ME. JUSTICE CHEADLE,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On petition for writ of • supervisory control.
The petition alleges that one George L. Laux died in November, 1944, leaving a will by which he devised and bequeathed all of his real and personal property to his nine borthers and sisters, including the relator herein, share and share alike, and in which he nominated one Katherine Simpson, a sister, as sole executrix without bond.
The executrix named in due course filed her petition for probate of the will and issuance to her of letters testamentary, listing therein certain personal property of the stated value of $42,299.30. The assets listed include promissory notes executed by the executrix ánd hCf husband in the total amount of $1,320. Thereafter the relator filed objections to the granting of letters testamentary to Katherine Simpson, alleging numerous facts upon which she bases her conclusion that the petitioner is incompetent to act as executrix by reason of her improvidence, want of integrity and lack of understanding. Among the allegations which may be considered material are that petitioner, her husband, father and mother, have wrongfully ancl unlawfully converted certain assets of the estate, not listed, of the value of $3,000; that petitioner failed to list additional personal property belonging to the estate valued at $10,000, all of which will be wrongfully and unlawfully appropriated by petitioner and the other persons last mentioned; that petitioner and her husband are in reality indebted to the estate to the extent of $3,000, instead of $1,320 listed, and will defraud the estate of the difference; that petitioner is wasting the estate by failure to avail herself of the legal services of relator’s husband, an attorney, who has offered to perform legal services for the estate without charge or fee; that petitioner was an accessory after the fact in the commission of the crime of grand larceny by her husband within the past five years; that petitioner is credulous and gullible, inexperienced in business and easily influenced and imposed upon; that she is under the complete dominance and control of her husband and parents, and that if appointed will be controlled and directed by them in the
handling and disposition of the estate, with the result that the assets will be wrongfully converted, wasted and destroyed.
After issues were joined on the objections and more than three days prior to the date set for the hearing thereon, relator duly filed a written demand that such issues be tried by a jury, which demand was overruled and denied by the trial court. By order dated July 15, 1946, the matter was set for trial before the court, without a jury, on September 4, -1946, whereupon the petition before us was filed.
The primary question presented is whether the circumstances warrant or justify issuance of the writ, to control the litigation in the trial court. Supervisory control is an extraordinary remedy, to be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances. We have said in a recent decision (State ex rel. Barron v. District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District in and for Stillwater County, 174 Pac. (2d) 809), that to justify such a writ an exigency or emergency must be shown to exist, or that a gross injustice would result from a denial of the writ, and the absence of other adequate relief. Under the provisions of Article VIII, section 2, of the Montana Constitution, and section 8882, Revised Codes, this court is given supervisory power to control the course of litigation in the trial courts in proper cases, including cases where relief by appeal is not available or would be inadequate. One of the earlier discussions of the function of the writ is found in State ex rel. Whiteside v. First Judicial District Court, 24 Mont. 539, 562, 63 Pac. 395, 400. “As the appellate jurisdiction was granted for the purpose of revision and correction, and the original jurisdiction under these writs was granted to enable us to render such relief as is appropriate under them, so the supervisory power was granted to meet emergencies to which those other powers and instrumentalities are not commensurate. It is independent of both, and was designed to infringe upon the functions of neither. It has its own appropriate functions, and, without undertaking to define particularly what these functions are, we think one of them is to enable this court to control the course of litiga
tion in the inferior courts where these courts are proceeding within the jurisdiction, but by a mistake of law, or willful disregard of it, are doing a gross injustice, and there is no appeal or the remedy by appeal is inadequate.” State ex rel. Anaconda Copper Min. Co. v. Second Judicial District Court, 25 Mont. 504, 65 Pac. 1020.
In State ex rel. Bonners Ferry Lumber Co. v. District Court of Second Judicial Dist. in and for Silver Bow County, 69 Mont. 436, 438, 222 Pac. 1050, this court said: “In State ex rel. Hennessy v. District Court [of Second Judicial Dist.], 26 Mont. 274, 67 Pac. 625, the writ was sought to annul an order of the trial court refusing the petition of a litigant for a survey and inspection of the underground workings of a mine. In denying the application the court said: ‘ The question involved, if properly reserved, may be reviewed on appeal from the judgment finally rendered in the cause, and no exigency is shown requiring immediate interference by this court.’ ”
In State ex rel. Harris v. District Court, 27 Mont. 280, 70 Pac. 981, 982, a similar writ was sought to correct an alleged error of the trial court in sustaining an objection to the introduction of evidence in the principal action. In denying the petition, this court said: “The writ of suprevisory control cannot be successfully invoked, for it may be employed only in exigent cases to remedy manifest wrongs which cannot be otherwise righted. * # * Should the writ issue upon the present application, it would lie to correct each and every mistake of district .courts, and in great measure supplant the ordinary appeal. Such is not its office.” For citation of numerous authorities to similar effect, see State ex rel. Barron v. District Court, supra [174 Pac. (2d) 815]: Therein we said: “No compelling reason has been here shown for the issuance of the writ applied for. It does not appear that any injustice to the relators may not be corrected by appeal from the final judgment or decree. The circumstances do not indicate an exigency or emergency beyond that which might frequently result from an erroneous ruling by a trial court in the course of litigation, which may
be remedied upon appeal; neither has it been shown that a gross injustice would result from denial of the writ. Since the relators have other adequate remedy, it follows that -the petition must be denied and it is so ordered.”
While the order now complained of is not itself appealable, section 9731, Revised Codes, expressly grants the right of appeal from the trial court’s decision and order in the contest of the competency of the petitioner for letters testamentary. On any such appeal, the validity of the order forming the basis of this petition could be determined and the error, if any, corrected.
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ME. JUSTICE CHEADLE,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On petition for writ of • supervisory control.
The petition alleges that one George L. Laux died in November, 1944, leaving a will by which he devised and bequeathed all of his real and personal property to his nine borthers and sisters, including the relator herein, share and share alike, and in which he nominated one Katherine Simpson, a sister, as sole executrix without bond.
The executrix named in due course filed her petition for probate of the will and issuance to her of letters testamentary, listing therein certain personal property of the stated value of $42,299.30. The assets listed include promissory notes executed by the executrix ánd hCf husband in the total amount of $1,320. Thereafter the relator filed objections to the granting of letters testamentary to Katherine Simpson, alleging numerous facts upon which she bases her conclusion that the petitioner is incompetent to act as executrix by reason of her improvidence, want of integrity and lack of understanding. Among the allegations which may be considered material are that petitioner, her husband, father and mother, have wrongfully ancl unlawfully converted certain assets of the estate, not listed, of the value of $3,000; that petitioner failed to list additional personal property belonging to the estate valued at $10,000, all of which will be wrongfully and unlawfully appropriated by petitioner and the other persons last mentioned; that petitioner and her husband are in reality indebted to the estate to the extent of $3,000, instead of $1,320 listed, and will defraud the estate of the difference; that petitioner is wasting the estate by failure to avail herself of the legal services of relator’s husband, an attorney, who has offered to perform legal services for the estate without charge or fee; that petitioner was an accessory after the fact in the commission of the crime of grand larceny by her husband within the past five years; that petitioner is credulous and gullible, inexperienced in business and easily influenced and imposed upon; that she is under the complete dominance and control of her husband and parents, and that if appointed will be controlled and directed by them in the
handling and disposition of the estate, with the result that the assets will be wrongfully converted, wasted and destroyed.
After issues were joined on the objections and more than three days prior to the date set for the hearing thereon, relator duly filed a written demand that such issues be tried by a jury, which demand was overruled and denied by the trial court. By order dated July 15, 1946, the matter was set for trial before the court, without a jury, on September 4, -1946, whereupon the petition before us was filed.
The primary question presented is whether the circumstances warrant or justify issuance of the writ, to control the litigation in the trial court. Supervisory control is an extraordinary remedy, to be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances. We have said in a recent decision (State ex rel. Barron v. District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District in and for Stillwater County, 174 Pac. (2d) 809), that to justify such a writ an exigency or emergency must be shown to exist, or that a gross injustice would result from a denial of the writ, and the absence of other adequate relief. Under the provisions of Article VIII, section 2, of the Montana Constitution, and section 8882, Revised Codes, this court is given supervisory power to control the course of litigation in the trial courts in proper cases, including cases where relief by appeal is not available or would be inadequate. One of the earlier discussions of the function of the writ is found in State ex rel. Whiteside v. First Judicial District Court, 24 Mont. 539, 562, 63 Pac. 395, 400. “As the appellate jurisdiction was granted for the purpose of revision and correction, and the original jurisdiction under these writs was granted to enable us to render such relief as is appropriate under them, so the supervisory power was granted to meet emergencies to which those other powers and instrumentalities are not commensurate. It is independent of both, and was designed to infringe upon the functions of neither. It has its own appropriate functions, and, without undertaking to define particularly what these functions are, we think one of them is to enable this court to control the course of litiga
tion in the inferior courts where these courts are proceeding within the jurisdiction, but by a mistake of law, or willful disregard of it, are doing a gross injustice, and there is no appeal or the remedy by appeal is inadequate.” State ex rel. Anaconda Copper Min. Co. v. Second Judicial District Court, 25 Mont. 504, 65 Pac. 1020.
In State ex rel. Bonners Ferry Lumber Co. v. District Court of Second Judicial Dist. in and for Silver Bow County, 69 Mont. 436, 438, 222 Pac. 1050, this court said: “In State ex rel. Hennessy v. District Court [of Second Judicial Dist.], 26 Mont. 274, 67 Pac. 625, the writ was sought to annul an order of the trial court refusing the petition of a litigant for a survey and inspection of the underground workings of a mine. In denying the application the court said: ‘ The question involved, if properly reserved, may be reviewed on appeal from the judgment finally rendered in the cause, and no exigency is shown requiring immediate interference by this court.’ ”
In State ex rel. Harris v. District Court, 27 Mont. 280, 70 Pac. 981, 982, a similar writ was sought to correct an alleged error of the trial court in sustaining an objection to the introduction of evidence in the principal action. In denying the petition, this court said: “The writ of suprevisory control cannot be successfully invoked, for it may be employed only in exigent cases to remedy manifest wrongs which cannot be otherwise righted. * # * Should the writ issue upon the present application, it would lie to correct each and every mistake of district .courts, and in great measure supplant the ordinary appeal. Such is not its office.” For citation of numerous authorities to similar effect, see State ex rel. Barron v. District Court, supra [174 Pac. (2d) 815]: Therein we said: “No compelling reason has been here shown for the issuance of the writ applied for. It does not appear that any injustice to the relators may not be corrected by appeal from the final judgment or decree. The circumstances do not indicate an exigency or emergency beyond that which might frequently result from an erroneous ruling by a trial court in the course of litigation, which may
be remedied upon appeal; neither has it been shown that a gross injustice would result from denial of the writ. Since the relators have other adequate remedy, it follows that -the petition must be denied and it is so ordered.”
While the order now complained of is not itself appealable, section 9731, Revised Codes, expressly grants the right of appeal from the trial court’s decision and order in the contest of the competency of the petitioner for letters testamentary. On any such appeal, the validity of the order forming the basis of this petition could be determined and the error, if any, corrected. And we may not anticipate an adverse outcome of the hearing from which the objector would conclude to appeal; and this is true, of course, whether the matter be determined with or without the services of a jury. The unavoidable delay attendant upon an appeal in this cause furnishes no more compelling justification for a shortcut than appears in the usual case where alleged error by the trial court in the course of litigation provides the basis of appeal. Mere inconvenience to a party, or delay in final disposition of a cause, is no justification for interference with district courts by correction of every erroneous action during the progress of litigation before them. During the period of any such delay, should the objector or other persons interested be in a position to prove or to convince the judge of the district court that the assets of the estate were being dissipated, converted or otherwise injured, or were in danger thereof, ample statutory remedy is available to correct that situation; for example, Chapter 122, Code of Civil Procedure, particularly sections 10124 and 10125. Objector will not be heard to urge our assumption that the trial court will be so derelict in its duty as to knowingly permit any such condition to exist or continue.
We think that the circumstances of this case can be distinguished from those in the cases of State ex rel. Crowley v. District Court of Sixth Judicial District in and for Gallatin County, 108 Mont. 89, 88 Pac. (2d) 23, 121 A. L. R. 1031, and State ex rel. Barnard-Curtiss Co. v. District Court of Third Judicial
District in and for Granite County, 113 Mont. 107, 122 Pac. (2d) 419. In each, of those cases an appeal, upon -refusal of the writ prayed for,- would have been inevitable and grounded solely upon the very error which the writ corrected. Such is not the case here, unless we are to assume that the trial court’s decision will be adverse to the objector, which we may not do. To the contrary, it must be assumed that the trial court will hear and determine the issues fairly and in conformity with the evidence presented.
The procedural question involved is interesting and novel. But since we hold that the circumstances do not warrant interference by application of supervisory control, we refrain from expression of opinion as to its answer.
The petition is denied.
Mr. Chief Justice Lindquist and Associate Justices Morris and Adair concur.