Per Curiam.
Upon petition filed this court issued a Rule
nisi
to the resident Judge of the Criminal Court of
Record for Hillsborough County to show cause why a Writ of Prohibition should not, on the ground of second jeopardy be issued to restrain the trial of the relators' on an information charging them with the commission of a felony. The respondent Judge, by the Attorney-General and the County Solicitor, filed a demurrer and also an answer or return to the Petition for Prohibition. Relators moved for a writ of Prohibition absolute notwithstanding the demurrer and return.
It is made to appear that pursuant to Executive orders of the Governor issued July 13 and August 1, 1938, the Judge of .the Criminal Court of Record for Monroe County was assigned to preside over the Criminal Court of Record for piillsborough County, beginning July 14, 1938, “and as long as .njay be necessary thereafter,” and beginning August 1, 1938, “and as long as may be necessary thereafter,” “to conduct the trial of all causes in which it may appear that the resident Judge is disqualified, and such other causes as may properly come before him in said court” (the Judge of the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County was from July 14 through August 12, 1938, assigned to the Duval County Criminal Court of Record) ; that while the then presiding Judge in the Criminal Court of Record in ELillsborough County was conducting the trial of a felony charge against the defendants, relators here, such Judge was about 11:30 A. M. August 9, 1938, Served with a Writ of Prohibition prohibiting him until further order of the court from further proceeding in the trial of the felony charge against such defendants, the writ being issued by a Circuit Judge upon the relation of a private citizen having no official or personal relation to such trial, on the ground that the Executive order of the Governor, made under the statute, assigning such Judge to try cases in the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County, is ineffectual to
authorize the judge to preside at trials' in such court at the time the writ was issued; that after the service of the Writ of Prohibition issued by the Circuit Judge on the Judge presiding in the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County, such “court announced that it would take a five minute recess: the Judge never did return to the bench, and at noon on the 9th day of August the county solicitor excused the jury and notified them to return at 2 o’clock P. M.; the jury returned at 2 o’clock P. M. of that date and the judge was not upon the bench, and the county solicitor excused the jury and instructed them to return Wednesday morning, at 10 o’clock A. M.; the jury returned on Wednesday morning, August 10, at 10 o’clock, the judge was not upon the bench, and the county solicitor again instructed the jury to go and return at 2 o’clock P. M. of that day, August 10; at 2 P. M. the jury having entered the box, and the judge of the court not being present, the jury remained in the box until approximately 4 o’clock P. M.” at which time the Clerk excused the jurors subject to the call of the Court; to which the defendants objected; that the Attorney General demurred to and answered the petition on which the Circuit Judge issued the Writ of Prohibition; that on August 10, 1938, the Circuit Judge issued a permanent Writ of Prohibition against the respondent Judge restraining him from exercising any further jurisdiction under the authority of the Executive order dated July 13, 1938, the Writ of Prohibition making no reference to the Executive order dated August 1, 1938, which was made a part of the petition on which the Writ of Prohibition was issued by the Circuit Judge; the service of the permanent Writ of Prohibition was accepted by counsel for said respondent Judge; that after the return of the resident Judge of the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County, he did, on August 22, 1938, order that a mistrial is declared and the jury em
paneled and sworn in the cause on August 8, 1938, is discharged; and that the Court will reset the cause for trial and that defendants, if they desire to plead further to the information, are allowed and required to do so at such term of the Court; to all of which the defendants objected; that on October 8, 1938, the Court sustained a demurrer to pleas of former jeopardy interposed by the defendants, and ordered the trial of the defendants set for November 7, 1938. Thereafter the petition for Writ of Prohibition issued by this court herein was filed.
“A person is in legal jeopardy when he is put upon trial, before a court of competent jurisdiction, upon an indictment or information which is sufficient in form and substance to sustain a conviction, and a jury has been charged with his' deliverance. And a jury is said to be thus charged when they have been impanelled and sworn. Allen v. State, (H. N. 1) 52 Fla. 1, 41 So. 593, 120 Am. Sr. 188, 10 Ann. Cas. 1085.
“The power of the court to discharge a jury who have been sworn in chief before verdict should be exercised only in case of a manifest, urgent, or absolute necessity. If the jury are discharged for a reason legally insufficient and without an absolute necessity for it, and without the defendant’s' consent, the discharge is equivalent to an acquittal, and may be pleaded as a bar to any further trial or to any subsequent indictment.” Allen v. State (N. H. 3)
supra.
“At common law if any evidence had been given, the jury could not be discharged, except in case of the most urgent necessity, until they had given a verdict. The American cases hold generally that there must be a manifest necessity for the discharge of the jury and leave the courts to determine in their discretion whether under all the circumstances of each case such necessity exists. When such necessity exists, a plea of former jeopardy will not prevail on a sub
sequent trial. But if the jury are discharged without defendant’s consent for a reason legally insufficient and without an absolute necessity for it, the discharge is equivalent to an acquittal, and may be pleaded as a bar to a subsequent indictment. Whether the discharge arose from the arbitrary act of the court, or from some mere whim or caprice of judge or jury, or from some accident or blunder, is immaterial. * * *
“It has been held that the causes which create the necessity must fall under one of three heads, namely: (1) Where the court is compelled by law to be adjourned before the jury can agree upon a verdict; (2) where the prisoner by his own misconduct places it out of the power of the jury to investigate his case correctly, thereby obtaining an unfair advantage of the state, or is himself, by the visitation of Providence, prevented from being able to attend to his trial; and (3) where there is' no possibility for the jury to agree upon and return a verdict.” 16 C. J. 250-251.
In Thompson v. U. S., 155, U. S. 271, 15 Sup. Ct. 73, 39 L. Ed. 146, the defendant objected to proceeding with the trial by the jury that
was discharged.
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Per Curiam.
Upon petition filed this court issued a Rule
nisi
to the resident Judge of the Criminal Court of
Record for Hillsborough County to show cause why a Writ of Prohibition should not, on the ground of second jeopardy be issued to restrain the trial of the relators' on an information charging them with the commission of a felony. The respondent Judge, by the Attorney-General and the County Solicitor, filed a demurrer and also an answer or return to the Petition for Prohibition. Relators moved for a writ of Prohibition absolute notwithstanding the demurrer and return.
It is made to appear that pursuant to Executive orders of the Governor issued July 13 and August 1, 1938, the Judge of .the Criminal Court of Record for Monroe County was assigned to preside over the Criminal Court of Record for piillsborough County, beginning July 14, 1938, “and as long as .njay be necessary thereafter,” and beginning August 1, 1938, “and as long as may be necessary thereafter,” “to conduct the trial of all causes in which it may appear that the resident Judge is disqualified, and such other causes as may properly come before him in said court” (the Judge of the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County was from July 14 through August 12, 1938, assigned to the Duval County Criminal Court of Record) ; that while the then presiding Judge in the Criminal Court of Record in ELillsborough County was conducting the trial of a felony charge against the defendants, relators here, such Judge was about 11:30 A. M. August 9, 1938, Served with a Writ of Prohibition prohibiting him until further order of the court from further proceeding in the trial of the felony charge against such defendants, the writ being issued by a Circuit Judge upon the relation of a private citizen having no official or personal relation to such trial, on the ground that the Executive order of the Governor, made under the statute, assigning such Judge to try cases in the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County, is ineffectual to
authorize the judge to preside at trials' in such court at the time the writ was issued; that after the service of the Writ of Prohibition issued by the Circuit Judge on the Judge presiding in the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County, such “court announced that it would take a five minute recess: the Judge never did return to the bench, and at noon on the 9th day of August the county solicitor excused the jury and notified them to return at 2 o’clock P. M.; the jury returned at 2 o’clock P. M. of that date and the judge was not upon the bench, and the county solicitor excused the jury and instructed them to return Wednesday morning, at 10 o’clock A. M.; the jury returned on Wednesday morning, August 10, at 10 o’clock, the judge was not upon the bench, and the county solicitor again instructed the jury to go and return at 2 o’clock P. M. of that day, August 10; at 2 P. M. the jury having entered the box, and the judge of the court not being present, the jury remained in the box until approximately 4 o’clock P. M.” at which time the Clerk excused the jurors subject to the call of the Court; to which the defendants objected; that the Attorney General demurred to and answered the petition on which the Circuit Judge issued the Writ of Prohibition; that on August 10, 1938, the Circuit Judge issued a permanent Writ of Prohibition against the respondent Judge restraining him from exercising any further jurisdiction under the authority of the Executive order dated July 13, 1938, the Writ of Prohibition making no reference to the Executive order dated August 1, 1938, which was made a part of the petition on which the Writ of Prohibition was issued by the Circuit Judge; the service of the permanent Writ of Prohibition was accepted by counsel for said respondent Judge; that after the return of the resident Judge of the Criminal Court of Record for Hillsborough County, he did, on August 22, 1938, order that a mistrial is declared and the jury em
paneled and sworn in the cause on August 8, 1938, is discharged; and that the Court will reset the cause for trial and that defendants, if they desire to plead further to the information, are allowed and required to do so at such term of the Court; to all of which the defendants objected; that on October 8, 1938, the Court sustained a demurrer to pleas of former jeopardy interposed by the defendants, and ordered the trial of the defendants set for November 7, 1938. Thereafter the petition for Writ of Prohibition issued by this court herein was filed.
“A person is in legal jeopardy when he is put upon trial, before a court of competent jurisdiction, upon an indictment or information which is sufficient in form and substance to sustain a conviction, and a jury has been charged with his' deliverance. And a jury is said to be thus charged when they have been impanelled and sworn. Allen v. State, (H. N. 1) 52 Fla. 1, 41 So. 593, 120 Am. Sr. 188, 10 Ann. Cas. 1085.
“The power of the court to discharge a jury who have been sworn in chief before verdict should be exercised only in case of a manifest, urgent, or absolute necessity. If the jury are discharged for a reason legally insufficient and without an absolute necessity for it, and without the defendant’s' consent, the discharge is equivalent to an acquittal, and may be pleaded as a bar to any further trial or to any subsequent indictment.” Allen v. State (N. H. 3)
supra.
“At common law if any evidence had been given, the jury could not be discharged, except in case of the most urgent necessity, until they had given a verdict. The American cases hold generally that there must be a manifest necessity for the discharge of the jury and leave the courts to determine in their discretion whether under all the circumstances of each case such necessity exists. When such necessity exists, a plea of former jeopardy will not prevail on a sub
sequent trial. But if the jury are discharged without defendant’s consent for a reason legally insufficient and without an absolute necessity for it, the discharge is equivalent to an acquittal, and may be pleaded as a bar to a subsequent indictment. Whether the discharge arose from the arbitrary act of the court, or from some mere whim or caprice of judge or jury, or from some accident or blunder, is immaterial. * * *
“It has been held that the causes which create the necessity must fall under one of three heads, namely: (1) Where the court is compelled by law to be adjourned before the jury can agree upon a verdict; (2) where the prisoner by his own misconduct places it out of the power of the jury to investigate his case correctly, thereby obtaining an unfair advantage of the state, or is himself, by the visitation of Providence, prevented from being able to attend to his trial; and (3) where there is' no possibility for the jury to agree upon and return a verdict.” 16 C. J. 250-251.
In Thompson v. U. S., 155, U. S. 271, 15 Sup. Ct. 73, 39 L. Ed. 146, the defendant objected to proceeding with the trial by the jury that
was discharged.
If the Circuit Judge was without jurisdiction or power to issue the Writ of Prohibition to prohibit the presiding Judge of the Criminal Court of Record from proceeding with the trial of the defendants, relators here, on an information charging them with a felony, the service of such writ on such presiding Judge during the trial did not cause' a legal necessity for the Judge to leave the Bench and thereby stop the'trial without the consent of the defendants, after they had been put in jeopardy in the trial for a felony, then the demurrer to the pleas of former jeopardy as a bar to another trial for the same offense should have been overruled. ■
The presiding Judge did not state of record any necessity
for interrupting the trial of the felony cause, and no such necessity appears' by the record here.
Section 5 of Article V of the Florida constitution provides that “The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction * * * in case of conviction of felony in the Criminal Courtsand “shall have the power to issue writs of * * * Prohibition * * * and also all writs necessary or proper to the complete exercise of its' jurisdiction.”
Section 11, Article V, provides that
“The Circuit Courts * * * shall have final appellate jurisdiction * * * of all misdemeanors' tried in Criminal Courts.”
“The Circuit Courts and Judges shall have power to issue writs of * * * Prohibition * * * and all other writs proper and necessary to the complete exercise of their jurisdiction.”
It appears from the above quoted organic provisions that the Circuit Courts have no jurisdiction over felonies “tried in the Criminal Courtsand that the authority of the Circuit Courts to issue Writs' of Prohibition is expressly limited to cases in which it is “proper and necessary to the complete exercise of their jurisdiction,” which jurisdiction does not include matters relating to “conviction of felony in Criminal Courts.” The Prohibition Writ issued by the Circuit Court against the Judge presiding over the Criminal Court of Record as above referred to, related directly to the trial .of felony cases in the Criminal Court of Record, and was in excess of the limitations upon the jurisdiction conferred upon Circuit Judges by the intendments of the above quoted provisions of the Florida constitution. See Frederick v. Rowe, Judge, 105 Fla. 193, 140 So. 915.
The Prohibition writ issued by the Circuit Judge against the Judge presiding in the Criminal Court of Record in the trial of a felony case being in excess of the jurisdiction of the Circuit Judge under the constitution, it is not necessary
to here discuss the apparent lack of a proper relator in the Prohibition case before the Circuit Judge, such relator being only “a citizen, resident, voter and taxpayer in and for Hills-borough County and an attorney at law and officer of the Criminal Court of Record in and for Hillsborough County, Florida” not shown to be in any way directly affected by the prosecution sought to be arrested. See
Ex parte
Levitt, 302 U. S. 633, 58 Supt. Ct. 1, 82 L. Ed. 4931; Fairchild v. Hughes, 258 U. S. 126; 42 Sup. Ct. 274, 66 L. Ed. 499; 50 C. J. 693; 17 Fla. 93.
The two Executive orders' of the Governor assigning the Judge of the Criminal Court of Record of Monroe County to preside in the Criminal Court of Record in Hillsborough County are made in the name of the Governor attested by the Secretary of State and the Great Seal of the State of Florida. Such Executive orders of assignment are presumptively valid and cannot be collaterally annulled unless they are clearly shown to be void in a court of competent jurisdiction. There was a Judge subject to assignment, and statutory authority for Executive assignments.
Even if there be duly raised a question as to the scope and time limitations of the Executive orders of assignment, when they are executed as above stated, such Executive 'orders being made in substantial compliance with the statutory authority as' to the terms of assignments, confer at least
de facto
jurisdiction on the assigned Judge; and his acts under such assignments are valid unless duly annulled by a court of competent jurisdiction.
In McCall v. Adams, Judge, 116 Fla. 558, 156 So. 524, the Executive assignment of a Circuit Judge to preside in the Circuit Court in another circuit was challenged in this' court by proper parties before the trial of the relator’s case was entered upon by the assigned Judge.
As the Circuit Judge was without jurisdiction or power
to issue the Writ of Prohibition to prohibit the presiding Judge of the Criminal Court of Record and from further proceeding in the trial of the defendants, relators here, for a felony and as such presiding Judge had
at least de facto
jurisdiction to preside as Judge in the trial, the service of the unauthorized writ of Prohibition upon such presiding Judge of the Criminal Court of Record did not create a legal necessity for abandoning the trial without the consent of the defendants, after they had been put in jeopardy under the felony charge against them; and such unnecessary interruption of the trial entitled the defendants to a discharge from another trial for the same felony.
The recessing of the jury by the county solicitor and the clerk of the court without the consent of the defendants, and the subsequent orders of the resident Judge of the court for a mistrial and a discharge of the jury without the consent of the defendant, were mere incidents resulting from the legally unnecessary abandonment of the trial by the presiding Judge upon being served with the illegal Writ of Prohibition. No legal necessity appearing for abandoning the trial on August 9, without the consent of the defendants, after the defendants had been put in jeopardy under the information charging a felony, the demurrer to the pleas of former jeopardy should have been overruled.
The jurisdiction of Circuit Judges under Section 5, Arti-ele V,'of the State constitution, to issue Writs of Prohibition against Judges of the Criminal Courts of Record prohibiting such Judges from trying felony cases, had not been authoritatively adjudicated, when the Writ of Prohibition was issued by the Circuit Judge on August 9, 1938.
A writ absolute in Prohibition is awarded to the relators, but it,will not be issued unless it is necessary to do so.
Ellis, C. J., and Whitfield, Terrell, Brown and Buford, J. J., concur.
Chapman, J., concurs specially.