Vimue, J.
In the Income Tax Cases, 148 Wis. 456, 134 N. W. 673, 135 N. W. 164, the question of the original jurisdiction of this court was treated so fully that only a brief reference to the subject need now be made. It was said in substance that where in a matter of public right the remedy in [413]*413tlie lower court is entirely lacking or absolutely inadequate this court will take original jurisdiction to the end tkat justice shall not be denied. In this case there is no lack of jurisdiction in the circuit court, but in view of the public rights that may he affected by the acts of the newly created court whose process runs to all parts of the state and which has civil jurisdiction up to $25,000, and jurisdiction of all criminal cases except homicide, it is deemed that the remedy through the circuit court and to this court by appeal is inadequate because of the long delay involved. The rights of litigants who may desire or be compelled to resort to that court and the importance of the probate business of Eond du Lac county that must be transacted therein, alike call for a speedy determination of the question of the validity of its creation. For these reasons this court entertains original jurisdiction of the case.
The relator urges a number of constitutional objections to the validity of ch. 518 of the Laws of 1915, creating the court. Many of them are of such importance and so far reaching.in their results that it has been thought best not to pass upon them in this case since its disposition can be rested upon only two of them, namely: first, that ch. 518 is a local bill within the meaning of sec. 18, art. IY, of the constitution, and second, that its subject is not expressed in the title as required by said section, which reads: “No private or local bill which may be passed by the legislature shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.”
In Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 85 N. W. 131, the cases In this state involving the question of when a law is general or local within the meaning of the constitutional provision above quoted were reviewed at length, and it was there held that a law might be public and local, or it might be general in the restricted sense in which the term is used in see. 21, art. VII, of the constitution, which provides that “no gen[414]*414eral law shall be in force until published/’ and at the same time be a local law; the word “general” as here used meaning public in the sense that it affects the public at large in a single defined subdivision of the state such as a county, town,, city, or village, or a collection of such localities not constituting-a legitimate class for purposes of legislation, and still is local v?ithin the meaning of sec. 18, art. IV, because affecting but a single locality not constituting a legitimate class for legislation. It was also held in that case that a bill entitled “An act in relation to sheriff’s fees,” which dealt with the compensation of the sheriff of Milwaukee county only, was local in character. In Wagner v. Milwaukee Co. 112 Wis. 601, 88 N. W. 577, the same construction was given to an act authorizing any county to build a viaduct costing not less than $80,000, with other conditions, because it could apply only to Milwaukee county.
The law in question deals with the establishment of a superior court in Fond du Lac county and the abolishment of its county court. It is limited in its effect to the boundaries' of Fond du Lac county and therefore local in character. True, it is public or general in the sense that it may affect publicly or generally all the people of the county or outside thereof, but it deals with the establishment and abolition of courts of a specified locality which does not constitute a class-for purposes of legislation. So within the rule laid down in the case of Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, supra, it must be held to be a local law coming within the provisions of sec. 18, art. IY, of the constitution.
The failure of counsel for defendant to realize that a law may be general or public within the meaning of sec. 21, art. VII, and still be local within the meaning of sec. 18, art. IV, has led them to claim that acts like the one in question have been held to be not local in these cases: In re Boyle, 9 Wis. 264; In re Bergin, 31 Wis. 383; State ex rel. Att’y Gen. v. Foote, 11 Wis. 14; Meshke v. Van Doren, 16 Wis. 319. [415]*415Only the case of In re Bergin, 31 Wis. 383, lends color to this claim. There the question was whether eh. 137, Laws of 1871, which authorized the commencement of criminal prosecution by information instead of indictment, applied to the municipal court of Milwaukee county. It was claimed it did not because the act creating that court was a local act. The court says: “A' short and most conclusive answer to this position is, that this court in In re Boyle, 9 Wis. 264, held that the act of 1859 establishing such a court is a general law.” This ruling must be deemed to stand on a par with that of Zitske v. Goldberg, 38 Wis. 216, referred to by Mr. Justice Marshall in Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 14, 85 N. W. 131, as a case where, without discussion, the words “local” and “general” in its restricted sense were held not applicable to the same act. Eor in In re Boyle the only point decided bearing upon the question under consideration was that the act creating the municipal court of Milwaukee county was a general act within the meaning of sec. 21, art. VII, of the constitution, requiring it to be published before it took effect. In State ex rel. Att'y Gen. v. Foote, 11 Wis. 14, the same act was held to be public and that judicial notice of its publication would be taken. In Meshke v. Van Doren, 16 Wis. 319, an act conferring upon the county court of Winnebago county jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit court up to $500 was held to be a public act of which the court would take judicial notice. So it appears that none of the cases relied upon except In re Bergin, 31 Wis. 383, bear out the claim made, and that the latter ease as to this question was based upon the misconception that an act could not be both general and local, though the court in State ex rel. Cothren v. Lean, 9 Wis. 279, after a full discussion and mature consideration had decided that it could. That such decision has sincq been quite consistently adhered to is pointed out in Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 85 N. W. 131.
[416]*416The readjustment of local courts in Fond du Lac county constituted the subject of ch. 518, and the main purpose thereof was twofold: first, the creation of a new court called the superior court, and second, the abolition of the county court. Of such main purpose only one half is expressed in the title, namely, the creation of the new court. The abolition of the county court is not mentioned therein, though such court was created pursuant to constitutional provisions as early as 1849 and has continued in existence ever since. Not only is that true of Fond du Lac county, hut it is true of every other county in the state since its organization as a county. All counties have county courts exercising general 'probate jurisdiction, while- some have limited civil or civil and criminal jurisdiction in addition to their probate jurisdiction. Pursuant to the provisions of sec. 14, art. VII, of the constitution, ch. 86 of the Statutes of 1849 abolished the office of judge of probate and established county courts in each of the counties of the state.
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Vimue, J.
In the Income Tax Cases, 148 Wis. 456, 134 N. W. 673, 135 N. W. 164, the question of the original jurisdiction of this court was treated so fully that only a brief reference to the subject need now be made. It was said in substance that where in a matter of public right the remedy in [413]*413tlie lower court is entirely lacking or absolutely inadequate this court will take original jurisdiction to the end tkat justice shall not be denied. In this case there is no lack of jurisdiction in the circuit court, but in view of the public rights that may he affected by the acts of the newly created court whose process runs to all parts of the state and which has civil jurisdiction up to $25,000, and jurisdiction of all criminal cases except homicide, it is deemed that the remedy through the circuit court and to this court by appeal is inadequate because of the long delay involved. The rights of litigants who may desire or be compelled to resort to that court and the importance of the probate business of Eond du Lac county that must be transacted therein, alike call for a speedy determination of the question of the validity of its creation. For these reasons this court entertains original jurisdiction of the case.
The relator urges a number of constitutional objections to the validity of ch. 518 of the Laws of 1915, creating the court. Many of them are of such importance and so far reaching.in their results that it has been thought best not to pass upon them in this case since its disposition can be rested upon only two of them, namely: first, that ch. 518 is a local bill within the meaning of sec. 18, art. IY, of the constitution, and second, that its subject is not expressed in the title as required by said section, which reads: “No private or local bill which may be passed by the legislature shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.”
In Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 85 N. W. 131, the cases In this state involving the question of when a law is general or local within the meaning of the constitutional provision above quoted were reviewed at length, and it was there held that a law might be public and local, or it might be general in the restricted sense in which the term is used in see. 21, art. VII, of the constitution, which provides that “no gen[414]*414eral law shall be in force until published/’ and at the same time be a local law; the word “general” as here used meaning public in the sense that it affects the public at large in a single defined subdivision of the state such as a county, town,, city, or village, or a collection of such localities not constituting-a legitimate class for purposes of legislation, and still is local v?ithin the meaning of sec. 18, art. IV, because affecting but a single locality not constituting a legitimate class for legislation. It was also held in that case that a bill entitled “An act in relation to sheriff’s fees,” which dealt with the compensation of the sheriff of Milwaukee county only, was local in character. In Wagner v. Milwaukee Co. 112 Wis. 601, 88 N. W. 577, the same construction was given to an act authorizing any county to build a viaduct costing not less than $80,000, with other conditions, because it could apply only to Milwaukee county.
The law in question deals with the establishment of a superior court in Fond du Lac county and the abolishment of its county court. It is limited in its effect to the boundaries' of Fond du Lac county and therefore local in character. True, it is public or general in the sense that it may affect publicly or generally all the people of the county or outside thereof, but it deals with the establishment and abolition of courts of a specified locality which does not constitute a class-for purposes of legislation. So within the rule laid down in the case of Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, supra, it must be held to be a local law coming within the provisions of sec. 18, art. IY, of the constitution.
The failure of counsel for defendant to realize that a law may be general or public within the meaning of sec. 21, art. VII, and still be local within the meaning of sec. 18, art. IV, has led them to claim that acts like the one in question have been held to be not local in these cases: In re Boyle, 9 Wis. 264; In re Bergin, 31 Wis. 383; State ex rel. Att’y Gen. v. Foote, 11 Wis. 14; Meshke v. Van Doren, 16 Wis. 319. [415]*415Only the case of In re Bergin, 31 Wis. 383, lends color to this claim. There the question was whether eh. 137, Laws of 1871, which authorized the commencement of criminal prosecution by information instead of indictment, applied to the municipal court of Milwaukee county. It was claimed it did not because the act creating that court was a local act. The court says: “A' short and most conclusive answer to this position is, that this court in In re Boyle, 9 Wis. 264, held that the act of 1859 establishing such a court is a general law.” This ruling must be deemed to stand on a par with that of Zitske v. Goldberg, 38 Wis. 216, referred to by Mr. Justice Marshall in Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 14, 85 N. W. 131, as a case where, without discussion, the words “local” and “general” in its restricted sense were held not applicable to the same act. Eor in In re Boyle the only point decided bearing upon the question under consideration was that the act creating the municipal court of Milwaukee county was a general act within the meaning of sec. 21, art. VII, of the constitution, requiring it to be published before it took effect. In State ex rel. Att'y Gen. v. Foote, 11 Wis. 14, the same act was held to be public and that judicial notice of its publication would be taken. In Meshke v. Van Doren, 16 Wis. 319, an act conferring upon the county court of Winnebago county jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit court up to $500 was held to be a public act of which the court would take judicial notice. So it appears that none of the cases relied upon except In re Bergin, 31 Wis. 383, bear out the claim made, and that the latter ease as to this question was based upon the misconception that an act could not be both general and local, though the court in State ex rel. Cothren v. Lean, 9 Wis. 279, after a full discussion and mature consideration had decided that it could. That such decision has sincq been quite consistently adhered to is pointed out in Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 85 N. W. 131.
[416]*416The readjustment of local courts in Fond du Lac county constituted the subject of ch. 518, and the main purpose thereof was twofold: first, the creation of a new court called the superior court, and second, the abolition of the county court. Of such main purpose only one half is expressed in the title, namely, the creation of the new court. The abolition of the county court is not mentioned therein, though such court was created pursuant to constitutional provisions as early as 1849 and has continued in existence ever since. Not only is that true of Fond du Lac county, hut it is true of every other county in the state since its organization as a county. All counties have county courts exercising general 'probate jurisdiction, while- some have limited civil or civil and criminal jurisdiction in addition to their probate jurisdiction. Pursuant to the provisions of sec. 14, art. VII, of the constitution, ch. 86 of the Statutes of 1849 abolished the office of judge of probate and established county courts in each of the counties of the state. The constitution also provides for the establishment of municipal and inferior courts. Sec. 2, art. VII. We have at present thirty-three municipal courts, one superior court, one district court, and one civil court consisting of seven branches. In the establishment of all these courts the probate jurisdiction of a county court has not been invaded, much less has such a court been abolished. It is obvious, of course, that, where a new court is created in a locality already supplied with courts having jurisdiction of all cases that may arise, the new court must at least have concurrent jurisdiction with existing ones, and that it may take away entirely some jurisdiction from other courts. But the creation of one court does not naturally or reasonably imply the abolishment of another, and especially is this so where the new court is styled a superior court. Previous to the attempted abolishment of the court in question we have had only two superior courts, that of Milwaukee county, now abolished, and that of Douglas county. The [417]*417creation of neither of those interfered with the probate jurisdiction of the county court of the county in which it was organized or abolished an existing court. Since during the establishment of all these courts the probate jurisdiction of county courts has been kept inviolate, how could the people of Eond du Lac county dream that they were to be deprived of their county court when they read that ch. 518 was “An act to create a superior court in the county of Eond du Lac ?” Conceding, as this .court has held time and again, that a title must be liberally construed, and must be held to include within it anything reasonably germane to the expressed subject, still it cannot, in view of the history of the creation of previous courts as well as in view of the lack of any logical connection between the creation of a superior court and the abolishment of a county court, be held that the title in question includes within it the idea that the county court of Eond du Lac county was to be abolished.
So far as it has come to our attention, acts abolishing an existing court and creating a new one or transferring the entire jurisdiction of one court to another, have referred to the existing court in their title. Thus ch. 107 of the Laws of 1873 changed the name of the police court to the municipal court and enlarged its jurisdiction. Its title was “An act ' relating to the police court of the city of Madison.” Oh. 146 of the Laws of 1876 established a municipal court in Marathon county. In 1879 the court was abolished and a new one created by ch. 115 of the Laws of 1879. The title of the latter act was “An act to establish a municipal court in the city of Wausau and county of Marathon, and to repeal chapter one hundred and forty-six, general laws of 1816.” The superior court of Milwaukee county was created by ch. 125 of the Laws of 1887. In 1903 it was abolished by ch. 1 of the laws of that year entitled: “An act to repeal the acts establishing a superior court for Milwaukee county and providing for the transfer of causes and proceedings pending [418]*418therein to the circuit court for the second judicial circuit.” An examination of nearly a dozen acts creating other inferior courts of record in this state has failed to disclose a single case of the inclusion of matters foreign to the main subject of the act.
The constitutional prohibition against the passage of private or local laws whose subjects are not expressed in their title has a substantial foundation for its existence. That it was considered important by the framers of the constitution is evidenced by the fact that it found a place in the basic law of the state. It is of no less importance now than then. The mischief of smuggling private or local laws through the legislature under false, inadequate, or misleading titles is a serious one, and whenever such smuggling, whether intentional or not, is found to have taken place, courts should not hesitate to declare , a law so passed invalid. No branch of the government however high is above a constitutional prohibition or safeguard, and no citizen hovrever low is outside their beneficial protection. Within the scope of its operation the constitution acts upon all alike.
If after giving the title of a private or local law a liberal construction, including within its meaning all matters reasonably germane thereto, it is found that the body of the act contains matters of substance foreign to the title so construed, then such law falls within the condemnation of the constitution. We think the titles of chapters 518 and 589 of the Laws of 1915, though liberally construed, fail to meet the requirements of the basic law and hence they are declared invalid.
They are void not only in so far as they affect the county court but in loto, because from the whole scheme of the acts we cannot assume the legislature would have created a superior court in Fond du Lae county without abolishing the county court. The two are so interrelated in the acts that they must stand or fall together. Statutes void in their main purpose or void as to a substantial part which is closely [419]*419interrelated with other substantial parts thereof are void in toto. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co. v. Rock Co. S. Co., ante, p. 374, 156 N. W. 607, and cases cited.
By the Court. — It is considered, ordered, and adjudged that the defendant, F. W. Chadbourne, has no right to the office of county judge of Fond du Lac county or to the exercise of the functions or duties thereof, and that he he ousted and excluded therefrom.
That the relator, A. B. Bichter, is and has been since the 1st day of September, 1915, entitled to the said office by virtue of the election and qualification alleged in the complaint, and to the franchises, privileges, and emoluments thereof, and that he have and recover of the defendant, F. W. Chad-bourne, his costs of this action, to he taxed by the clerk. „