GORDON MYSE,
Reserve Judge. This is an appeal from a judgment reversing on certiorari an order of the Wisconsin Department of Revenue (department) which revoked the respondent masonic lodge’s state income and property tax exemptions. We reverse the judgment of the circuit court and affirm the order of the department. The issue presented is whether the circuit court erred in finding that the record did not support the department’s determination that the Independence Lodge discriminated on the basis of race in reviewing applications for membership. 1
[471]*471The department is prohibited by the fourteenth amendment’s equal protection clause from granting state income or property tax exemptions2 to organizations practicing racial discrimination in their admission of members. A federal court decree issued in 1971 enjoined the department from doing so. See Pitts v. Department of Revenue for State of Wisconsin, 333 F. Supp. 662 (E.D. Wis. 1971). Pursuant to this decree and the fourteenth amendment, the department, after hearings prompted by appellant Dossette’s complaint to the department, found the respondent lodge not entitled to the state tax exemption, “because of its policies and practices which discriminate [472]*472against persons of the black race.” Dossette is a black male.
Admission to the respondent masonic lodge is governed by a detailed procedure. Applicants must be nominated upon their request by two members. Solicitation of members is not allowed. The applicant is then interviewed by an investigation team, which reports to a “Masters Board” which screens applicants. The lodge membership then secretly votes on the applicant. Members deposit a white ball in the ballot box if they favor the applicant’s membership, or deposit a black cube if they are opposed. One black cube denies membership, although the master of the lodge may call for a discretionary second ballot.
Dossette was reported on favorably by his investigation team, and his membership was recommended by the masters board. Dossette and four other applicants were present at the lodge and were voted on in November 1976. At the vote one or more black cubes were cast against the first applicant. A second ballot was called, with the master announcing that a mistake had been made because both the applicant’s father and uncle were masons. No black cubes were cast on the second ballot. No black cubes were cast against the other three applicants.
At least two black cubes were cast in Dossette’s initial balloting. The master announced that a mistake had been made, and a second balloting was held. At least two black cubes were again cast, rejecting Dossette’s membership.
From May 1969 to November 1976 no applicants were rejected other than the appellant, and no members were black of a total membership of approximately 580. Most of the lodge’s membership is drawn from the City of Milwaukee and surrounding Milwaukee County. As of 1970, approximately fifteen percent of the city’s residents were black, while approximately ten percent of the county’s residents were black. Dossette was the lodge’s first black applicant. Testimony was received from a lodge member [473]*473that other members had indicated, directly and indirectly, that blacks should never be admitted to the lodge.
Standard of Review
In reviewing a circuit court order reversing an order of an administrative agency,3 an appellate court’s scope of review is the same as that of the circuit court. L & H Wrecking Co., Inc. v. LIRC, 114 Wis. 2d 504, 508, 339 N.W.2d 344, 346 (Ct. App. 1983).
The circuit court found the record devoid of substantial evidence to support the department’s findings. The test on certiorari4 for sufficiency of the evidence is the substantial evidence test. Stacy v. Ashland County Dept. of Public Welfare, 39 Wis. 2d 595, 602, 159 N.W.2d 630, 634 (1968). The test is whether reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion reached by the department. Id. at 603, 159 N.W.2d at 634.
Substantiality of the Evidence
Undisputed facts disclose that the applicant’s membership is assured when the investigation of the applicant results in a favorable report. During the five years pre[474]*474ceding the incident in question, no applicant was rejected for membership. There are no black members in the lodge located in a community where blacks comprise between ten and fifteen percent of the total population. Dossette was rejected for membership by the Independence Lodge after he completed the screening and was recommended for membership as a result. The lodge’s method of balloting for membership permitted the casting of a single black cube to deny membership to any applicant.
The Department of Revenue determined that the rejection of Dossette’s application for membership was based upon his race. While the Independence Lodge contends that there may have been several nondiscriminatory reasons for the rejection of this applicant’s petition for membership, the department’s determination that it was based upon racial considerations is supported by substantial evidence. Reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion.
The circuit court seemed troubled that there was no direct evidence that the black cube was cast because of Dos-sette’s race. Rarely, if ever, is racial discrimination subject to direct proof such as appears to be required by the circuit court. “Proof of discriminatory motive is critical, although it can in some situations be inferred from the mere fact of differences in treatment.” Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 335 n. 15 (1977) (disparate treatment analysis under Title VII). “[A]n invidious discriminatory purpose may often be inferred from the totality of the relevant facts . . . .” Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 (1976) (constitution-based claim of racial discrimination).
Some lodge members stated their intention to reject black applicants because of their race. Testimony was received regarding members' positions:
[475]*475Well, Earl’s statement was always almost the same, I’d rather pay taxes than let blacks in. I don’t know how many times I heard that from him. Everett was more indirect when he told me about his experiences with blacks and the fact that they beat up on white old ladies. Ted Drought, the only comment I remember from him is let them stay where they belong.
The method of voting was susceptible to exclusion of blacks. This, together with the other evidence in the case, provided substantial evidence for the determination reached by the Department of Revenue. Even though it was not demonstrated that those who had publicly announced their intention to vote against the applicant because of his race were present during the voting, or that there may be other reasons to explain the casting of the black cube, the department’s determination was reasonable.
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GORDON MYSE,
Reserve Judge. This is an appeal from a judgment reversing on certiorari an order of the Wisconsin Department of Revenue (department) which revoked the respondent masonic lodge’s state income and property tax exemptions. We reverse the judgment of the circuit court and affirm the order of the department. The issue presented is whether the circuit court erred in finding that the record did not support the department’s determination that the Independence Lodge discriminated on the basis of race in reviewing applications for membership. 1
[471]*471The department is prohibited by the fourteenth amendment’s equal protection clause from granting state income or property tax exemptions2 to organizations practicing racial discrimination in their admission of members. A federal court decree issued in 1971 enjoined the department from doing so. See Pitts v. Department of Revenue for State of Wisconsin, 333 F. Supp. 662 (E.D. Wis. 1971). Pursuant to this decree and the fourteenth amendment, the department, after hearings prompted by appellant Dossette’s complaint to the department, found the respondent lodge not entitled to the state tax exemption, “because of its policies and practices which discriminate [472]*472against persons of the black race.” Dossette is a black male.
Admission to the respondent masonic lodge is governed by a detailed procedure. Applicants must be nominated upon their request by two members. Solicitation of members is not allowed. The applicant is then interviewed by an investigation team, which reports to a “Masters Board” which screens applicants. The lodge membership then secretly votes on the applicant. Members deposit a white ball in the ballot box if they favor the applicant’s membership, or deposit a black cube if they are opposed. One black cube denies membership, although the master of the lodge may call for a discretionary second ballot.
Dossette was reported on favorably by his investigation team, and his membership was recommended by the masters board. Dossette and four other applicants were present at the lodge and were voted on in November 1976. At the vote one or more black cubes were cast against the first applicant. A second ballot was called, with the master announcing that a mistake had been made because both the applicant’s father and uncle were masons. No black cubes were cast on the second ballot. No black cubes were cast against the other three applicants.
At least two black cubes were cast in Dossette’s initial balloting. The master announced that a mistake had been made, and a second balloting was held. At least two black cubes were again cast, rejecting Dossette’s membership.
From May 1969 to November 1976 no applicants were rejected other than the appellant, and no members were black of a total membership of approximately 580. Most of the lodge’s membership is drawn from the City of Milwaukee and surrounding Milwaukee County. As of 1970, approximately fifteen percent of the city’s residents were black, while approximately ten percent of the county’s residents were black. Dossette was the lodge’s first black applicant. Testimony was received from a lodge member [473]*473that other members had indicated, directly and indirectly, that blacks should never be admitted to the lodge.
Standard of Review
In reviewing a circuit court order reversing an order of an administrative agency,3 an appellate court’s scope of review is the same as that of the circuit court. L & H Wrecking Co., Inc. v. LIRC, 114 Wis. 2d 504, 508, 339 N.W.2d 344, 346 (Ct. App. 1983).
The circuit court found the record devoid of substantial evidence to support the department’s findings. The test on certiorari4 for sufficiency of the evidence is the substantial evidence test. Stacy v. Ashland County Dept. of Public Welfare, 39 Wis. 2d 595, 602, 159 N.W.2d 630, 634 (1968). The test is whether reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion reached by the department. Id. at 603, 159 N.W.2d at 634.
Substantiality of the Evidence
Undisputed facts disclose that the applicant’s membership is assured when the investigation of the applicant results in a favorable report. During the five years pre[474]*474ceding the incident in question, no applicant was rejected for membership. There are no black members in the lodge located in a community where blacks comprise between ten and fifteen percent of the total population. Dossette was rejected for membership by the Independence Lodge after he completed the screening and was recommended for membership as a result. The lodge’s method of balloting for membership permitted the casting of a single black cube to deny membership to any applicant.
The Department of Revenue determined that the rejection of Dossette’s application for membership was based upon his race. While the Independence Lodge contends that there may have been several nondiscriminatory reasons for the rejection of this applicant’s petition for membership, the department’s determination that it was based upon racial considerations is supported by substantial evidence. Reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion.
The circuit court seemed troubled that there was no direct evidence that the black cube was cast because of Dos-sette’s race. Rarely, if ever, is racial discrimination subject to direct proof such as appears to be required by the circuit court. “Proof of discriminatory motive is critical, although it can in some situations be inferred from the mere fact of differences in treatment.” Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 335 n. 15 (1977) (disparate treatment analysis under Title VII). “[A]n invidious discriminatory purpose may often be inferred from the totality of the relevant facts . . . .” Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 (1976) (constitution-based claim of racial discrimination).
Some lodge members stated their intention to reject black applicants because of their race. Testimony was received regarding members' positions:
[475]*475Well, Earl’s statement was always almost the same, I’d rather pay taxes than let blacks in. I don’t know how many times I heard that from him. Everett was more indirect when he told me about his experiences with blacks and the fact that they beat up on white old ladies. Ted Drought, the only comment I remember from him is let them stay where they belong.
The method of voting was susceptible to exclusion of blacks. This, together with the other evidence in the case, provided substantial evidence for the determination reached by the Department of Revenue. Even though it was not demonstrated that those who had publicly announced their intention to vote against the applicant because of his race were present during the voting, or that there may be other reasons to explain the casting of the black cube, the department’s determination was reasonable. This is so, regardless of the lodge’s contention that racial discrimination is contrary to its precepts and is abhorrent to its philosophy.
The lodge argues that the decree in Pitts v. Department of Revenue for State of Wisconsin, 333 F. Supp. 662 (E.D. Wis. 1971), applies only to organizations whose constitution and by-laws contain restrictions on membership based upon race. Because the constitution and bylaws of the lodge do not exclude members on the basis of race, they argue that they do not fall within the parameters of the Pitts decree and therefore are not subject to loss of tax-exempt status. Such an interpretation is too narrow a reading of Pitts. The decree specifically refers to “actual practices,” which extends the inquiry beyond the lodge constitution and bylaws. The Pitts decree would be violated by an interpretation which permitted racially discriminatory practices which were not explicitly embodied in the organization’s constitution and bylaws. An organization which practices racial discrimination, [476]*476whether compelled by its bylaws or by the unlawful motivation of a small number of its members who may veto any proposed member, may not be granted preferential tax treatment consistent with equal protection of the law.
The lodge further argues that the term “practice” means not a single isolated act of racial discrimination but rather a history of racially discriminatory acts. We do not adopt this definition, because all discrimination is prohibited. Constitutional rights may not be violated on even a single occasion. One racially discriminatory act is sufficient to invoke the restrictions of Pitts.
This court accordingly affirms the department’s determination that the Independence Lodge discriminated against Dossette based upon his race. There was substantial evidence to support its determination. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed.