By the Court
Wilson, J.
Action to compel specific performance of a contract for conveyance $f real estate.
The complaint alleges that the Plaintiffs are and were on the 20th day of December, A. D. 1852, a body corporate and politic, duly incorporated by an act of the Minnesota Legislature, approved March 25, 1851, and that by the act of incorporation they were made capable of suing and being sued, acquiring property, &c.
That on the 20th day of December, A. D. 1852, the Defendant, Josejih R. Brown, executed and delivered to the Plaintiffs his bond in writing in the words and figures following:
“ Know all men by these presents, that I, Joseph R. Brown, of the county of Dakota and Territory of Minnesota, am held and firmly bound to the St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance, in the sum of two thousand dollars, good and lawful money of the United States, to which payment, well and truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors, administrators, and each and every of them, firmly by these presents; sealed with my seal, and dated this twentieth day of December A. D. 1852.
“ The condition of this obligation is such that whereas the said St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance has by deed bearing even date herewith executed by Comfort Barnes, William H. [161]*161Tucker, and Joseph R. Brown, trustees of said St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance, and duly authorized by said Division so to do, conveyed to the said Joseph R. Brown, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, the west half of lot No. ten (10), in block No. twenty-three (23), in the town of St. Paul, according to the plat thereof, as recorded, with the buildings and appurtenances thereunto pertaining, for and in consideration of the payment to the said Division of the sum of eight hundred (800) dollars.
“Now, therefore, if the said Jos. R. Brown, his hems, executors, administrators, or assigns, shall well and truly reconvey, by a good .and sufficient warranty deed, to the said St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance the said west half of lot number ten (10), in block No. twenty-three (23), in the town of St. Raul aforesaid, with the buildings and appurtenances thereunto pertaining, upon the payment by said Division, through the trustees or other agent legally authorized thereto, on or before the first day of May, A. D. 1853, or on any first day of May until the first day of May, A. D. 1858, to the said Joseph R. Brown, his hems, executors, administrators or assigns, of the sum of eight hundred (800) dollars, with interest, at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the date hereof until the date of the payment as hereinbefore provided, and if said Joseph R. Brown shall allow the said Division the use of the upper hall of the building on lot number ten, in block number twenty-three for the meetings of said Division, or shall provide another room acceptable to the Division for the meetings of said Division aforesaid, free from charge to said Division until the first day of May, A. D. 1853, or until the payment aforesaid shall have been made as before provided, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force, virtue and effect.
(Signed) JOSEPH R. BROWN. [L.S.]
Executed in the presence of Ben W. Brunson, C. P. Y. Lull.”
The complaint further alleges that said bond was recorded on the 8th day of January, A. D. 1853, and that on the 10th day of May, A. D. 1853, Defendant Brown and his wife conveyed the said premises to Defendant Bass by warranty deed, which was [162]*162duly recorded, &c.; that the said Bass, at the time of said conveyance to him, and previous thereto, had full knowledge of the existence of the aforesaid bond, and that it was recorded, outstanding, and in full force and effect.
That on the first day of May, A. D. 1856, the Plaintiffs tendered and offered to pay to the Defendant, Bass, $800, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum from the 20th day of December, 1852, until the first day of May, A. D. 1856, pursuant to the terms of said bond, and demanded of him a “ reconveyance” of said premises. That Bass refused to receive the money or make the conveyance.
That the payment by Brown to the Plaintiff of $800, as stated in said bond,,was a mere loan, and the conveyance of said premises (which then belonged to the Plaintiff) to Brown, as recited in said bond, was only by way of security for the repayment of said sum and interest — of all which Defendant Bass had full knowledge at the time said premises were conveyed to him. That Bass has collected rents and profits of said premises amounting to $1,200.
A demurrer was filed to the complaint, and several grounds thereof specified. It is urged that the bond above set forth contains no covenants or agreement to convey; that it is merely'an obligation for the payment of money, and that the presumption from such an instrument is that a full and adequate remedy thereon can be had at law.
It is true that in an "action at law, on the letter of the contract, only pecuniary damages for its breach could be recovered, but Courts of Equity, looking at the primary object of the parties and the spirit of the contract, enforce its performance in accordance with such spirit and object. It is as much a matter of course for Courts of Equity to decree a specific performance of a contract for the conveyance of real estate, which is in its nature unobjectionable, as it is for Courts of Law to give damages for its breach, and the form of the instrument by which the contract appears is wholly unimportant.
A compensation in damages for the breach of such contracts is [163]*163not regarded adequate relief. Story's Eq., secs. 715, 751; Chilliner vs. Chilliner, 2 Ves. sr., 528 ; Western R. R. Co. vs. Babcock, 6 Met., 346; Foss vs. Hayner, 31 Maine, 87; Clason vs. Bailey, 14 John., 484.
Another ground of objection is that the Plaintiffs have not alleged a compliance with said agreement on their part, and therefore cannot insist on its performance by the Defendants, because (1) a tender to Brown is not alleged; (2) it is not alleged that the tender to Bass was kept good; (3) the precise amount of money tendered is not stated; (4) they do not allege a tender of a deed and demand for its execution.
In the argument of this point the counsel of the Defendants insisted that- a tender should have been made to and a deed demanded of Brown and not Bass. If a tender should be made to Brown it need not be made to Bass, and vice versa, and if Brown is the proper person to make the deed Bass is not, and vice versa.
The respective rights and duties of these parties may therefore well be considered together. It is not claimed that Bass would be liable in a suit for damages on the bond. But this being a proceeding in respect to the estate — a proceeding in rem rather than in personam, a different reason and different rule govern. In equity, “ articles” for the purchase of lands are looked on as equal to a conveyance, (Davie vs. Beardsham, 1 Ch. Cases, 39; Potter vs. Sanders, 6 Hare, 1;) and after the contract the vendor becomes in equity the trustee for the vendee. Ten Eick vs. Simpson, 1 Sand. Ch., 246; Mackreth vs. Symmons,
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By the Court
Wilson, J.
Action to compel specific performance of a contract for conveyance $f real estate.
The complaint alleges that the Plaintiffs are and were on the 20th day of December, A. D. 1852, a body corporate and politic, duly incorporated by an act of the Minnesota Legislature, approved March 25, 1851, and that by the act of incorporation they were made capable of suing and being sued, acquiring property, &c.
That on the 20th day of December, A. D. 1852, the Defendant, Josejih R. Brown, executed and delivered to the Plaintiffs his bond in writing in the words and figures following:
“ Know all men by these presents, that I, Joseph R. Brown, of the county of Dakota and Territory of Minnesota, am held and firmly bound to the St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance, in the sum of two thousand dollars, good and lawful money of the United States, to which payment, well and truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors, administrators, and each and every of them, firmly by these presents; sealed with my seal, and dated this twentieth day of December A. D. 1852.
“ The condition of this obligation is such that whereas the said St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance has by deed bearing even date herewith executed by Comfort Barnes, William H. [161]*161Tucker, and Joseph R. Brown, trustees of said St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance, and duly authorized by said Division so to do, conveyed to the said Joseph R. Brown, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, the west half of lot No. ten (10), in block No. twenty-three (23), in the town of St. Paul, according to the plat thereof, as recorded, with the buildings and appurtenances thereunto pertaining, for and in consideration of the payment to the said Division of the sum of eight hundred (800) dollars.
“Now, therefore, if the said Jos. R. Brown, his hems, executors, administrators, or assigns, shall well and truly reconvey, by a good .and sufficient warranty deed, to the said St. Paul Division No. 1 Sons of Temperance the said west half of lot number ten (10), in block No. twenty-three (23), in the town of St. Raul aforesaid, with the buildings and appurtenances thereunto pertaining, upon the payment by said Division, through the trustees or other agent legally authorized thereto, on or before the first day of May, A. D. 1853, or on any first day of May until the first day of May, A. D. 1858, to the said Joseph R. Brown, his hems, executors, administrators or assigns, of the sum of eight hundred (800) dollars, with interest, at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the date hereof until the date of the payment as hereinbefore provided, and if said Joseph R. Brown shall allow the said Division the use of the upper hall of the building on lot number ten, in block number twenty-three for the meetings of said Division, or shall provide another room acceptable to the Division for the meetings of said Division aforesaid, free from charge to said Division until the first day of May, A. D. 1853, or until the payment aforesaid shall have been made as before provided, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force, virtue and effect.
(Signed) JOSEPH R. BROWN. [L.S.]
Executed in the presence of Ben W. Brunson, C. P. Y. Lull.”
The complaint further alleges that said bond was recorded on the 8th day of January, A. D. 1853, and that on the 10th day of May, A. D. 1853, Defendant Brown and his wife conveyed the said premises to Defendant Bass by warranty deed, which was [162]*162duly recorded, &c.; that the said Bass, at the time of said conveyance to him, and previous thereto, had full knowledge of the existence of the aforesaid bond, and that it was recorded, outstanding, and in full force and effect.
That on the first day of May, A. D. 1856, the Plaintiffs tendered and offered to pay to the Defendant, Bass, $800, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum from the 20th day of December, 1852, until the first day of May, A. D. 1856, pursuant to the terms of said bond, and demanded of him a “ reconveyance” of said premises. That Bass refused to receive the money or make the conveyance.
That the payment by Brown to the Plaintiff of $800, as stated in said bond,,was a mere loan, and the conveyance of said premises (which then belonged to the Plaintiff) to Brown, as recited in said bond, was only by way of security for the repayment of said sum and interest — of all which Defendant Bass had full knowledge at the time said premises were conveyed to him. That Bass has collected rents and profits of said premises amounting to $1,200.
A demurrer was filed to the complaint, and several grounds thereof specified. It is urged that the bond above set forth contains no covenants or agreement to convey; that it is merely'an obligation for the payment of money, and that the presumption from such an instrument is that a full and adequate remedy thereon can be had at law.
It is true that in an "action at law, on the letter of the contract, only pecuniary damages for its breach could be recovered, but Courts of Equity, looking at the primary object of the parties and the spirit of the contract, enforce its performance in accordance with such spirit and object. It is as much a matter of course for Courts of Equity to decree a specific performance of a contract for the conveyance of real estate, which is in its nature unobjectionable, as it is for Courts of Law to give damages for its breach, and the form of the instrument by which the contract appears is wholly unimportant.
A compensation in damages for the breach of such contracts is [163]*163not regarded adequate relief. Story's Eq., secs. 715, 751; Chilliner vs. Chilliner, 2 Ves. sr., 528 ; Western R. R. Co. vs. Babcock, 6 Met., 346; Foss vs. Hayner, 31 Maine, 87; Clason vs. Bailey, 14 John., 484.
Another ground of objection is that the Plaintiffs have not alleged a compliance with said agreement on their part, and therefore cannot insist on its performance by the Defendants, because (1) a tender to Brown is not alleged; (2) it is not alleged that the tender to Bass was kept good; (3) the precise amount of money tendered is not stated; (4) they do not allege a tender of a deed and demand for its execution.
In the argument of this point the counsel of the Defendants insisted that- a tender should have been made to and a deed demanded of Brown and not Bass. If a tender should be made to Brown it need not be made to Bass, and vice versa, and if Brown is the proper person to make the deed Bass is not, and vice versa.
The respective rights and duties of these parties may therefore well be considered together. It is not claimed that Bass would be liable in a suit for damages on the bond. But this being a proceeding in respect to the estate — a proceeding in rem rather than in personam, a different reason and different rule govern. In equity, “ articles” for the purchase of lands are looked on as equal to a conveyance, (Davie vs. Beardsham, 1 Ch. Cases, 39; Potter vs. Sanders, 6 Hare, 1;) and after the contract the vendor becomes in equity the trustee for the vendee. Ten Eick vs. Simpson, 1 Sand. Ch., 246; Mackreth vs. Symmons, 15 Ves., 350; Green vs. Smith, 1 Atkins, 572; Champion vs. Brown, 6 John. Ch., 403.
Brown, therefore, after the making of said bond was a mere trustee, holding the lands for the Plaintiffs, and having a lien thereon for the purchase money. It is too plain for argument that in payment of the sum due he would, by a Court of Equity, have been compelled to execute said trust. By his warranty deed he conveyed said lands, with all his rights to and interest in the same, either- in Law or Equity, to Bass, who thereby and there[164]*164upon became vested with all the rights that Brown had, and Bass having taken with notice could of course stand in no better position than his grantor. The rule that affects him is just as plain as that which would entitle the Plaintiffs to a specific performance against Brown — he, being a purchaser with notice, is liable to the same equity, stands in his place, and is bound to do that which the person he rejaresents would be bound to do. He thus became trustee of the Plaintiffs instead of Brown. Story's Eq., sec. 784; Potter vs. Sanders, 6 Hare, 1; Foss vs. Hayner, 31 Maine, 89; Daniels vs. Davison, 17 Ves., 433; Taylor vs. Stibber, 2 Ves. Jr., 439, and cases cited last above.
Bass being the person to convey was clearly entitled to the money due. The deed from Brown made Bass his “ assigns”— his “ assigns” as well for the purpose of receiving the purchase money as of “ reconveying” the land — and the lien for the purchase money passed to him with the burden of the trust. Ten Eick vs. Simpson, and other cases above cited.
On a demurrer to the complaint the court will not indulge in any speculations as to what may have been the private agreement or understanding between Brown and Bass.
If any such existed that would raise any equities in this case, or in any way modify their rights or duties, it was incumbent on them to plead it.
When acts to be done by the Plaintiff and Defendant are mutual and concurrent, an allegation in the complaint that the Plaintiff offered to perform on his part, and that the Defendant refused, &c., is perhaps sufficient in a court of law. Finney vs. Ashley, 15 Pick., 546-552; Rawson vs. Johnson, 1 East., 203. But however this may be it is certainly sufficient in an action in a Court of Equity to enforce specific performance. Ten Eiek vs Simpson, above; Parker vs. Perkins, 8 Cush., 318; Stevenson vs. Maxwell, 2 Conn., 415.
The objection that the precise sum tendered is not alleged, is answered by that very common maxim of the law “ Id cerium est quod certum reddi potest."
It has been and perhaps still is in England the rule, in the [165]*165absence of stipulation, that the purchaser must prepare and tender the conveyance. This is not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, nor is it the law in the United States. Longworth vs. Taylor, 1 McLean, 395; 14 Peters, 172; Wells vs. Smith, 2 Edwards’ Ch., 79; Parker vs. Perkins, 8 Cush., 318; Hill vs. Hobart, 16 Maine, 164; Finney vs. Ashley, 15 Pick., 546.
Another ground of demurrer is that there is no sufficient allegation of the corporate existence of the Plaintiffs — that their acceptance of the charter is not alleged.
A corporation created by a statute which requires certain acts to be done before it can be considered in esse must show (and of course allege) such acts to have been done.to establish its existence ; but when, as in this case, a corporation is declared such by the act of incorporation, this rule does not prevail, and no such allegation is necessary. Fire Dept. vs. Kipp, 10 Wend., 226; Angell & Ames on Corp. sec. 83; Bronwer vs. Appleby, 1 Sandf. S. C., 168.
Wo have arrived at the above conclusion without reference to' the point made in the argument by the Plaintiffs’ counsel, that the transaction was in Equity a mortgage, and not a conditional sale. As the decision of this point is not necessary in the decision of the case, and as it was not argued by the counsel for the Defendants, we do not deem it proper to pass upon it here.
The demurrer was properly overruled in any view of the 'ease. The judgment of the court below is therefore affirmed, and cause remanded for further proceedings.