HARALSON, J.
1. The questions presented on this appeal are, first, whether the city council of Montgomery had the power, under its charter, to authorize the obstruction of Lee street in said city, by the erection thereon, at the foot of said street, of the freight depot of the Mobile & Montgomery Railway Company or of the Louisville & Uashville Railroad Company — the latter being the lessee of the first named railroad company — which depot extends- entirely across said street at its foot; and, second, if it did not have such authority, whether the act of the Legislature of December 10, 1900 (Laws 1900-01, p. 239), “to ratify, legalize and confirm all grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, heretofore granted or attempted to be granted to railroads by the city council of Montgomery,” was constitutionally enacted, and if so, if it cured and vitalized such lack of authority, and rendered the action of the city councii in granting the right to obstruct said street valid, as [211]*211though the city had such authority under its charter, in the beginning.
The court below held, that such authority in the city did not exist under its charter, and from such Avant of authority, the act of the city granting that right Avas Aroid, but that the legislative enactment of December 10, 1900, Avas validly enacted, and cured that defect or Avant of authority and rendered the contract of the city Avith the railroad companies valid and binding.
2. As to the first of these propositions, it is scarcely necessary to enter upon its consideration, since the question is so Avell settled by the decisions of this court, and of other jurisdictions, and by the text writers.
The queston received consideration at our hands in the case of Douglass v. City Council of Montgomery, 118 Ala. 599, 24 South. 745, 43 L. R. A. 376, where it Avas held, that municipal corporations hold title to streets, public squares, and parks, in trust for the public, and when lands have been dedicated for such purposes, the municipality has no poAver, unless specially authorized by the Legislature, to sell such lands for its own benefit, or to appropriate them for the use and benefit of private persons or corporations, or in any Avay divert them from the uses to Avhich they were originally dedicated. — Webb v. Demopolis, 95 Ala. 116, 13 South. 289, 21 L. R. A. 62 2 Dillon on Munic. Corp. §§ 575, 650; 15 A. & E. Ency. Law (1st Ed.) 1064; 17 A. & E. Ency. Law (1st Ed.) 417.
It is not pretended that the city council had any authority in its character to dispose of this street in the manner it did, or to abolish it, and under the authorities, its attempt to do so Avas unauthorized and void. This is practically admitted in the necessity which Avas supposed to exist, to have the Legislature, by the curative act of December 10, 1900, validate said unlawful pro[212]*212cedure on the part of the city council. Without this enactment, the contract of the city Avith these corporations, of date Jun 20, 1896 (Exhibit A to the bill), Avould fall of its OAArn weight, as being unauthorized and void; and the only question and the one more seriously argued by counsel on both sides, is, whether the said curative act of the Legislature is, for any reason, for the purposes intended, void.
3. The act of the Legislature of December 10, 1900, referred to herein as the curative act, the title to Avhich Ave have hereinbefore set out, provides — -following the caption — “that all grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, Avhich the city Council of Montgomery has heretofore granted, or attempted to-grant (italics ours) to any railroad company, and which have been accepted and utilized for railroad purposes, he and the same are hereby legalized, ratified and confirmed.” If the contract between the city and these corporations, of date June 20, 1906, made the grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, or attempted to make such, it is difficult to see Avhy it was not referred to, and covered by, this curative act. The contract itself, made an exibit to the bill, provides, “that said buildings, underpass and enclosures may be constructed as herein provided ' for, and that Moulton street and Lee street shall terminate at the points.where the same now intersect with the property of the Mobile & Montgomery Railway Company, and that the parts of said streets extending beyond where the same so intersect said property, shall be discontinued and abolished as streets, or any part thereof,” etc. This covered Lee street, in which the depot sought to be removed is located.
It will not, and cannot, be denied, that the Legislature had the power in the beginning, to alloAV the city council to do all that it attempted to do in its contract with these corporations.
[213]*213In Mobile & Montgomery Railway Co. v. A. M. Railway Co., 116 Ala. 66, 23 South. 60, it is said: “It seems to he well settled, that the Legislature has the power, generally, to vacate a street in a city, and may delegate this power to the municipal authorities, Eliott on Hoads & Streets, 663, and authorities cited.”
Mr. Dillon, on the same subject, says: “The Legislature has power to determine when and where streets shall be constructed, their width and mode of improvement, and its action thereon cannot be reviewed by the courts,” and further, “And it may be here observed, that whatever the Legislature may authorize to be done is of course lawful, and of such acts, done pursuant to the authority given, it cannot be predicated that they are nuisances; if they were such without, they cease to be nuisances When having the sanction of a valid statute. As respects the public or municipalities, there is no limit upon the power of the Legislature as to the uses to which streets may be devoted.” — 2 Dillion on Munic. Corp. (3d Ed.) 656, 657.
What the Legislature may lawfully do in the first instance, it may ratify after the thing has been done, if no contract or property rights are involved. — Lovejoy v. Beeson, 121 Ala. 605, 25 South. 599.
The act of 1900, as has been before state, purported to validate, and did validate, “all grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, which the city council of Montgomery has heretofore granted (if valid) or attempted to grant (if invalid) to any railroad Company, which have been accepted and utilized for railroad purposes.” Conceding that the contract ordinance was invalid, it was certainly an attempt to confer the rights and privileges referred to in it. As was well said by counsel for defendants in argument: “After every refinement of reason has been exhausted, it will be impossible, it seems [214]*214to ns, for any one to read the act approved December 10, 1900, in connection with the contract ordinance approved June 20y 3896, and fail to see that the Legislature intended to ratify, legalize and confirm the right of appellees to occupy and use a portion of Lee street, for depot purposes. The learned judge in the court below took this view, and we think this court can reach no other conclusion.
4. But it is said and urged, that the Legislature cannot legalize a void act, and that the contract ordinance being void for lack of power in the municipality to enter into it, the act of the Legislature of 1900 is without force.
In 8 Oyc.
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HARALSON, J.
1. The questions presented on this appeal are, first, whether the city council of Montgomery had the power, under its charter, to authorize the obstruction of Lee street in said city, by the erection thereon, at the foot of said street, of the freight depot of the Mobile & Montgomery Railway Company or of the Louisville & Uashville Railroad Company — the latter being the lessee of the first named railroad company — which depot extends- entirely across said street at its foot; and, second, if it did not have such authority, whether the act of the Legislature of December 10, 1900 (Laws 1900-01, p. 239), “to ratify, legalize and confirm all grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, heretofore granted or attempted to be granted to railroads by the city council of Montgomery,” was constitutionally enacted, and if so, if it cured and vitalized such lack of authority, and rendered the action of the city councii in granting the right to obstruct said street valid, as [211]*211though the city had such authority under its charter, in the beginning.
The court below held, that such authority in the city did not exist under its charter, and from such Avant of authority, the act of the city granting that right Avas Aroid, but that the legislative enactment of December 10, 1900, Avas validly enacted, and cured that defect or Avant of authority and rendered the contract of the city Avith the railroad companies valid and binding.
2. As to the first of these propositions, it is scarcely necessary to enter upon its consideration, since the question is so Avell settled by the decisions of this court, and of other jurisdictions, and by the text writers.
The queston received consideration at our hands in the case of Douglass v. City Council of Montgomery, 118 Ala. 599, 24 South. 745, 43 L. R. A. 376, where it Avas held, that municipal corporations hold title to streets, public squares, and parks, in trust for the public, and when lands have been dedicated for such purposes, the municipality has no poAver, unless specially authorized by the Legislature, to sell such lands for its own benefit, or to appropriate them for the use and benefit of private persons or corporations, or in any Avay divert them from the uses to Avhich they were originally dedicated. — Webb v. Demopolis, 95 Ala. 116, 13 South. 289, 21 L. R. A. 62 2 Dillon on Munic. Corp. §§ 575, 650; 15 A. & E. Ency. Law (1st Ed.) 1064; 17 A. & E. Ency. Law (1st Ed.) 417.
It is not pretended that the city council had any authority in its character to dispose of this street in the manner it did, or to abolish it, and under the authorities, its attempt to do so Avas unauthorized and void. This is practically admitted in the necessity which Avas supposed to exist, to have the Legislature, by the curative act of December 10, 1900, validate said unlawful pro[212]*212cedure on the part of the city council. Without this enactment, the contract of the city Avith these corporations, of date Jun 20, 1896 (Exhibit A to the bill), Avould fall of its OAArn weight, as being unauthorized and void; and the only question and the one more seriously argued by counsel on both sides, is, whether the said curative act of the Legislature is, for any reason, for the purposes intended, void.
3. The act of the Legislature of December 10, 1900, referred to herein as the curative act, the title to Avhich Ave have hereinbefore set out, provides — -following the caption — “that all grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, Avhich the city Council of Montgomery has heretofore granted, or attempted to-grant (italics ours) to any railroad company, and which have been accepted and utilized for railroad purposes, he and the same are hereby legalized, ratified and confirmed.” If the contract between the city and these corporations, of date June 20, 1906, made the grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, or attempted to make such, it is difficult to see Avhy it was not referred to, and covered by, this curative act. The contract itself, made an exibit to the bill, provides, “that said buildings, underpass and enclosures may be constructed as herein provided ' for, and that Moulton street and Lee street shall terminate at the points.where the same now intersect with the property of the Mobile & Montgomery Railway Company, and that the parts of said streets extending beyond where the same so intersect said property, shall be discontinued and abolished as streets, or any part thereof,” etc. This covered Lee street, in which the depot sought to be removed is located.
It will not, and cannot, be denied, that the Legislature had the power in the beginning, to alloAV the city council to do all that it attempted to do in its contract with these corporations.
[213]*213In Mobile & Montgomery Railway Co. v. A. M. Railway Co., 116 Ala. 66, 23 South. 60, it is said: “It seems to he well settled, that the Legislature has the power, generally, to vacate a street in a city, and may delegate this power to the municipal authorities, Eliott on Hoads & Streets, 663, and authorities cited.”
Mr. Dillon, on the same subject, says: “The Legislature has power to determine when and where streets shall be constructed, their width and mode of improvement, and its action thereon cannot be reviewed by the courts,” and further, “And it may be here observed, that whatever the Legislature may authorize to be done is of course lawful, and of such acts, done pursuant to the authority given, it cannot be predicated that they are nuisances; if they were such without, they cease to be nuisances When having the sanction of a valid statute. As respects the public or municipalities, there is no limit upon the power of the Legislature as to the uses to which streets may be devoted.” — 2 Dillion on Munic. Corp. (3d Ed.) 656, 657.
What the Legislature may lawfully do in the first instance, it may ratify after the thing has been done, if no contract or property rights are involved. — Lovejoy v. Beeson, 121 Ala. 605, 25 South. 599.
The act of 1900, as has been before state, purported to validate, and did validate, “all grants, rights, privileges, and franchises, which the city council of Montgomery has heretofore granted (if valid) or attempted to grant (if invalid) to any railroad Company, which have been accepted and utilized for railroad purposes.” Conceding that the contract ordinance was invalid, it was certainly an attempt to confer the rights and privileges referred to in it. As was well said by counsel for defendants in argument: “After every refinement of reason has been exhausted, it will be impossible, it seems [214]*214to ns, for any one to read the act approved December 10, 1900, in connection with the contract ordinance approved June 20y 3896, and fail to see that the Legislature intended to ratify, legalize and confirm the right of appellees to occupy and use a portion of Lee street, for depot purposes. The learned judge in the court below took this view, and we think this court can reach no other conclusion.
4. But it is said and urged, that the Legislature cannot legalize a void act, and that the contract ordinance being void for lack of power in the municipality to enter into it, the act of the Legislature of 1900 is without force.
In 8 Oyc. 1024, supported apparently by a great many adjudged cases, it is said: “A statute is valid which ratifies the action of a municipality or its officers (which action is void because informal or in excess of powers) in doing some act, making some contract, contracting some debt, or making some conveyance, provided the Legislature could originally have conferred such power or have dispensed with such formality.” — Cooley on Taxation, 229; Grim v. School District, 57 Pa. 433, 98 Am. Dec. 237.
In the case of State of Pennsylvania v. Wheeling Bridge Co., 13 How. 518, 14 L. Ed. 249, s. c. 18 How. 421 15 L. Ed. 435, the bridge constructed over the Ohio river, a public, navigable stream, was by the Supreme Court of the United States held to be both a public and private nuisance, and by decree it was ordered to be abated and removed. Subsequently, an act of Congress was passed, to render lawful the maintenance of the bridge in its then condition. The Legislature of Virginia conferred full authority to erect and maintain the bridge, subject to the power of Congress to regulate the navigation of the river. The same case, after the passage [215]*215of the act of Congress legalizing it, again went before the Supreme Court, and the court held, that whereas the construction and maintenance of the bridge, before the passage of the act of Congress, was unlawful and a pub’ lie nuisance (and therefore void), it could not, after that, be abated, but might be maintained.- — Allison v. Corker, 67 N. J. Law, 600, 52 Atl. 362, 60 L. R. A. 564; Perry v. N. O. & M. R. Co., 55 Ala. 418, 28 Am. Rep. 740; 1 Dillion on Mun. Corp. (3d Ed.) ; 79, and notes.
Our own decisions are apparently to the same effect."" —Lockhart v. Troy, 48 Ala. 579; Lovejoy v. Beeson, supra; Hewlett v. Camp, 115 Ala. 499, 502, 22 South. 137.
5. But counsel for the state contend, that the curative act is unconstitutional, on the ground that it contains more than one subject..
“The Constitution requires that only one subject should be embraced (in an act), and that should be described in the title. ‘Subject’ is a very indefinite word. A phrase may state the subject in a very general or indefinite manner, or with minute particularity. The subject of laws with such titles as the following: “To adopt a penal code,” “To adopt the common law of England in part,” “To adopt a code of laws,” “To ratify the bylaws of a corporation” — would be expressed in a very general Avay, and very little knowledge of the specific provisions of the laws could be gleamed from the title; yet it would nevertheless be true that the subject was described in the title.” — Ex parte Pollard, 40 Ala. 98.
A special statute which prohibited the sale of spirituous liquors within a specified distance of two churches in different counties, is not violative of the provisions of the Constitution against each law containing but one subject. The subject of the act was declared to be single and related only to retailing spirituous, vinous [216]*216or malt liquors, and that the clause of the Constitution is not violated by any legislative act having various details pertinent and germane to the general subject.- — Block v. State, 66 Ala. 495; Tatum v. State, 82 Ala. 5, 2 South. 531; Hare v. Kennerdy, 83 Ala. 608, 3 South. 683.
The title of an act may be very general — as was said in Ballentyne v. Wickersham, 75 Ala. 536 — and need not specify every clause in the statute. Sufficient if they are all referable and cognate to the subject expressed. When the subject is expressed in general terms, everything necessary to make a complete enactment in regard to it, or which results as a complement to the thought contain in the general expression, is included in and authorized by it. — Bell v. State, 115 Ala. 89, 22 South. 453; Lockhart v. Troy, 48 Ala. 584.
“The degree of particularity which must be used in the title rests in legislative discretion, and is- not defined by the Constitution. There are many cases where the subject might with great propriety be more specifically stated, yet the generality of the title ivill not be fatal to the act, if by fair intendment it can be connected with it.”- — State v. Town of Union, 33 N. J. Law, 350; Sheppard v. Dowling, 127 Ala. 1, 28 South. 791, 85 Am. St. Rep. 68; State v. Street, 117 Ala. 203, 23 South. 807.
Nothing more need be said to rebut the contention of appellant’s counsel on this question. It cannot be sustained. Finding no error below, the judgment of the city court must be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Simpson, Denson, Anderson, and McClellan, JJ., concur. Tyson, C. J., and Dowdell, J., not setting.