Sullivan, J.
This proceeding in error brings before us for review a judgment of the district court denying the application of the relator for a writ of mandamus requiring the respondent, Albyn L. Frank, as clerk of the district court for Douglas county, to make a report, under oath, of the fees received by him as such clerk during the quarter ending on the first Tuesday of January, 1900. The question for decision is the validity of an act of the last legislature amending section 3 of chapter 28, Compiled Statutes of 1897. The original act on the subject of fees was adopted in 1865 under the title “An act to regulate the Salaries and fees of certain officers in the territory of Nebraska.” The first section declared then, as it declares now, that “The salaries and fees of the several [331] officers hereinafter named shall be as follows.” Originally the third section did nothing more than fix the charges and compensation of the cleric of the district court for official services. ‘ But in 1899 there was grafted upon this section the following amendment: “If the fees of said cleric shall exceed sixteen hundred ($1600) dollars per annum in counties having less than twenty-five thousand inhabitants or if the fees shall exceed three thousand ($3,000) dollars per annum in counties having more than twenty-five thousand inhabitants and less than fifty thousand inhabitants, or if the fees shall exceed thirty-five hundred ($3500) dollars per annum, in counties having more than fifty thousand inhabitants and less than one hundred thousand inhabitants, or if the fees shall exceed five thousand ($5,000) dollars per annum in counties having more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, said cleric shall pay such excess into the treasury of the county in which he holds his office. Provided also that the cleric of the district court of each county shall on the first Tuesday of January, April, July, and October of each year malee a report to the board of county commissioners under oath showing the different items of fees received, from whom, at what time, and for what service, and the total amount of. fees received by such officer since the last report, and also the amount received for the current year. Provided further that if the county board of commissioners thinlc necessary, said clerk may be allowed one deputy at a compensation not to exceed one half that allowed his principal; and such other assistants at such a compensation and for such time as aforesaid board may allow, and that none of said clerks, deputies or assistants shall receive any other compensation than that accruing to their office.” Counsel for respondent concede that their client is within the provisions of the foregoing amendment, and that he must, if the act is valid, render to the county board of Douglas county a sworn statement of the fees which he received during the last quarter of 1899. It is, however, insisted [332] .with great earnestness and confidence that the act is of no validity because, in its adoption, the legislature disregarded. certain mandatory provisions of the organic law.
The first two objections to the statute may be considered together. They are (1) that the journal of the house of representatives does not show the concurrence of that body in a certain senate amendment which became a part of the enrolled bill; and (2) that upon the final passage of the bill in the house the yeas and nays were not entered upon the journal, as required by section 10, article 3, of the constitution. There is some contrariety of judicial opinion touching the power of the courts to annul a statute for a failure on the part of the legislature to evidence its proceedings in the manner prescribed by the constitution; and the adjudged cases are almost evenly divided as to what constitutes the best evidence of the statutory law. Some courts, among them the supreme court of the United States, hold that the enrolled bill on file in the office of the secretary of state, bearing the certificate of the presiding officers of the two branches of the legislature and the approval of the governor, imports absolute verity and precludes any inquiry into the procedure by which it was adopted. Field v. Clark, 143 U. S., 649; Standard Underground Cable Co. v. Attorney General, 46 N. J. Eq., 270; Sherman v. Story, 30 Cal., 253, 256; Weeks v. Smith, 81 Me., 538; Ex parte Wren, 63 Miss., 512; State v. Glenn, 18 Nev., 34; People v. Marlborough Commissioners, 54 N. Y., 276; Willimns v. Taylor, 83 Tex., 667. The rule in other jurisdictions is that the enrollment, authentication and approval of a bill, found in the proper repository, are only prima facie evidence of its due enactment; and that the legislative journals, if properly kept, contain the authentic history of the measure. Henderson v. State, 94 Ala,, 95; People v. Loewenthal, 93 Ill., 191; State v. Francis, 26 Kan., 724; People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich., 481; Osburn v. Staley, 5 W. Va., 85; Meracle v. Doton, 64 Wis., 323; State v. Platt, 2 S. Car., 150. While there is much reason for holding that a knowledge of the [333] legislative journals should not be essential to a knowledge of the written law, this court is now too firmly committed to the doctrine of the cases last cited to justify us in accepting the certificates of the legislature as conclusive evidence that it has performed its constitutional duty. State v. McLelland, 18 Nebr., 236; State v. Robinson, 20 Nebr., 96; State v. Moore, 37 Nebr., 13; In re Granger, 56 Nebr., 260; Webster v. City of Hastings, 56 Nebr., 669; State v. Abbott, 59 Nebr., 106; Webster v. City of Hastings, 59 Nebr., 563. These cases hold that the records of the lawmaking body may be looked into for the purpose of ascertaining whether a statute has been constitutionally enacted; but they do not decide, or give countenance to the claim, that the silence of the journals, or either of them, is conclusive evidence of the nonexistence of any fact which ought to be recorded therein. What they decide is that the journals are unimpeachable evidence of what they contain; not that their' silence convicts the legislature of having violated the constitution.. Every presumption is in favor of the regularity of legislative proceedings; and it is rather to be inferred that the journals are imperfect records of what was done than that the legislature failed to perform the more solemn and important duties enjoined upon it by the constitution. In Ex parte Howard-Harrison Iron Co., 119 Ala., 484, 491, 24 So. Rep., 516, cited in State v. Abbott, supra, it is said: “Of course the presumption is that the bill signed by the presiding officers of the two houses and approved by the governor is the bill which the two houses concurred in passing, and the contrary must be made to affirmatively appear before a different conclusion can be justified or supported. So here, it must be made to affirmatively appear that amendments of the house bill in question were adopted by the senate and were not concurred in by the house.” The enrolled bill has its own credentials; it bears about it legal evidence that it is a valid law; and this evidence is so cogent and convincing that it can not be overthrown by the production of a leg[334] islative journal that does not speak, but is silent.' Such seems to be the conclusion reached by a majority of the courts; and such, certainly, is the trend of modern authority. To hold otherwise would be to permit a mute witness to prevail over evidence which is not only positive, but of so satisfactory a character that all English and most American courts regard it as ultimate and indisputable. But it is argued that whatever may be the effect of a failure to record the ordinary proceedings of the legislature, the vote of either house, upon the final passage of a bill, can not be supplied by presumption, because the constitution in' express terms requires that the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal. This view of the matter is supported by a considerable number of adjudged cases, and for present purposes we will assume that it is correct. What then is the situation with which we have to deal? From the evidence given at the trial, the district court made special findings of fact. Among them is this:
“IV. The court further finds that said chapter 31 of the Session Laws of 1899, known as House Roll No. 251, originated in the house of representatives and the same was placed on its final passage in said house on March 17, 1899, and that the yeas and nays were at the time called and duly entered on the journal of said house; that said bill was then transmitted to the senate where the same was duly considered and passed with amendments thereto, on the 31st day of March, 1899.”
Counsel for Frank insist that it is the duty of this court to take judicial notice of the legislative journals, and that a finding contrary to our judicial knowledge can not stand. They also contend that, since the house-journal does not show the yea and nay vote, upon the final passage of the bill, we are bound to declare, without further inquiry, that the constitutional requirement was not observed, and that the law is, therefore, null. In other words, respondent’s position is that we must look in the office of the secretary of state for a record of the vote, [335] and, if we do not find it, must say that it does not exist now, and that it never did exist. We are not willing to go quite so far for the purpose of overthrowing a duly authenticated act of the legislature. The finding of the trial court is amply supported by competent evidence, and is not contradicted by any fact of which this court has cognizance. It appears clearly from the bill of exceptions that the yeas and nays were entered upon the journal at the proper time, and that a part of the journal has been since lost or abstracted. This evidence does not impeach the journal; it merely shows what the journal was; it establishes a lost record; and it was, under the circumstances, rightly received for that purpose. State v. Mason, 43 La. Ann., 590. It undoubtedly is, as counsel • claim, our duty to take judicial notice of the legislative journals. In this case we have made a very careful examination of the journal of the house. For so important a public record, it is, we must say, strangely fashioned — ■ wonderfully made. It consists of loose sheets of paper bound together with a frayed and fragile twine. The vote on roll call is shown by attaching with a pin, or mucilage, a printed list of the members voting yea and nay, to a piece of paper showing the question upon which the vote' was taken. The sheet containing the record' of the vote on House Roll 251, the bill here in question, indicates that some other paper was once fastened to it with a pin. The other paper, which, according to the evidence, showed the yea and nay vote, is gone; the pin has disappeared and counsel for respondent insist that the law has gone with it. “And these things,” says Victor Hugo, in Les Miserables, “took place, and the kings regained their thrones, and the master of Europe was put in a cage, and the old regime became the new, and the light and the shadow of the earth changed places, because, on the afternoon of a summer day a peasant boy said to a Prussian in a wood, ‘Go this way, and not that.1 ” Those were momentous consequences of a trival and commonplace event; but if we were to adopt the views of [336] counsel for respondent, we would have in this state a condition of affairs capable of producing at any time, and likely to produce at some time, a situation which would exhibit almost as striking a disproportion between cause and effect. If counsel are right in their contention, then our most important statutes are liable to be annulled by the accidental displacement of a pin; municipal bonds may be invalidated and men may lose their property and their liberty; divorces may prove worthless and marriages may become null and children be bastardized, because some clerk, charged with the duty of journalizing legislative proceedings, has by mischance used mucilage instead of paste. The doctrine is monstrous; its acceptance is unnecessary and might prove disastrous. When the journals are defective, mutilated or incomp]ete, their silence should not, as against the enrolled bill, be taken as evidence that the yeas and nays were not recorded as required by the constitution. The condition of the house journal, as a record of legislative action upon House Roll 251, does not justify us in accepting it as an unimpeachable witness; and we accordingly hold that the bill was passed in strict conformity with constitutional procedure.
Another objection to the law is that, so far as it affects respondent, it is special legislation, because he is the only clerk of the district court in a county having more than one hundred thousand inhabitants. We regard this question as being settled in favor of the relator by State v. Stuht, 52 Nebr., 209, in which it was held that a law, general in character, although affecting but one/city, is constitutional. |
It is claimed that the act is unconstitutional because it amends section 1 of chapter 28 akid section 43 of chapter 19, Compiled Statutes, 1S99, without embracing such sections as amended and without repealing the original sections. Counsel evidently mistake somewhat the scope and purpose of the law. Section 1 of chapter 28 declared, before the adoption of the amendatory stat[337] ute, that the clerk of the district court should charge and receive for his services the compensation fixed by the third section of the act. That is precisely what section 1 declares now. It has not been amended; its meaning has not been changed; the clerk may still charge and receive for his services the compensation fixed by the third section. Section 43 of chapter 19, Compiled Statutes of 1899, is as follows: “The clerk of the supreme court, and of the several districts in this state, shall have power to appoint deputies; and deputies of the district clerks shall be residents of the counties in and for which they act. Such deputies shall be sworn faithfully to perform the duties of their office, before they enter upon those duties.” The amendatory act provides that the county board may, in its discretion, allow the clerk of the district court “one deputy at a compensation not to exceed one half that allowed his principal.” The purpose of this' provision, in our judgment, was not to limit the number of the clerk’s deputies-, but to authorize the county board to pay one of such deputies out of the receipts of the clerk’s office. This construction is reasonable and should be adopted, so that effect may be given to the presumption that the legislature kept within its constitutional orbit. Section 43 has not been affected in any way by the fiew legislation; it remains as it was before House Roll 251 became a law.
One further argument against the validity of the act - of 1899 is-that the amendatory legislation is foreign to the subject of the section amended. The original section determined tie compensation of the clerk; it gave him the entire amjount earned as the reward of his services. And the main idea, the dominant thought, of the amendatory act was alio to fix the clerk’s compensation. It had, therefore, a most intimate relationship with the primary object of the section amended. The other provisions of the act are incidental .and subsidiary to the main purpose of the legislature, which was to reduce the clerk’s salary and require him, under certain circumstances, to turn [338] over to tbe county a portion of tbe earnings of bis office. Tbe amendment was germane to tbe section amended, and it was dearly embraced witbin tbe title of tbe amendatory act.
Tbe judgment is reversed, and tbe cause remanded, witb direction to tbe district court to award tbe peremptory writ.
Reversed and remanded.