Siebecker, J.
This action was commenced in the Milwaukee county circuit court by the petitioner praying that a writ of certiorari issue to E. FL. Bodden, as the city tax commissioner, having possession of the records and assessment roll for the 1916 assessment of taxes, to review an alleged erroneous and illegal assessment of the petitioner’s personal property, described as “manufacturer’s stock” in the tax roll, which it is stated consisted of grain in petitioner’s elevator and warehouse on May 1, 1916, located in the city of Milwaukee. The petitioner alleges that such assessment was erroneous and illegal for the reason that such grain was on May 1, 1916, exempt from taxation under the provisions of ch. 209, Laws 1915, creating secs. 1057m to l05fTq, inclusive, Stats. 1915. The appellant claims that these statutes are unconstitutional and void and that this grain was legally taxable and was properly assessed. Oh. 209, Laws 1915, is entitled “An act to create sections ... of the statutes, providing for the exemptión of grain from taxation, providing for the listing of grain in elevators and warehouses, and for an occupational tax on operators of grain elevators and warehouses.” Sec. 105Im provides:
“Every person, copartnership, association, company or corporation operating a grain elevator or warehouse in this state, except elevators and warehouses on farms for the storage of grain raised by the owner thereof, shall on or before December fifteenth of each year pay an annual occupation [78]*78tax of a stun equal to one quarter of one mill per bushel upon all wheat and flax and one eighth of one mill per bushel upon all other grain received in or handled by such elevator or warehouse during the preceding year ending April thirtieth; and such grain shall be exempt from all taxation, either state or municipal.”
It is also provided in the act (sec. 10510) that the tax specified in the act “shall be separately assessed to the person . . . chargeable therewith by the assessor and shall be included in the assessment roll annually submitted by such assessor to the town, village or city clerk and shall be entered by said clerk on the tax roll.” Other parts of the act deal with the mating of returns of amount of business done by operators of such elevators annually, and' the payment and collection of such tax, for correction of erroneous return, and assessments for failure of making return by the operators of such elevators and warehouses.
The appellant asserts that the law imposes a property tax within the provisions of sec. 1, art. VIII, of the state constitution. This section provides:
“The rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the legislature shall prescribe. Taxes may also be imposed on incomes, privileges and occupations, which taxes may be graduated and progressive, and reasonable exemptions may be provided.”
The last clause of this section was added to the first clause by amendment in 1908. By the amendment the legislature was expressly given the power to impose graduated and progressive taxes on incomes, privileges, and occupations. Privilege and occupation taxes were held to be proper before the adoption of the amendment, and exemption of various kinds had been approved as within legislative discretion when assailed in the courts. It was held in Nunnemacher v. State, 129 Wis. 190, 108 N. W. 627, that taxation by the state under the original constitutional provision, which declares that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes [79]*79shall be levied upon such property as the legislature shall prescribe,” does not limit taxation to an ad valorem property tax nor prohibit the levying of excise taxes. In commenting on early decisions of this court on the subject the present chief justice in that case declared:
“So we regard it as settled by the necessary effect of the decisions named that the railroad tax legislation of 1854, and a fortiori the railroad license legislation of 1860 and of following years, while imposing a tax in the proper sense, did not impose a tax upon property within the meaning of sec. 1 of art. VIII of the constitution, but was in fact excise taxation upon the privilege of transacting business;” and “It is matter of history that this occupation or privilege tax has-been continuously levied by the state unchallenged since the decision of the Kneeland Case, supra [Kneeland v. Milwaukee, 15 Wis. 454], up to the passage of ch. 315, Laws of 1903, and that a very large part of the revenues of the state have been derived therefrom.”
Many other occupation taxes of business are referred to as in force and the properties thereof exempted from taxation, and it was held that this original constitutional provision that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform,” so far as applicable to excise taxation, “must necessarily mean taxation which does not discriminate, hut which operates alike on all persons similarly situated. In other words, proper classification may be made and a different rate applied to each class.” 129 Wis. 221. These principles were also applied • in the two railroad tax cases reported in 128 Wis. [State v. Railway Cos. 128 Wis. 449, 108 N. W. 594; Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. State, 128 Wis. 553, 108 N. W. 557] and other cases cited therein. These former decisions clearly show that the legislature in dealing with the subject of taxation included in ch. 209, Laws 1915, under the amendment to see. 1, art. VIII, of .the state constitution, was manifestly imposing an occupation tax and was not acting under the first clause of this section, providing for a tax on such property as it might prescribe. A reading of the title of this [80]*80chapter clearly indicates -what the legislature intended, for it is declared to be: “An act . . . providing for the exemption of grain from taxation, providing for the listing of grain in elevators and warehouses, and for an occupational tax on operators of grain1 elevators and warehouses.” This language manifestly negatives the idea that the tax is a property tax as described by the first clause of this constitutional provision. The provisions of the body of the act declare in the clearest terms that the tax is imposed on the business and that the grain therein specified is to be exempt from taxation. Obviously the tax is an occupational tax and operates .equally on all persons within the law.
It is provided in this act that “such grain shall be exempt from all taxation, either state or municipal.” The words “such grain” refer back to “wheat and flax” which is “received in or handled by such elevator or warehouse during the preceding year ending April thirtieth.” Of this grain only such parts as were actually in the elevators or warehouses on May 1st could be assessed to the operators under the statutes for taxing property. It is a matter of common knowledge that the grain handled in such elevators and warehouses throughout the year which was not therein on May 1st cannot be traced to the possession of others either before or after passing through such elevators or warehouses. It is therefore manifest that the legislature did not intend such grain should be exempt from taxation in the possession of others for the year it was handled in the elevator under the foregoing exemptive clause. It appears that the legislature intended to do the practical and possible thing, namely, to exempt the grain actually in such elevators and warehouses on May 1st of each year. We cannot doubt but that this was the legislative purpose.
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Siebecker, J.
This action was commenced in the Milwaukee county circuit court by the petitioner praying that a writ of certiorari issue to E. FL. Bodden, as the city tax commissioner, having possession of the records and assessment roll for the 1916 assessment of taxes, to review an alleged erroneous and illegal assessment of the petitioner’s personal property, described as “manufacturer’s stock” in the tax roll, which it is stated consisted of grain in petitioner’s elevator and warehouse on May 1, 1916, located in the city of Milwaukee. The petitioner alleges that such assessment was erroneous and illegal for the reason that such grain was on May 1, 1916, exempt from taxation under the provisions of ch. 209, Laws 1915, creating secs. 1057m to l05fTq, inclusive, Stats. 1915. The appellant claims that these statutes are unconstitutional and void and that this grain was legally taxable and was properly assessed. Oh. 209, Laws 1915, is entitled “An act to create sections ... of the statutes, providing for the exemptión of grain from taxation, providing for the listing of grain in elevators and warehouses, and for an occupational tax on operators of grain elevators and warehouses.” Sec. 105Im provides:
“Every person, copartnership, association, company or corporation operating a grain elevator or warehouse in this state, except elevators and warehouses on farms for the storage of grain raised by the owner thereof, shall on or before December fifteenth of each year pay an annual occupation [78]*78tax of a stun equal to one quarter of one mill per bushel upon all wheat and flax and one eighth of one mill per bushel upon all other grain received in or handled by such elevator or warehouse during the preceding year ending April thirtieth; and such grain shall be exempt from all taxation, either state or municipal.”
It is also provided in the act (sec. 10510) that the tax specified in the act “shall be separately assessed to the person . . . chargeable therewith by the assessor and shall be included in the assessment roll annually submitted by such assessor to the town, village or city clerk and shall be entered by said clerk on the tax roll.” Other parts of the act deal with the mating of returns of amount of business done by operators of such elevators annually, and' the payment and collection of such tax, for correction of erroneous return, and assessments for failure of making return by the operators of such elevators and warehouses.
The appellant asserts that the law imposes a property tax within the provisions of sec. 1, art. VIII, of the state constitution. This section provides:
“The rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the legislature shall prescribe. Taxes may also be imposed on incomes, privileges and occupations, which taxes may be graduated and progressive, and reasonable exemptions may be provided.”
The last clause of this section was added to the first clause by amendment in 1908. By the amendment the legislature was expressly given the power to impose graduated and progressive taxes on incomes, privileges, and occupations. Privilege and occupation taxes were held to be proper before the adoption of the amendment, and exemption of various kinds had been approved as within legislative discretion when assailed in the courts. It was held in Nunnemacher v. State, 129 Wis. 190, 108 N. W. 627, that taxation by the state under the original constitutional provision, which declares that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes [79]*79shall be levied upon such property as the legislature shall prescribe,” does not limit taxation to an ad valorem property tax nor prohibit the levying of excise taxes. In commenting on early decisions of this court on the subject the present chief justice in that case declared:
“So we regard it as settled by the necessary effect of the decisions named that the railroad tax legislation of 1854, and a fortiori the railroad license legislation of 1860 and of following years, while imposing a tax in the proper sense, did not impose a tax upon property within the meaning of sec. 1 of art. VIII of the constitution, but was in fact excise taxation upon the privilege of transacting business;” and “It is matter of history that this occupation or privilege tax has-been continuously levied by the state unchallenged since the decision of the Kneeland Case, supra [Kneeland v. Milwaukee, 15 Wis. 454], up to the passage of ch. 315, Laws of 1903, and that a very large part of the revenues of the state have been derived therefrom.”
Many other occupation taxes of business are referred to as in force and the properties thereof exempted from taxation, and it was held that this original constitutional provision that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform,” so far as applicable to excise taxation, “must necessarily mean taxation which does not discriminate, hut which operates alike on all persons similarly situated. In other words, proper classification may be made and a different rate applied to each class.” 129 Wis. 221. These principles were also applied • in the two railroad tax cases reported in 128 Wis. [State v. Railway Cos. 128 Wis. 449, 108 N. W. 594; Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. State, 128 Wis. 553, 108 N. W. 557] and other cases cited therein. These former decisions clearly show that the legislature in dealing with the subject of taxation included in ch. 209, Laws 1915, under the amendment to see. 1, art. VIII, of .the state constitution, was manifestly imposing an occupation tax and was not acting under the first clause of this section, providing for a tax on such property as it might prescribe. A reading of the title of this [80]*80chapter clearly indicates -what the legislature intended, for it is declared to be: “An act . . . providing for the exemption of grain from taxation, providing for the listing of grain in elevators and warehouses, and for an occupational tax on operators of grain1 elevators and warehouses.” This language manifestly negatives the idea that the tax is a property tax as described by the first clause of this constitutional provision. The provisions of the body of the act declare in the clearest terms that the tax is imposed on the business and that the grain therein specified is to be exempt from taxation. Obviously the tax is an occupational tax and operates .equally on all persons within the law.
It is provided in this act that “such grain shall be exempt from all taxation, either state or municipal.” The words “such grain” refer back to “wheat and flax” which is “received in or handled by such elevator or warehouse during the preceding year ending April thirtieth.” Of this grain only such parts as were actually in the elevators or warehouses on May 1st could be assessed to the operators under the statutes for taxing property. It is a matter of common knowledge that the grain handled in such elevators and warehouses throughout the year which was not therein on May 1st cannot be traced to the possession of others either before or after passing through such elevators or warehouses. It is therefore manifest that the legislature did not intend such grain should be exempt from taxation in the possession of others for the year it was handled in the elevator under the foregoing exemptive clause. It appears that the legislature intended to do the practical and possible thing, namely, to exempt the grain actually in such elevators and warehouses on May 1st of each year. We cannot doubt but that this was the legislative purpose. An exemption of such grain from taxation to the operators of elevators and warehouses seems the natural thing for the legislature to do in consideration of the payment of the occupation tax of the operator. This [81]*81tends to accomplish the evident legislative object of securing a more equitable distribution of the tax burdens.
It is strenuously insisted that this interpretation of the act makes it invalid because it exempts grain handled in elevators and warehouses from taxation and makes all grain not so handled taxable. This contention is based on the ground that such exempted grain cannot reasonably be made a class from all other grain for the purposes of taxation and therefore denies to the owner of the nonexempt grain the equal protection of the law. We are cited to Black v. Stale, 113 Wis. 205, 89 N. W. 522, to sustain this claim. It is there said:
“A tax law which makes unjust discrimination, — which taxes one person at one rate, and another one, within the same class and under like circumstances, at another rate, or exempts him altogether, — denies the equal protection of the laws.”
This rule is well established, but it is there also stated:
“There may indeed be classification; and if the classification be founded upon real differences, affording rational grounds for a distinction, such classification will not violate the rule of uniformity and equality. So, also, there may be exemption, but the exemption must be reasonable in amount, and founded, also, on rational grounds.”
The subject of classifying and exempting property for the purposes of taxation has received repeated consideration in the decisions of this court, as may be seen by examination of the following: Milwaukee & M. R. Co. v. Waukesha Co. 9 Wis. 431; Kneeland v. Milwaukee, 15 Wis. 454; Wis. Gent. R. Co. v. Taylor Co. 52 Wis. 37, 8 N. W. 833; State ex rel. Sanderson v. Mann, 76 Wis. 469, 45 N. W. 526, 46 N. W. 51; Kingsley v. Merrill, 122 Wis. 185, 99 N. W. 1044; State v. Railway Cos. 128 Wis. 449, 108 N. W. 594; Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. State, 128 Wis. 553, 108 N. W, 557; Nunnemacher v. Slate, 129 Wis. 190, 108 N. W. 627; St. John’s [82]*82M. Acad. v. Edwards, 143 Wis. 551, 128 N. W. 113; Lawrence Univ. v. Outagamie Co. 150 Wis. 244, 136 N. W. 619. In the Taylor Gounty Gase tlie court elaborated at length the grounds upon which the legislature may exempt property under the constitutional provision of sec. 1 of art. VIII before the amendment of 1908. It is there said:
“But the right of the legislature to prescribe what property shall be taxed, includes the right to prescribe what shall not be taxed. The right of choosing some from the multiplicity of kinds, classes, species, use and ownership of property in the state, and the rejection of others, includes the absolute power to discriminate between what shall be chosen and what rejected, except in so far as it may be limited by the requirement of a uniform rule. But what is to be the standard of the rule? The constitution simply defines it as ‘the rule of taxation.’ ” Page 92.
In Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. State, 128 Wis. 553, 642, 108 N. W. 557, the court again adverts to the power the legislature may exert regarding exemption:
“Under our constitution, it must be remembered, there is the amplest power on the part of the legislature to exempt an entire class of property from taxation, and to make such class very narrow, even excluding from the benefits accorded to the members thereof those owning property of the same general class, so long as the character of that owned by those of the subclass is so far different from that owned by others, as, within the boundaries of reason at least, to suggest necessity or propriety, having regard to the public good and the constitutional object to be attained, and limitations in respect thereto, of substantially different legislative treatment.”
Again on page 655 the court declares:
“The discretion of the legislature in this field is so broad that it is not competent for the court to mark the constitutional limitations of it other than at the farthest one might go without transcending all reason.”
The contention is here made that allowance of exemption to elevator and warehouse operators of grains they have on [83]*83May 1st in each year, and denial of exemption to others owning grain at such times, is necessarily discriminatory and violates the principle of legitimate classification. It must he borne in mind that the amendment to the constitutional provision authorizing the legislature to impose privilege and occupation taxes also declares that “reasonable exemptions may be provided.” The people manifestly intended that the legislature, for the purpose of promoting a more just distribution of the burdens of taxation, should exert this power by the imposition of the specified excise taxes and by allowing' liberal exemptions of property from taxation, if the rule of equality is not infringed upon. Commenting on this change in the public policy concerning taxation, it was observed in the opinion in the Income Tax Cases, 148 Wis. 456, 506, 134 N. W. 673, 135 N. W. 164:
“By this act [Income Tax Law] the legislature has, in substance, declared that the state’s system of taxation shall be changed from a system of uniform taxation of property (which so far as personal property is concerned has proven a failure) to a system which shall be a combination of two ideas, namely, taxation of persons progressively, according to ability to pay, and taxation of real property uniformly, according to value.”
The legislators had their attention brought, by the state tax commission, to the fact that the system of taxing grain in public elevators and warehouses resulted in evasions and want of equality in taxation, and manifestly endeavored by the present law to provide a more just system of taxation by imposing an occupation tax on operators of grain elevators and warehouses and exempting the grain therein on May 1st from taxation. The grain handled in public elevators and warehouses is a commodity in transit from place to place in the channels of commerce, and much of it is in such transit from state to state. In the light of these conditions, such grain constitutes a wholly different class of property for the pur[84]*84poses of local taxation than does -grain stored in private warehouses by the producer, and affords ample distinction between them for classification for the purposes of taxation. Such classification and exemption is in harmony with the constitutional amendment providing for “reasonable exemptions,” the previous legislation of the state, and the former decisions of this court on the subj ect.
We are of the opinion that the trial court properly denied the motion to supersede the writ of certiorari> and the order must be affirmed.
By the Court. — It is so ordered.