DAVID E. BLAIR, J.
On 'January 11, 1921, the City of Carthage as relator filed its petition for a writ of mandamus to compel respondent as Auditor of the State of Missouri to register bonds in the sum of $150,000, authorized by the relator at a special election held September 16, 1919, for the purpose of paying a portion of the cost of paving in said city, as provided for by Laws of 1919 at pages 569 to 572 inclusive.
The regularity of the proceedings of said city in said election and the subsequent proceedings before the city council and the authority of such city to issue bonds of this character are not disputed. Respondent refused registration of said bonds on the ground that the issue of $150,000, added to the then existing indebtedness of
relator city, exceeded the limit of indebtedness of said city as fixed by Section 12 of Article 10 of the Constitution.
Respondent waived the issuance of the alternative writ of mandamus, and filed his demurrer to the petition, thereby admitting the truth of all facts well pleaded in the petition. Further facts necessary to an understanding of the case will be set out in the opinion.
Last Previous Assessment.
I. Relator contends that the amount of indebtedness it is authorized to incur under Section 12, Article 10, of the Constitution of Missouri, should be ascertained from and measured by the assessment of 1917, and not by the assessment of 1916. The proV3Si°n of said section limits the indebtedness that relator and other cities may incur in any year to “five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the assessment next before the last assessment for state and county ‘purposes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness.” The assessments mentioned in this section mean completed assessments., [State ex rel. City of Dexter v. Gordon, 251 Mo. 303; State ex rel. v. Wabash, 251 Mo. 134; Steinbrenner v. St. Joseph, 226 S. W. 890.] The clause “previous to the incurring of such indebtedness” means previous to the authorization of the indebtedness in the election held by the voters of the municipality. [State ex rel. City of Dexter v. Gordon, supra; Steinbrenner v. St. Joseph, supra.] The State Board of Equalization had not completed the equalization of the 1918 assessment and certified its action thereon previous to September 16, 1919, the date of the election, and hence the assessment of 1916 was the “next béfore the last assessment,” and must be used as the measuring rod.
Allowable Indebtedness.
II. The total indebtedness of the City of Carthage existing and' outstanding on September 16, 1919, was $100,000. The value of the taxable' property in said city as determined by the assessment of 1916 was $3,602,153.48, and five per cent thereof was $180,107.67. If the $100,000
existing indebtedness, which is dne to the issuance of bonds for the construction of municipal waterworks, is considered as part of the existing indebtedness, mentioned in Section 12, of Article 10, limited to five per cent of the taxable property, the issue of $150,000 of paying bonds involved in this case is clearly invalid, because it contemplates a bonded indebtedness of $250,-000, or an excess of $69,992.33.
Columbia Case.
In the case of State ex rel. City of Columbia v. Wilder, 197 Mo. 1, hereinafter referred to as the Columbia Case, the facts were almost identical with those in the instant case, and the decision was adverse to the claims of the City of Columbia. It doubtless was because of the controlling authority of that case that respondent refused to register the bonds of the city of Carthage. In the Columbia Case the facts were that the city had an existing indebtedness of $140,700, of which $110,000 was issued and sold for the purpose of paying for the waterworks and electric light plant. An additional debt of $10,000 for the purpose of constructing sewers was authorized by election and subsequent city ordinances. The State Auditor refused registration, as here. Five per cent of the value of the taxable property of the City of Columbia was found to be $123,-102.50, so that the total indebtedness, including the bonds issued for waterworks and electric light plant purposes, exceeded such five per cent.
The contention made by the City of. Columbia was that, in view of the amendment of the Constitution designated as Section 12a of Article 10, the $110,000 waterworks and electric light plant bonds should not be considered as part of the existing indebtedness, which cannot exceed five per cent., as provided in Section 12 of Article 10, but should be regarded as falling within the additional five per cent allowance at that time provided by Section 12a, Article 10. Treated thus, the proposed sewer bonds would not have created an excessive indebtedness, and the issue would have been held to be valid. Under that state of facts the court held that the $10.000 issue of sewer
bonds was excessive because the outstanding waterworks and electric light plant bonds must be considered as part of the existing indebtedness mentioned in Section 12, Article 10. The issue for sewer purposes was therefore void, and the peremptory writ was denied. That decision was rendered by a divided court. Gantt, J., wrote the majority opinion, in which Burgess, Fox; and Graves, JJ., concurred, and Valliant, J., wrote the dissenting opinion, in which Brace, C. J., and Lamm, J., concurred.
The dissenting opinion of Valliant, J., held-that the constitutional amendment, Section 12a of. Article 1.0, was adopted for the purpose of increasing the taxing powers of the cities embraced in its terms, to enable them to acquire their own waterworks and electric light plants, and the order in which the city might increase the indebtedness was overlooked and not thought of by the General Assembly in submitting the amendment, and was immaterial and unimportant.
It necessarily follows, and relator candidly admits, that if the holding in the Columbia Case is adhered to the peremptory writ must be denied in this case. But relator urges the unsoundness of the conclusion reached by the majority of the judges in the Columbia Case, and asks that -we again review the matter.
There are certain wéll-understood rules laid down by the courts for the construction of constitutional provisions, and they are the same as those governing legislative enactnients. .
It was said in State ex rel. v. McGowan, 138 Mo. l. c. 192, in discussing the general rules of construction of constitutional provisions that: “The organic law is subject to the same general rules of construction as other laws, due regard being had to the broader objects and scope of the former, as a charter of popular government. The intent of such an instrument is the prime object to be attained in construing it.”
In 12 Corpus Juris, 700, it is said: “ The court, therefore, should constantly keep in mind the. object sought to be accomplished by its adoption, and the evils, if any, sought to be prevented or remedied,”
And also in 12 Corpus Juris, 702, it is said: “If a literal interpretation of
the
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DAVID E. BLAIR, J.
On 'January 11, 1921, the City of Carthage as relator filed its petition for a writ of mandamus to compel respondent as Auditor of the State of Missouri to register bonds in the sum of $150,000, authorized by the relator at a special election held September 16, 1919, for the purpose of paying a portion of the cost of paving in said city, as provided for by Laws of 1919 at pages 569 to 572 inclusive.
The regularity of the proceedings of said city in said election and the subsequent proceedings before the city council and the authority of such city to issue bonds of this character are not disputed. Respondent refused registration of said bonds on the ground that the issue of $150,000, added to the then existing indebtedness of
relator city, exceeded the limit of indebtedness of said city as fixed by Section 12 of Article 10 of the Constitution.
Respondent waived the issuance of the alternative writ of mandamus, and filed his demurrer to the petition, thereby admitting the truth of all facts well pleaded in the petition. Further facts necessary to an understanding of the case will be set out in the opinion.
Last Previous Assessment.
I. Relator contends that the amount of indebtedness it is authorized to incur under Section 12, Article 10, of the Constitution of Missouri, should be ascertained from and measured by the assessment of 1917, and not by the assessment of 1916. The proV3Si°n of said section limits the indebtedness that relator and other cities may incur in any year to “five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the assessment next before the last assessment for state and county ‘purposes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness.” The assessments mentioned in this section mean completed assessments., [State ex rel. City of Dexter v. Gordon, 251 Mo. 303; State ex rel. v. Wabash, 251 Mo. 134; Steinbrenner v. St. Joseph, 226 S. W. 890.] The clause “previous to the incurring of such indebtedness” means previous to the authorization of the indebtedness in the election held by the voters of the municipality. [State ex rel. City of Dexter v. Gordon, supra; Steinbrenner v. St. Joseph, supra.] The State Board of Equalization had not completed the equalization of the 1918 assessment and certified its action thereon previous to September 16, 1919, the date of the election, and hence the assessment of 1916 was the “next béfore the last assessment,” and must be used as the measuring rod.
Allowable Indebtedness.
II. The total indebtedness of the City of Carthage existing and' outstanding on September 16, 1919, was $100,000. The value of the taxable' property in said city as determined by the assessment of 1916 was $3,602,153.48, and five per cent thereof was $180,107.67. If the $100,000
existing indebtedness, which is dne to the issuance of bonds for the construction of municipal waterworks, is considered as part of the existing indebtedness, mentioned in Section 12, of Article 10, limited to five per cent of the taxable property, the issue of $150,000 of paying bonds involved in this case is clearly invalid, because it contemplates a bonded indebtedness of $250,-000, or an excess of $69,992.33.
Columbia Case.
In the case of State ex rel. City of Columbia v. Wilder, 197 Mo. 1, hereinafter referred to as the Columbia Case, the facts were almost identical with those in the instant case, and the decision was adverse to the claims of the City of Columbia. It doubtless was because of the controlling authority of that case that respondent refused to register the bonds of the city of Carthage. In the Columbia Case the facts were that the city had an existing indebtedness of $140,700, of which $110,000 was issued and sold for the purpose of paying for the waterworks and electric light plant. An additional debt of $10,000 for the purpose of constructing sewers was authorized by election and subsequent city ordinances. The State Auditor refused registration, as here. Five per cent of the value of the taxable property of the City of Columbia was found to be $123,-102.50, so that the total indebtedness, including the bonds issued for waterworks and electric light plant purposes, exceeded such five per cent.
The contention made by the City of. Columbia was that, in view of the amendment of the Constitution designated as Section 12a of Article 10, the $110,000 waterworks and electric light plant bonds should not be considered as part of the existing indebtedness, which cannot exceed five per cent., as provided in Section 12 of Article 10, but should be regarded as falling within the additional five per cent allowance at that time provided by Section 12a, Article 10. Treated thus, the proposed sewer bonds would not have created an excessive indebtedness, and the issue would have been held to be valid. Under that state of facts the court held that the $10.000 issue of sewer
bonds was excessive because the outstanding waterworks and electric light plant bonds must be considered as part of the existing indebtedness mentioned in Section 12, Article 10. The issue for sewer purposes was therefore void, and the peremptory writ was denied. That decision was rendered by a divided court. Gantt, J., wrote the majority opinion, in which Burgess, Fox; and Graves, JJ., concurred, and Valliant, J., wrote the dissenting opinion, in which Brace, C. J., and Lamm, J., concurred.
The dissenting opinion of Valliant, J., held-that the constitutional amendment, Section 12a of. Article 1.0, was adopted for the purpose of increasing the taxing powers of the cities embraced in its terms, to enable them to acquire their own waterworks and electric light plants, and the order in which the city might increase the indebtedness was overlooked and not thought of by the General Assembly in submitting the amendment, and was immaterial and unimportant.
It necessarily follows, and relator candidly admits, that if the holding in the Columbia Case is adhered to the peremptory writ must be denied in this case. But relator urges the unsoundness of the conclusion reached by the majority of the judges in the Columbia Case, and asks that -we again review the matter.
There are certain wéll-understood rules laid down by the courts for the construction of constitutional provisions, and they are the same as those governing legislative enactnients. .
It was said in State ex rel. v. McGowan, 138 Mo. l. c. 192, in discussing the general rules of construction of constitutional provisions that: “The organic law is subject to the same general rules of construction as other laws, due regard being had to the broader objects and scope of the former, as a charter of popular government. The intent of such an instrument is the prime object to be attained in construing it.”
In 12 Corpus Juris, 700, it is said: “ The court, therefore, should constantly keep in mind the. object sought to be accomplished by its adoption, and the evils, if any, sought to be prevented or remedied,”
And also in 12 Corpus Juris, 702, it is said: “If a literal interpretation of
the
language used in a constitutional provision would give it an effect in contravention of the real purpose and intent of the instrument as deduced from a consideration of all its parts, such intent must prevail over the literal meaning.”
It can hardly be disputed that, under the limitation fixed by Section 12, Ai'ticle 10, the average city was not able to issue bonds for waterworks and electric light plants in addition to indebtedness created for the erection of a city hall, fire-fighting apparatus, jail, sewers, and other very proper objects of extraordinary municipal expenditures. There were few growing cities that had not used their authority to create bonded indebtedness to such an extent as to forbid them engaging in the ownership and operation of municipal light and water utilities. A demand arose for the extension of municipal activity into this field, and this, no doubt, led to the submission and adoption of Section 12a of Article 10, for the purpose of increasing the debt-making or taxing power of such cities to enable them to engage in municipal
ownership
of such utilities.
The construction adopted in the Columbia Case makes it impossible to issue bonds for city halls, jails, fire-fighting-apparatus, sewers, city paving, and other very proper purposes in cities which had first autharked bonds for light and water plants. It also prevents those citie's, which had existing indebtedness under the constitutional limit under Section 12, Article 10, and thereafter voted additional bonds under Section 12a, -Article 10, for water and light plants, from voting- bonds for any other purpose until the water and light bonds are paid off below the five percent limitation fixed by Section 12, Article 10, notwithstanding every dollar of the debt for other purposes existing at the time the water and light bonds were issued has been paid off.
An amendment to Section 12a, Article 10, submitted and adopted in 1920, extended the operation of that section to all cities of less then 80,000 population, increased
the limit for incurring indebtedness from five per cent of the taxable property value in such cities to ten per cent, and. included the purchase or construction of ice plants as an additional use for such increased debt-making or taxing power. The adoption of said amendment only emphasizes the difficulties under which cities will labor in the future if they are shackled by further adherence to the rule laid down in the Columbia Case. Any city that hereafter authorizes bond issues for waterworks, ice plants, and light plants to its full capacity cannot issue an additional dollar of bonds for any other municipal purpose until not only all existing indebtedness for other -purposes has been paid, but also until such time as more than half its water and light plant bonds have been retired. In other words, the existence of outstanding bonds for light and water plants constitutes a positive obstruction in the path of city growth and developement along other ¡lines. To the extent they are availed of the provisions of Section 12a, Article 10, destroy the benefits of Section 12, Article 10. The framers of the Constitution surely cannot be said to have intended any such harsh and narrow construction as this. In construing the section the court should not adopt such construction, unless no other construction can be arrived at from the language used.
It may be urged that when the people adopted the amendment to Section 12a, Article 10, in 1920, they also adopted the construction placed on Section 12 and Section 12a by this court in the Columbia Case. Of course, this is merely a legal fiction. Probably not one voter in a hundred who voted for the amendment had any actual knowledge of what this court decided in the Columbia Case. While it will not be contented that it is competent for the Legislature to put a construction on a provision of the Constitution in conflict with the construction of this court, it is more reasonable to suppose that the voters in the 1920 election were familiar with the directly opposite construction of Section 12, article 10, made by the General Assembly in 1919, than they were with the construction of this court 11 years before the election was held.
“It is an established rule of construction that, where a constutional provision has received a settled judical construction, and is afterwards incorporated into a new or revised constitution, it will be presumed to have been retained with a knowledge of the previous construction, and courts will feel bound to adhere to it. Prior legislative construction is likewise presumed to have been adopted by subsequent adoption of the provision so construed.” [12 Corpus Juris, 717.]
“If the meaning of the Constitution is doubtful, a legislative construction will be given serious consideration by the courts. . . . A contemporaneous legislative exposition of a constitutional provision is entitled to great deference.” [12 Corpus Juris, 714.]
The law under which relator issued the bonds here in question was enacted in 1919, and, to avoid their invalidity under the construction in the Columbia Case, provides:
“Such bonds when authorized by ordinance shall not exceed including existing indebtedness five per cent of the assessed valuation of the taxable property in said city to be ascertaind by the assessment next before the last assessment for state and county purposes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness, except that any indebtedness incurred under the provisions of Section 12a of Article 10 of the Constitution of the State of Missouri shall not be considered in construing this section.” [Laws 1919, p. 570.]
The existence of the recent legislative construction at least avoids the necessity of assuming that the 1920 amendment adopted the construction in the Columbia Case.
It may be that a strict and technical construction of the language of Section 12a, Article 10, justifies the conclusion reached in the Columbia Case that indebtedness authorized by Section 12a, Article 10, should be treated as part of the existing indebtedness in determining the validity of subseqeunt issuance of bonds under authority of Section 12, Article 10, but such construction
waives aside all considerations based on the history of the difficulties, confronting the municipalities, and gives no weight or importance to the real object 'and purpose of the amendment, and absolutely destroys its beneficial and remedial office. It is not- a necessary conclusion that the clause “including existing indebtedness,” found in Section 12, be construed to include bonds issued under authority of Section 12a.
We think the dissenting opinion in .the Columbia Case is sound. We quote with approval two paragraphs therefrom as follows:
“It is thought, however, that because the waterworks bonds were issued first, that power is exhausted, and that is so if we take the water bonds into this account, because counting those bonds the original five per cent limit has been passed, and the bonds now to be issued are not for the purpose expressed in the amendment. But we do not think that the accidental fact that the water bonds were issued first will deprive the city of the privilege the amendment of 1902: was intended to confer. The purpose — the main purpose — the only purpose of the amendment of 1902, was to increase the taxing power of the cities embraced in its terms to enable them to own their waterworks and lighting
plants;
that is what the General Assembly had in mind when it proposed the amendment, and it is what the people had in mind when they adopted it. The conferring of taxing power was the dominant thought in the amendment, the order in which the city might incur its obligations was overlooked, was not thought of, it was of no importance, and at most it can now be deemed as an accident of only secondary consideration, yet if we should adopt the strict literal construction contended for by the respondent we would allow the altogether unimportant accidental fact to defeat the main purpose of the amendment. That would be misconstruction. When there is a seeming conflict between the dominant purpose and an unimportant or secondary consideration, the dominant idea must prevail.
“We construe Section 12 and 12a of Article 10 of the Constitution, taken together, to mean that when the amount of indebtedness that the city may incur under the terms of Section 12 is to be estimated, the amount of its indebtedness incurred since the amendment and within the extra five per cent limit of Section -12a, incurred ‘for the purpose of purchasing or constructing waterworks, electric or other light plants, to be owned exclusively by the city so purchasing or constructing the same,’ is not to be taken into the estimate.”
It follows that the case of State ex rel. City of Columbia v. Wilder, 197 Mo. 1, should not longer be adhered to, and should be overruled, and that this court should issue its peremptory writ of mandamus, requiring the registration of the bonds issued by relator. It is so ordered.
Walker, G. J.,
and
J. T. Blair, Higbee,
and
Elder, JJ.,
concur;
Graves, J.,
dissents, and adheres to views in case- of State ex rel. City of Columbia v. Wilder, 197 Mo. 1;
Woodson, J.,
dissents.