FOURTH DIVISION DILLARD, C. J., DOYLE, P. J., and MERCIER, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 7, 2019
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A18A1508. TRABUE et al. v. ATLANTA WOMEN’S DO-056 SPECIALISTS, LLC et al. A18A1552. ANGUS v. TRABUE et al. DO-061 A18A1553. ATLANTA WOMEN’S SPECIALISTS, LLC v. DO-062 TRABUE et al. A18A1554. ANGUS v. TRABUE et al. DO-063 A18A1555. TRABUE et al. v. ANGUS. DO-064
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
Keith Trabue, individually and as guardian of his wife, Shannon Maria Trabue,
and Advocacy Trust of Tennessee, LLC, as her conservator, filed a renewal medical
malpractice action in Fulton County State Court against Atlanta Women’s Specialists,
LLC (“AWS”), and Dr. Stanley R. Angus after Shannon suffered a catastrophic brain
injury four days after giving birth. The jury awarded the plaintiffs $46 million. The
defendants moved for a new trial, arguing that the trial court erred (1) by permitting evidence of the alleged negligence of Dr. Rebecca Simonsen, a non-party physician
also employed by AWS, because claims against AWS for her actions were not raised
and were barred by the statutes of limitation and repose; and (2) by failing to require
the jury to apportion fault between Dr. Angus and AWS on behalf of Dr. Simonsen
in accordance with OCGA § 51-12-33 (b). The trial court rejected the former claim
but granted a new trial on the limited issue of the allocation of fault between the party
defendants based on Dr. Simonsen’s negligence, instructing that “[t]he jury’s prior
findings on liability and its calculation of damages shall remain intact upon the trial
as to apportionment.” This Court granted the parties’ interlocutory applications, and
these appeals of that order followed.1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part,
reverse in part, vacated in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
1 In Case No. A18A1508, the plaintiffs directly appeal the order on the defendants’ motion for new trial; in Case No. A18A1552, Dr. Angus cross- appeals Case No. A18A1508; in Case No. A18A1553, AWS directly appeals the order; in Case No. A18A1554, Dr. Angus directly appeals the order; and in Case No. A18A1555, the plaintiffs cross-appeal Case No. A18A1554. Because they arise from the same proceeding, we consolidate all five appeals.
2 We review de novo the grant of a motion for new trial on special grounds
involving a question of law, and we will “reverse if the trial court committed legal
error.”2
So viewed, the record shows that on August 21, 2009, 38-year-old Shannon
was admitted to Northside Hospital for induction of labor due to hypertension and
gave birth via cesarean section. The child was delivered without complications by Dr.
Juanita Wyatt-Hathaway. Shannon’s blood pressure remained persistently elevated,
and Dr. Wyatt-Hathaway prescribed an infusion of magnesium sulfate and a loading
dose of intravenous fluids, and she later prescribed Labetalol and discontinued the
magnesium sulfate. Dr. Simonsen then took over Shannon’s care after being informed
of her recent elevated blood pressure, shortness of breath, decreased urinary output,
and pulse oximetry of 95 percent. Dr. Angus then assumed control of Shannon’s care,
and he evaluated her and increased the Labetalol. At 5:00 p.m. on August 25, 2009,
Dr. Angus ordered the insertion of an intravenous line, lab tests, and a spiral CT scan
to rule out a pulmonary embolism. En route to the CT scan, Shannon sustained a
respiratory arrest, which progressed to a full cardiopulmonary arrest. She coded at
2 Govt. Employees Ins. Co. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 275 Ga. App. 872, 873-874 (1) (622 SE2d 92) (2005).
3 5:43 p.m., and resuscitation efforts commenced. A subsequent chest x-ray revealed
pulmonary edema. Consequently, Shannon suffered a hypoxic brain injury and has
been rendered totally disabled.
On August 18, 2011, the plaintiffs filed a medical malpractice action against
AWS and Dr. Angus, alleging vicarious liability against AWS and the negligence of
Dr. Angus. The complaint alleges that Drs. Angus, Wyatt-Hathaway, and Simonsen
were agents of AWS, acting within the scope of their agency when the proximately
caused Shannon’s injuries, so that their wrongful acts and omissions are imputed to
AWS, which is vicariously liable for their acts and omissions. The plaintiffs also
noted therein that they reserved the right to add Drs. Wyatt-Hathaway and Simonsen
as party defendants if AWS or Dr. Angus alleged that they contributed to Shannon’s
injuries. The plaintiffs attached an OCGA § 9-11-9.1 expert affidavit by Dr. Paul
Gatewood, who averred that the care and treatment rendered by Dr. Angus fell below
the standard of care required. Dr. Gatewood offered no opinion as to the negligence
of the other physicians involved in Shannon’s care.
On May 7, 2014, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the case against Dr. Angus
and AWS; on August 15, 2014, they filed a renewal action. The second complaint
mirrored the first, with the exception of an additional expert affidavit from Dr. Eric
4 Lichter, which essentially tracked that of Dr. Gatewood except that Dr. Lichter
incorporated by reference the opinions he gave in his deposition in the first case.3
During Dr. Lichter’s deposition, he offered standard of care criticisms against the
nurses and Drs. Wyatt-Hathaway, Simonsen, and Angus. His allegations of
negligence in his affidavit, however, pertained only to Dr. Angus.
The parties filed a consolidated pretrial order in the case on July 20, 2016. In
the plaintiffs’ outline of the case, they expressly stated that Dr. Simonsen’s
negligence, along with that of Dr. Angus, caused Shannon’s injuries. Specifically, the
plaintiffs alleged that Dr. Simonsen took over Shannon’s care at 8:00 a.m. on August
25, 2009, but saw Shannon only once during the shift at 10:30 p.m., despite several
calls from nurses advising of serious problems with Shannon’s condition, which put
Shannon at a foreseeable risk of pulmonary edema and cardiopulmonary
complications. The plaintiffs listed the question of Dr. Simonsen’s negligence as one
for jury determination, specifying 41 allegations of negligence against her in addition
to those against the named defendants, Dr. Angus and AWS.
On August 12, 2016, the defendants filed a motion in limine to exclude all
evidence or argument criticizing Dr. Simonsen and anyone other than Dr. Angus,
3 The transcript of Dr. Lichter’s testimony was not attached to the affidavit.
5 arguing that because no claim has been asserted based on the conduct of Dr.
Simonsen, criticisms of her care should be excluded. On September 12, 2016, the
plaintiffs moved to amend the pretrial order to file Dr. Lichter’s amended and
supplemental affidavit, which included allegations of negligence against Dr.
Simonsen. The plaintiffs pointed out that two paragraphs of the original and refiled
complaint alleged that Dr. Simonsen was an agent and employee of AWS at all
applicable times and that AWS was liable for injuries cased by her wrongful acts and
omissions; that the factual allegations included Dr. Simonsen’s role in Shannon’s
treatment; that the defendants did not object to the original or renewed affidavits of
Dr. Lichter; and that the defendants were on notice of the imputed liability claim,
evidenced by their second affirmative defense, which stated that neither Dr. Angus
nor any other agent or employee violated the applicable standard of care but rather
exceeded it. The defendants opposed the motion and moved for partial summary
judgment, arguing that the amended affidavit was barred by the statute of limitations
and therefore did not relate back to the original complaint.
The trial court denied the defendants’ motions in limine with regard to
evidence criticizing Dr. Simonsen and motions for partial summary judgment, and it
granted the plaintiffs’ motion to amend the pretrial order to file Dr. Lichter’s amended
6 affidavit. During the two-week trial, the defendants moved for a directed verdict on
the same grounds raised in their partial summary judgment motion, and the trial court
denied the motion. After the close of the evidence, the defendants asked the court to
apportion damages pursuant to OCGA § 51-12-33 (b).4
The jury entered its verdict in favor of the plaintiffs on a special verdict form,
which asked the following: “Was the negligence of any of Defendant Atlanta Women
Specialists’ physician employees a contributing proximate cause of the injury to
Shannon Trabue? If so, place an X in the blank before each physician employee
whose negligence was a proximate cause of her injury.” The physician employees
listed were Drs. Angus and Simonsen. The jury answered “yes” and placed an X next
to both physicians’ names. The jury awarded economic loss damages of almost $10
million and awarded $18 million compensatory damages to each plaintiff. The trial
court then entered the judgment on the verdict.
4 It is not entirely clear between which parties the defendants sought to apportion damages. During a colloquy, defense counsel stated: “AWS . . . is responsible for actions of Angus[,] and AWS can be responsible for actions of Simonsen. . . . [I]f it’s both, then I think the jury under the statute should assign the percentages between the two of them. . . . If there are going to be separate claims against AWS on the verdict form, then the verdict form should have the jury assign a percentage for each of their separate actions. Are they both employees? Yes.” Defense counsel further stated: “I object to having separate claims against AWS for two different actors without apportionment of the liability between the two.”
7 On April 7, 2017, the defendant moved for a new trial, alleging, among other
things, that the trial court erred by failing to require the jury to apportion fault
between Dr. Angus and AWS on behalf of Dr. Simonsen pursuant to OCGA § 51-12-
33 (b) and by permitting evidence of the alleged negligence of Dr. Simonsen because
claims against her were not raised in the complaints and were barred by the statutes
of limitation and repose. The plaintiffs moved to amend the judgment to add attorney
fees, litigation expenses, and pre-judgment interest under OCGA §§ 9-11-68 and 51-
12-14. After considering the various briefs filed by the parties, the trial court denied
the motion for new trial on all grounds except its failure to require the jury to
apportion fault, ordering a new trial as to apportionment only. It denied the plaintiffs’
motion to amend the judgment as premature, given its ruling granting a new trial as
to apportionment. The trial court certified its order on the motion for new trial for
immediate review, this Court granted the defendants’ interlocutory applications, and
these appeals followed.
Case Nos. A18A1552, A18A1553, and A18A1554
1. AWS’s vicarious liability based on Dr. Simonsen. The defendants contend
that the trial court erred by permitting the jury to consider whether Dr. Simonsen’s
8 negligence was a contributing proximate cause of injury to Shannon. This
enumeration is without merit.
(a) First, the defendants argue that the plaintiffs failed to timely and properly
plead a vicarious liability claim against AWS for Dr. Simonsen’s negligence. We
disagree.
In the initial complaint filed in 2011, the plaintiffs described in detail the care
provided by Shannon’s doctors, including Dr. Simonsen. In Count 1, titled “Claim for
Vicarious Liability as to Defendant AWS,” the plaintiffs state:
37. At all times applicable to this [c]omplaint, . . . Rebecca Simonsen, M.D. [was] the actual, apparent, or ostensible agent[] or employee[] of . . . AWS, acting within the scope of [her] agency or employment, in pursuit of . . . AWS’s business so that [her] wrongful acts and omissions are imputed to . . . AWS[,] and . . . AWS is subject to liability for injuries and harm proximately caused by [her] wrongful acts or omissions.
38. Defendant AWS and Dr. . . . Simonsen are hereby put on notice, by copy of this complaint, that in the event [any of the defendants] alleges that the actions of . . . Dr. Simonsen, or any other person acting within the scope of his/her agency or employment with . . . AWS, proximately or legally caused or contributed to the injuries suffered by [Shannon], [the plaintiffs] reserve[] the right to add said doctor as a defendant herein.
9 The expert affidavit attached to the original complaint did not include any
opinion regarding Dr. Simonsen’s care of Shannon. The 2015 renewal complaint set
forth the same factual and legal assertions as to Dr. Simonsen, and the expert affidavit
filed therewith incorporated by reference the opinions he gave in his deposition in the
original action, which opinions included standard of care criticisms of Dr. Simonsen.
In their outline of the case in the consolidated pretrial order, the plaintiffs
stated that Dr. Simonsen’s negligence caused Shannon’s injuries, listing 41 specific
allegations of negligence. They also indicated that whether Dr. Simonsen was
negligent and whether her negligence was a proximate cause of Shannon’s injuries
were issues for determination by the jury. The plaintiffs then, with the permission of
the trial court, amended the pretrial order to include Dr. Lichter’s amended affidavit,
which included allegations of negligence against Dr. Simonsen.
In a medical malpractice case, Georgia law requires only that “any pleading
which sets forth a claim for relief . . . shall contain . . . [a] short and plain statement
of the claims showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]”5 “[T]he Georgia Civil
Practice Act requires only notice pleading and, under the Act, pleadings are to be
5 OCGA § 9-11-8 (a) (2) (A). Tenet HealthSystem GB, Inc. v. Thomas, 304 Ga. 86, 89 (816 SE2d 627) (2018).
10 construed forgivingly and reasonably to achieve substantial justice consistent with the
statutory requirements of the Act.”6
In Oller v. Rockdale Hosp., LLC,7 this Court held that the plaintiffs properly
stated a vicarious liability claim against a defendant medical practice, even though
none of the negligent physicians were identified specifically.8 This Court explained
that because the timely-filed renewal complaint alleged that the practice was
vicariously liable for the negligence of the physicians that treated the decedent, the
defendant practice “was provided with sufficient notice of the agents for which it was
allegedly responsible.”9
The same rationale applies to this case. Here, the original and renewal
complaints specifically identified Dr. Simonsen as an agent or employee of AWS,
acting within the scope of her employment or agency, such that her acts and
omissions are imputed to AWS, which is vicariously liable for the resulting injuries
6 (Punctuation omitted.) Walker v. Oglethorpe Power Corp., 341 Ga. App. 647, 669-670 (5) (d) (802 SE2d 643) (2017). 7 342 Ga. App. 591, 593-594 (804 SE2d 166) (2017), cert. denied Aug. 20, 2018. 8 See id. at 593. 9 Id. at 593-594.
11 and harm to Shannon, and the pleadings set forth factual allegations to support the
plaintiffs’ vicarious liability claims against AWS for Dr. Simonsen’s actions. Thus,
the trial court properly concluded that the complaints satisfy Georgia’s forgiving
notice-pleading requirements with respect to the vicarious liability claim against
AWS for the negligence of Dr. Simonsen.10
Further, we find meritless the defendants’ contention that the plaintiffs’ expert
affidavits filed with their initial and renewal complaints are defective because they
offered no criticism of Dr. Simonsen. An OCGA § 9-11-9.1 expert affidavit must
simply specify at least one negligent act or omission and the factual basis for the
claim, and it may be amended to track the language of the complaint.11 Here, both the
10 See id. 11 See id. at 595. See 9-11-9.1 (e) (“If a plaintiff files an affidavit which is allegedly defective, and the defendant to whom it pertains alleges, with specificity, by motion to dismiss filed on or before the close of discovery, that said affidavit is defective, the plaintiff’s complaint shall be subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim, except that the plaintiff may cure the alleged defect by amendment pursuant to [OCGA §] 9-11-15 within 30 days of service of the motion alleging that the affidavit is defective. The trial court may, in the exercise of its discretion, extend the time for filing said amendment or response to the motion, or both, as it shall determine justice requires.”). See also Bonner v. Peterson, 301 Ga. App. 443, 446- 446-447 (1) (687 SE2d 676) (2009) (holding that the plaintiff is permitted to amend a timely expert affidavit “so that it adequately supports each claim of malpractice asserted against each of the defendants named in the complaint”).
12 initial and renewal complaints alleged claims against AWS based on the care and
treatment provided by Dr. Simonsen. And Dr. Lichter’s affidavit filed with the
renewal complaint incorporated by reference his deposition given in the initial action,
wherein he criticized Dr. Simonsen’s care and treatment of Shannon. This Court has
“allowed an expert’s deposition from an original malpractice action to be
incorporated into the complaint of the renewed action because this ‘complied with the
spirit, if not the letter, of OCGA § 9-11-9.1.’”12 And by consent order entered on
December 29, 2014, all discovery and depositions taken in the initial case were
incorporated for use in the renewal action. Thus, pretermitting whether the defendants
waived any right to object thereto, Dr. Lichter’s affidavit complied with OCGA § 9-
11-9.1.13
(b) Next, the defendants argue that the plaintiffs’ claims for vicarious liability
based on the conduct of Dr. Simonsen were barred by the two-year statute of
limitation and the five-year statute of repose. Pretermitting whether the defendants
waived these arguments, they provide no basis for reversal.
12 (Punctuation omitted.) Raskin v. Wallace, 215 Ga. App. 603, 605 (2) (451 SE2d 485) (1994). 13 See Bonner, 301 Ga. App. at 447 (1).
13 Shannon was injured on August 25, 2009. Thus, the statute of limitation did not
expire until August 25, 2011,14 and the statute of repose did not expire until August
25, 2014.15 The plaintiffs filed their initial complaint on August 8, 2011, asserting a
vicarious liability claim against AWS for the negligence of Dr. Simonsen. After
voluntarily dismissing their complaint of May 7, 2014, the plaintiffs filed a timely,
identical renewal complaint on August 15, 2014, with Dr. Lichter’s affidavit
incorporating his deposition testimony, within the statute of limitation and before the
statute of repose expired on August 25, 2014.16
14 See OCGA § 9-3-71 (a) (Generally, “an action for medical malpractice shall be brought within two years after the date on which an injury or death arising from a negligent or wrongful act or omission occurred.”). 15 See OCGA § 9-3-71 (b) (“[I]n no event may an action for medical malpractice be brought more than five years after the date on which the negligent or wrongful act or omission occurred.”). 16 See OCGA § 9-2-61 (a) (providing in relevant part that “[w]hen any case has been commenced in . . . a state . . . court within the applicable statute of limitation[] and the plaintiff . . . dismisses the same, it may be recommenced in a court of this state . . . either within the original applicable period of limitation[] or within six months after the . . . dismissal”). And “a plaintiff’s right to amend an expert affidavit pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (e) is in no way tied to the statute of limitation.” Bonner, 301 Ga. App. at 447 (1). We note that AWS’s reliance in its supplemental brief on the recently decided case Preferred Women’s Healthcare, LLC v. Sain, ___ Ga. App. ___ (Case No. A18A1544, decided Jan. 28, 2019), is misplaced. The holding in Preferred Women’s Healthcare is expressly limited to cases in which an amended filed after expiration of the statute of repose adds a new party under OCGA
14 Case Nos. A18A1508 and A18A1555
2. Retrial on apportionment. The plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by
ordering a new trial as to apportionment. We agree.
OCGA § 51-12-33 (d) (1) provides in relevant part that “[n]egligence or fault
of a nonparty shall be considered if . . . a defending party gives notice not later than
120 days prior to the date of trial that a nonparty was wholly or partially at fault.”17
“[T]he plain and unambiguous meaning of OCGA § 51-12-33 (d) (1)’s text mandates
strict compliance. . . .”18 Accordingly, failure to give proper timely notice precludes
apportionment between a nonparty and a party.19
§ 9-11-21 that was neither referred to nor mentioned in the original complaint and asserts a new claim against that defendant. Here, the plaintiffs never sought to add Dr. Simonsen as a party, and their timely-filed original complaint alleged that AWS is vicariously liable for Dr. Simonsen’s negligence. Thus Preferred Women’s Healthcare is inapposite. 17 “The notice shall be given by filing a pleading in the action designating the nonparty and setting forth the nonparty’s name and last known address, or the best identification of the nonparty which is possible under the circumstances, together with a brief statement of the basis for believing the nonparty to be at fault.” OCGA § 51-12-33 (d) (2). 18 (Emphasis in original.) Monitronics, Intl., Inc. v. Veasley, 323 Ga. App. 126, 137 (3) (746 SE2d 793) (2013). 19 See id. at 137-138 (3); Freese II, Inc. v. Mitchell, 318 Ga. App. 662, 666-667 (4) (734 SE2d 491) (2012); Ingles Markets v. Kempler, 317 Ga. App. 190, 192-193
15 It is undisputed that the defendants failed to give notice of nonparty fault as
required by OCGA § 51-12-33 (d).20 Instead, the defendants argue that damages
should have been apportioned between Dr. Angus and AWS according to Dr. Angus’s
and Dr. Simonsen’s relative fault and that because both Dr. Angus and AWS are
parties, the 120-day notice requirement of OCGA § 51-12-33 (d) does not apply. The
defendants argue, therefore, that apportionment is proper under OCGA § 51-12-33
(b), which governs apportionment between parties and does not contain a notice
requirement.21 This argument is meritless.
(1) (730 SE2d 444) (2012). 20 During trial, at the conclusion of the evidence, the defendants orally sought to apportion damages. At that time, the defendants conceded that they had not given statutory notice under OCGA § 51-12-33 (d). We note that the amended consolidated pretrial order, in which the plaintiffs were permitted to file Dr. Lichter’s amended expert affidavit, was filed on July 20, 2016, more than six months before the trial began on February 6, 2017. 21 See OCGA § 51-12-33 (b) (“Where an action is brought against more than one person for injury to person or property, the trier of fact, in its determination of the total amount of damages to be awarded, if any, shall after a reduction of damages pursuant to subsection (a) of this Code section, if any, apportion its award of damages among the persons who are liable according to the percentage of fault of each person. Damages apportioned by the trier of fact as provided in this Code section shall be the liability of each person against whom they are awarded, shall not be a joint liability among the persons liable, and shall not be subject to any right of contribution.”).
16 The plaintiffs sued AWS only for its stipulated liability as the employer of Drs.
Angus and Simonsen; they asserted no direct liability claim against AWS. An
employer’s vicarious liability is derivative and imposed by statute, based solely on
its status as the active tortfeasor’s employer.22 As the Supreme Court of Georgia
explained in Johnson Street Properties, LLC v. Clure,23 “fault” as used in OCGA §
51-12-33 extends to those who “have breached a legal duty in the nature of a tort that
is owed for the protection of the plaintiff, the breach of which is a proximate cause
of his injury.”24 Therefore,
[g]enerally, where a party’s liability is solely vicarious, that party and the actively-negligent tortfeasor are regarded as a single tortfeasor. Thus, where a defendant employer’s liability is entirely dependent on
22 See OCGA § 51-2-2 (“Every person shall be liable for torts committed by his . . . servant by his command or in the prosecution and within the scope of his business, whether the same are committed by negligence or voluntarily.”). 23 302 Ga. 51 (805 SE2d 60) (2017). 24 (Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 58 (1) (b), quoting Martin v. Six Flags Over Ga., L.P., 301 Ga. 323, 337 (III) (801 SE2d 24) (2017). See also Zaldivar v. Prickett, 297 Ga. 589, 600 (1) (774 SE2d 688) (2015) (“OCGA § 51-12-33 (c) requires the trier of fact in cases to which the statute applies to ‘consider the fault of all persons or entities who contributed to the alleged injury or damages,’ meaning all persons or entities who have breached a legal duty in tort that is owed with respect to the plaintiff, the breach of which is a proximate cause of the injury sustained by the plaintiff.”).
17 principles of vicarious liability, such as respondeat superior, . . . unless additional and independent acts of negligence over and above those alleged against the servant or employee are alleged against the employer, a verdict exonerating the employee also exonerates the employer.25
Here, because AWS’s liability to the plaintiffs “was purely vicarious in nature
for the acts of [Dr. Simonsen],” apportionment is not proper between AWS and Dr.
Angus.26 Notwithstanding the defendants’ attempts to characterize their request for
apportionment as between parties, they actually seek to apportion between Dr. Angus
and Dr. Simonsen, a non-party under OCGA § 51-12-33 (b). By failing to give the
mandatory notice required by that Code section, the defendants waived their right to
apportion damages in that manner.27 Thus, the trial court erred by granting a new trial
as to apportionment, and we therefore reverse that portion of the order.
3. Attorney fees. The plaintiffs also argue that the trial court erred by ruling that
their claim for attorney fees and expenses was premature. In light of our holding in
25 (Punctuation omitted.) PN Express, Inc. v. Zegel, 304 Ga. App. 672, 680 (5) (697 SE2d 226) (2010). 26 (Punctuation omitted.) Id. 27 See Monitronics, 323 Ga. App. at 137-138 (3).
18 Division 2 reversing the trial court’s grant of a new trial as to apportionment, we
vacate the trial court’s ruling as to the plaintiffs’ claim for attorney fees and expenses
and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment in Case Nos. A18A1552, A18A1553, and A18A1554 affirmed.
Judgment in Case Nos. A18A1508 and A18A1555 reversed in part, vacated in part,
and case remanded. Dillard, C. J., and Mercier, J., concur.