colorable one, since he must rely wholly on the strength of his own title. If he fails in this requirement judgment of ouster will be given.” High on Extra. Remedies, § 629; State ex rel. Reiley v. Chatfield, 71 Conn. 104 ; People ex rel. Judson v. Thatcher, 55 N. Y. 525; People v. Pease, 30 Barb. 588, 591.
The city of Bridgeport is a municipal corporation created by its charter. Its charter is its enabling act and indicates the full measure of its powers. Farrell v. Winchester Ave. R. Co., 61 Conn. 127. It can exert its powers only in the [546]*546manner authorized by its charter. Head v. Providence Ins. Co., 2 Cranch, 127. The city can do no act nor elect any officer unless it is authorized to do so by its charter. If the charter points out a particular way in which any act is to be done or in which an officer is to be elected, then, unless these forms are pursued in the doing of the act or in the electing of the officer, the act or the election is not lawful. In all such cases the form of the appointment is essential to its validity. Forma dat esse rei. Farrell v. Bridgeport, 45 Conn. 191: Johnston v. Allis, 71 id. 207, 217 ; New Haven v. Whitney, 36 id. 373; District of Columbia v. Bailey, 171 U. S. 161, 178.
The charter of the city of Bridgeport provides for certain administrative boards. One of these is the board of public works, to' consist of six members named by the mayor; and the charter prescribes that the mayor shall, ex officio, be a member of said board, but shall have no vote except in case of a tie; and that “ he shall preside at all its meetings at which he is present.”
These provisions of the charter make the mayor an essential constituent of the board, and assign to him, by express command, the duty to preside at all its meetings at which he is present. If, being present at any meeting he does not preside, then the board is not organized in the manner pointed out by the charter; and although all the members should be present, if the mayor, being present, does not preside, it would be but an irregular assemblage of persons unknown to the charter, and whose act, however formally gone through with or however carefully written out, would have no validity to bind the city or to give title to any appointee. That this is the law is made clear by the authorities we have cited.
The ordinances and rules made pursuant to the authority given in the charter, provide for the office of a street commissioner to be elected by the board of public works. The proceedings of that board by which the defendant claims to have been elected to the office he holds, are set forth at some length in the finding. They show a meeting of the members of the board at which the mayor was present and willing to preside, indeed, at which he sought to preside, but that cer[547]*547tain members of the board acted irregularly, in open and persistent disobedience to the authority and rights of the mayor as the presiding officer of the meeting, and, against his protest, pretended to pass and to announce the result of certain votes. It was one of the votes of these members while so acting irregularly that was given to the defendant and by which alone he can claim to be elected. As to these votes, the proceedings recited show that the mayor did not act as presiding officer at all. He did not put the question; he did not declare the result. As to these votes, the persons who took part in them were not acting according to the forms nor within the powers conferred by the charter on the board of public works. In the case of Farrell v. Bridgeport, 45 Conn. 191, this court decided that in the appointment of a policeman where the forms and steps prescribed by the charter had not been observed, there was no valid appointment. The office of street commissioner is not of less importance than that of policeman. In either case it is a question of charter power. What the charter commands must be obeyed, or the appointment is void. In the claimed election of the defendant the provisions of the charter were not obeyed. It seems to this court that the defendant was not appointed to the office of street commissioner of the city of Bridgeport according to the provisions of the charter of that city.
Counsel for the defendant in their argument in this court, pass over the charter powers of the board of public works entirely. They treat the case as one depending alone on parliamentary law, or parliamentary usage. They say that because the mayor, as the presiding officer of the board, declined to entertain the motion made by Mr. Waterhouse, any member might put the motion and declare the result; and that the action so taken is lawful and binding on the board to the same extent as if the motion had been put by the presiding officer. They make a somewhat high-sounding talk to the effect that the presiding officer of any deliberative board or assembly is the servant of the body over which he presides and not its master, and that if a presiding' officer attempts to dominate the assembly or to thwart its will, then any member may act [548]*548in the place of the president. As an abstract proposition, perhaps no. one would care to question it. So far as the facts in this case appear there is no occasion to admit it or deny it. If such right exists it is analogous to the right of revolution,— a right to be exercised only when all peaceful and regular methods have been tried and exhausted. Every presumption must be in favor of regular action and against irregularity. Action which violates the regular rules of law can never be said, strictly, to be lawful. Such action is acquiesced in when a case of overmastering necessity is shown, or when fundamental rights are endangered.
Nothing of that kind appears in the present case.
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Andrews, C. J.
The information charges that the defendant has usurped and that he still does usurp the office of street commissioner of and for the city of Bridgeport. The defendant admits that he holds and occupies the said office, but he denies that he has at any time usurped the same. On the contrary, he insists that he was duly and legally elected to that office, and that therefore he may rightfully have, use and enjoy the powers, privileges and duties pertaining to the same. In substance, the question upon which the advice of this court is asked, is this: Was the defendant lawfully elected to the office of street commissioner of the city of Bridgeport at the time and by the proceedings which are set forth in the finding ? In answering this question some subsidiary questions must be considered.
“ An important feature of the law governing quo warranto informations, and one which most distinguishes this remedy from ordinary civil actions at law, is that the prosecutor is not obliged to show title in himself to sustain the action, or to put the respondent upon the necessity of proving his title. And the principle is well established that the burden rests upon the respondent of showing a good title to the office whose functions he claims to exercise, the State being only obliged to answer the particular claim of title asserted. . . In proceedings in the nature of a quo warranto, the object being to test the actual right to the office and not merely a use under color of right, it is incumbent upon the respondent to show a good legal title, and not merely a colorable one, since he must rely wholly on the strength of his own title. If he fails in this requirement judgment of ouster will be given.” High on Extra. Remedies, § 629; State ex rel. Reiley v. Chatfield, 71 Conn. 104 ; People ex rel. Judson v. Thatcher, 55 N. Y. 525; People v. Pease, 30 Barb. 588, 591.
The city of Bridgeport is a municipal corporation created by its charter. Its charter is its enabling act and indicates the full measure of its powers. Farrell v. Winchester Ave. R. Co., 61 Conn. 127. It can exert its powers only in the [546]*546manner authorized by its charter. Head v. Providence Ins. Co., 2 Cranch, 127. The city can do no act nor elect any officer unless it is authorized to do so by its charter. If the charter points out a particular way in which any act is to be done or in which an officer is to be elected, then, unless these forms are pursued in the doing of the act or in the electing of the officer, the act or the election is not lawful. In all such cases the form of the appointment is essential to its validity. Forma dat esse rei. Farrell v. Bridgeport, 45 Conn. 191: Johnston v. Allis, 71 id. 207, 217 ; New Haven v. Whitney, 36 id. 373; District of Columbia v. Bailey, 171 U. S. 161, 178.
The charter of the city of Bridgeport provides for certain administrative boards. One of these is the board of public works, to' consist of six members named by the mayor; and the charter prescribes that the mayor shall, ex officio, be a member of said board, but shall have no vote except in case of a tie; and that “ he shall preside at all its meetings at which he is present.”
These provisions of the charter make the mayor an essential constituent of the board, and assign to him, by express command, the duty to preside at all its meetings at which he is present. If, being present at any meeting he does not preside, then the board is not organized in the manner pointed out by the charter; and although all the members should be present, if the mayor, being present, does not preside, it would be but an irregular assemblage of persons unknown to the charter, and whose act, however formally gone through with or however carefully written out, would have no validity to bind the city or to give title to any appointee. That this is the law is made clear by the authorities we have cited.
The ordinances and rules made pursuant to the authority given in the charter, provide for the office of a street commissioner to be elected by the board of public works. The proceedings of that board by which the defendant claims to have been elected to the office he holds, are set forth at some length in the finding. They show a meeting of the members of the board at which the mayor was present and willing to preside, indeed, at which he sought to preside, but that cer[547]*547tain members of the board acted irregularly, in open and persistent disobedience to the authority and rights of the mayor as the presiding officer of the meeting, and, against his protest, pretended to pass and to announce the result of certain votes. It was one of the votes of these members while so acting irregularly that was given to the defendant and by which alone he can claim to be elected. As to these votes, the proceedings recited show that the mayor did not act as presiding officer at all. He did not put the question; he did not declare the result. As to these votes, the persons who took part in them were not acting according to the forms nor within the powers conferred by the charter on the board of public works. In the case of Farrell v. Bridgeport, 45 Conn. 191, this court decided that in the appointment of a policeman where the forms and steps prescribed by the charter had not been observed, there was no valid appointment. The office of street commissioner is not of less importance than that of policeman. In either case it is a question of charter power. What the charter commands must be obeyed, or the appointment is void. In the claimed election of the defendant the provisions of the charter were not obeyed. It seems to this court that the defendant was not appointed to the office of street commissioner of the city of Bridgeport according to the provisions of the charter of that city.
Counsel for the defendant in their argument in this court, pass over the charter powers of the board of public works entirely. They treat the case as one depending alone on parliamentary law, or parliamentary usage. They say that because the mayor, as the presiding officer of the board, declined to entertain the motion made by Mr. Waterhouse, any member might put the motion and declare the result; and that the action so taken is lawful and binding on the board to the same extent as if the motion had been put by the presiding officer. They make a somewhat high-sounding talk to the effect that the presiding officer of any deliberative board or assembly is the servant of the body over which he presides and not its master, and that if a presiding' officer attempts to dominate the assembly or to thwart its will, then any member may act [548]*548in the place of the president. As an abstract proposition, perhaps no. one would care to question it. So far as the facts in this case appear there is no occasion to admit it or deny it. If such right exists it is analogous to the right of revolution,— a right to be exercised only when all peaceful and regular methods have been tried and exhausted. Every presumption must be in favor of regular action and against irregularity. Action which violates the regular rules of law can never be said, strictly, to be lawful. Such action is acquiesced in when a case of overmastering necessity is shown, or when fundamental rights are endangered.
Nothing of that kind appears in the present case. Nothing is shown to indicate that the mayor, as presiding officer, intended or desired to do anything contrary to the will of the board. In declining to entertain the motion made by Mr. Waterhouse, and in sustaining the point of order made by Mr. Downer, he was acting very clearly within the lines of his duty and powers as the presiding officer. His good faith is to be presumed. In every assembly, small or large, which is governed by parliamentary law, there will be questions of order. These must be, in the first instance, decided by the presiding officer. In every such assembly when a motion is made it is the duty of the presiding officer to decide whether or not it is in order. If he deems it to be in order he entertains it and proceeds to lay it before the assembly in a proper way. If he deems it to be not in order he declines to entertain it. This is just what the mayor did. He decided the question of order raised by Mr. Downer. Such a decision must be made by the presiding officer subject to the right of appeal therefrom by any member.
“ When a question of order is raised, as it may be by any one member, it is not stated from the chair and decided by the assembly like other questions, but is decided, in the first instance, by the presiding officer without any previous debate or discussion by the assembly. If the decision of the presiding officer is not satisfactory, any one member may object to it and have the question decided by the assembly. This is called appealing from the decision of the chair. The ques[549]*549tion is then stated by the presiding officer on the appeal, namely, shall the decision of the chair stand as the decision of the assembly? And it is thereupon debated and decided by the assembly in the same manner as any other question, except that the presiding officer is allowed to take part in the debate, which on ordinary occasions he is prohibited from doing.” Cushing’s Manual, § 154. In Mr. Cushing’s larger work this same parliamentary law is stated in this way: “ If the opinion (of the presiding officer) is acquiesced in, it stands as the judgment of the assembly, and is to be enforced or executed accordingly; but any member, who obtains the floor for that purpose, may appeal from it, and if the appeal is seconded, as it must generally be, and allowed, it then entirely abrogates the decision of the presiding officer, and refers the point of order to the decision of the assembly itself, whose decision thereof furnishes the rule to be pursued after-wards.” Cushing’s Law and Practice of Legislative Assemblies, § 1464. The whole topic is treated in that work. Pari VI, Chap. 6, Art. 2, sub-title, Questions of Order, §§ 1451 to 1471.
At the meeting of the board of public works of the city of Bridgeport held on the 20th day of May, 1898, the mayor was .present and willing to preside. If he did not preside, then the board was not organized as the charter commands. When at that meeting the mayor, as the presiding officer, ruled that the motion made by Mr. Waterhouse was not in order, and sustained the point of order raised by Mr. Downer, it was the privilege of Mr. Pierce, if he objected to that ruling, to appeal from it to the assembly. If, as is now contended, a majority of the board was of the same mind as Mr. Pierce, then, on an appeal the decision of the presiding officer would have been reversed. Had that been done it would have become the duty of the presiding officer to put the motion made by Mr. Waterhouse. To appeal would have been regular and lawful. Hot to appeal, but to take another course, was irregular and in violation of parliamentary law.
It is the duty of the presiding officer of any assembly “ to put to vote all questions which are regularly moved, or nee[550]*550essarily arise in tlie course of the proceedings, and to announce the result.” Cushing’s Manual, § 27. It is this duty which the charter of the city of Bridgeport commands its mayor to perform at every meeting of the board of public works at which he is present. If he does not do this he does not preside in the manner which the charter prescribes.
It is the opinion of this court that all the votes alleged to hare been taken at the said meeting of the said hoard which were not put by the mayor, and the result of which he did not announce, are wholly void. They are void because they violate parliamentary law, and because they violate the commands of the charter of the city.
And as the defendant offers no evidence of his election to the office of street commissioner other than one of the votes so taken, we think he does not show a good title to that office. He is not entitled to exercise its powers or to receive its salary. Farrell v. Bridgeport, 45 Conn. 191.
The Superior Court is advised to render judgment of ouster against the defendant.
In this opinion the other judges concurred, except Hamersley, J., who dissented.