Mr. Justice Story
delivered the opinion of the Court.,
This is an appeal, from a decree of the Circuit Court of Ohio, in a suit in'equity, brought by Longworth, the appellee, against Taylor, the appellant, for a specific performance of a contract for the purchase of land.
The facts; so far as they are important, to be considered upon the present appeal, are as follow: On the 5th of April, 1814,by a sealed contract between the parties, Longworth purchased of Taylor-part of a: lot in Cincinnati, No. 81, for the price of- one hundred 'and twenty-five dollars per foot in front, whatever measurement it should hold out, one-third payable on signing the contract, one-third in six months, and .the remaining-third in twélve months. A deed of general warranty was to be given by Taylor, in the course, of three months; and a mortgage was to be given on the premises by Long-worth, to secure the remaining payments. On the same day, by a written endorsement on the contract, Taylor acknowledged the receipt of the'sum of two thousand four hundred and fifty-eight dollars and thirty-three .cents, “supposed to be about .the first payment.’-’ The whole purchase money upon the admeasurement of the lot, amounted to seven thousand four hundred and six dollars and twenty-five cents. No deed was executed by Taylor according to the contract, or at any timé subsequent: but Longworth was put in immediate possession of the lot: When the second instalment of the purchase money became due, it was not paid; but by.an arrangement between the parties, it was postponed upon Long worth’s agreeing to pay the same interest annually thereon, as was received for dividends upon stock in the Miami bank, which was nine or ten per cent. This interest was accordingly paid up to near the close of the year 1819; and in the intermediate time Longworth caused four houses, to be built, for stores, on -the lot, at the cost of about 'four thousand four hundred and sixty-four dollars. In the year 1819,' or the beginning of 1820, Longworth was informed that one Chambers' and his wife had a claim on, the lot, .which was deemed valid by the counsel employed to investigate it;, and that a suit would be com- - snenced on it. A suit was accordingly commenced in equity, against Taylor, Longworth, and others, in November, 1823, which was not determined until after 1829. In September, 1822, no interest on the purchase money,having-been paid by Longworth after 1819, Taylor commenced an action of ejectment against Longworth, for the lot; and recovered possession thereof in August, 1824.
In June, 1825, the pr^ant -bill, inequity was brought by Lop-
worth; for a specific performance of the original contract for the purchase of the lot. In the progress of the cause, several supplementary and amended bills were filed; and after the answers were put in, and the evidence taken, the cause came on to be heard; and the Court being of opinion that one Carneal, a citizen of Ohio, who was assignee of one Canby, a subpurchaser of a part of the lot from Longworth, ought to be made a party to the suit, the cause was difected to stand over :.and he was accordingly made a party plaintiff, and came in and submitted to such decree as might be made by the Court on the case, as it then stood between the original parties. The cause was afterwards fully argued, and a decree, for a specific performance was pronounced; from which the present appeal'has been taken.
Some question has been suggested in respect to the propriety of making Carneal a party at so late a stage of the cause; and of the right of Taylor, in virtue thereof, to insist by way of plea upon his exemption from being sued, except in the District of Kentucky, where he resided. But we do not think that there is any valid objection
to
the proceedings on this account. By his general appearance to the suit in the prior proceedings, Taylor necessarily waived any objection to the suit founded on his residence in'another district; and he became, like every other party properly before a Court of Equity, subject to all the orders of the Court. Whether Carneal, as a sub-purchaser, was an indispensable party under all the circumstances of the case, may admit of doubt; but, as his being made a party in no respect changed the actual posture of the case as to the other parties, he merely submitting to be bound by the proceedings, we see no objection to his joinder in that stage of the cause, which in any degree touches either the propriety or the validity of the decree.
The only substantial question in the cause, is, whether, under all the circumstances, the plaintiff, Longworth, is entitled to a specific performance of the contract for the'purchase : and upon the fullest-consideration we are of opinion that he is, and that the decree is therefore right. We shall now proceed to state, in a brief manner, the grounds upon which we hold this opinion.
In the first place, there is no doubt that time may be o.f the essence of a contract for the sale of property.. It may be made so by the express stipulations of the parties, or it may arise by implication from the very nature of the property, or the avowed objects of the seller or the purchaser. And even when time is not'thus either expressly or impliedly of the essence of the contract, if the party seeking a specific performance has been guilty of gross laches, or has been inexcusably negligent in performing the contract on his part;' or if there has, in the intermediate period, been a material change of circumstances, affecting the rights, interests, or obligations of the parties; in all such cases, Courts of Equity will refuse to decree any specific performance, upon the plain ground that it would be inequitable and unjust.
But except under circumstances of this sort, or of an analogous
nature, time is not treated by Courts of Equity as of the essence of the contract: and relief will be decreed to the party who seeks it, if he has not been grossly negligent, and comes within a reasonable time, although he has not complied with the strict terms of the contract. But in all such cases, the Court expects the party to make out.a case free from all doubt; and to show that the relief which he asks is, under all the circumstances, equitable.; and to account in a reasonable manner for his delay, and apparent omission of his .duty.
It does hot seem necessary to cite particular authorities in support of these doctrines, although they are very numerous. It .will be sufficient to refer to the eases of Pratt
vs.
Carroll, 8 Cranch, 471. Pratt
vs.
Law, 9 Cranch, 456. 493, 494, and Brashier
vs
Gratz, 6 Wheat. 528; in this Court; and to Seton
vs.
Slade, 7 Vesey, 265. Halsey
vs.
Grant, 13 Vesey, 73. Alley,
vs.
Deschamps, 13 Vesey, 225. Hearn
vs.
Tenant, 13 Vesey, 289, and Hepwill
vs.
Knight, 1 Younge and Coll. 415, in England, as affording illustrations in point.
In applying the doctrines above stated to the facts and circumstances of the present case, the first remark that occurs, is, that the first default was on the part of Taylor. By his contract he undertook' to make a deed of general warranty of the premises in the course of three months after the date of the contract; the second instalment not being payable until a long time afterwards.
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Mr. Justice Story
delivered the opinion of the Court.,
This is an appeal, from a decree of the Circuit Court of Ohio, in a suit in'equity, brought by Longworth, the appellee, against Taylor, the appellant, for a specific performance of a contract for the purchase of land.
The facts; so far as they are important, to be considered upon the present appeal, are as follow: On the 5th of April, 1814,by a sealed contract between the parties, Longworth purchased of Taylor-part of a: lot in Cincinnati, No. 81, for the price of- one hundred 'and twenty-five dollars per foot in front, whatever measurement it should hold out, one-third payable on signing the contract, one-third in six months, and .the remaining-third in twélve months. A deed of general warranty was to be given by Taylor, in the course, of three months; and a mortgage was to be given on the premises by Long-worth, to secure the remaining payments. On the same day, by a written endorsement on the contract, Taylor acknowledged the receipt of the'sum of two thousand four hundred and fifty-eight dollars and thirty-three .cents, “supposed to be about .the first payment.’-’ The whole purchase money upon the admeasurement of the lot, amounted to seven thousand four hundred and six dollars and twenty-five cents. No deed was executed by Taylor according to the contract, or at any timé subsequent: but Longworth was put in immediate possession of the lot: When the second instalment of the purchase money became due, it was not paid; but by.an arrangement between the parties, it was postponed upon Long worth’s agreeing to pay the same interest annually thereon, as was received for dividends upon stock in the Miami bank, which was nine or ten per cent. This interest was accordingly paid up to near the close of the year 1819; and in the intermediate time Longworth caused four houses, to be built, for stores, on -the lot, at the cost of about 'four thousand four hundred and sixty-four dollars. In the year 1819,' or the beginning of 1820, Longworth was informed that one Chambers' and his wife had a claim on, the lot, .which was deemed valid by the counsel employed to investigate it;, and that a suit would be com- - snenced on it. A suit was accordingly commenced in equity, against Taylor, Longworth, and others, in November, 1823, which was not determined until after 1829. In September, 1822, no interest on the purchase money,having-been paid by Longworth after 1819, Taylor commenced an action of ejectment against Longworth, for the lot; and recovered possession thereof in August, 1824.
In June, 1825, the pr^ant -bill, inequity was brought by Lop-
worth; for a specific performance of the original contract for the purchase of the lot. In the progress of the cause, several supplementary and amended bills were filed; and after the answers were put in, and the evidence taken, the cause came on to be heard; and the Court being of opinion that one Carneal, a citizen of Ohio, who was assignee of one Canby, a subpurchaser of a part of the lot from Longworth, ought to be made a party to the suit, the cause was difected to stand over :.and he was accordingly made a party plaintiff, and came in and submitted to such decree as might be made by the Court on the case, as it then stood between the original parties. The cause was afterwards fully argued, and a decree, for a specific performance was pronounced; from which the present appeal'has been taken.
Some question has been suggested in respect to the propriety of making Carneal a party at so late a stage of the cause; and of the right of Taylor, in virtue thereof, to insist by way of plea upon his exemption from being sued, except in the District of Kentucky, where he resided. But we do not think that there is any valid objection
to
the proceedings on this account. By his general appearance to the suit in the prior proceedings, Taylor necessarily waived any objection to the suit founded on his residence in'another district; and he became, like every other party properly before a Court of Equity, subject to all the orders of the Court. Whether Carneal, as a sub-purchaser, was an indispensable party under all the circumstances of the case, may admit of doubt; but, as his being made a party in no respect changed the actual posture of the case as to the other parties, he merely submitting to be bound by the proceedings, we see no objection to his joinder in that stage of the cause, which in any degree touches either the propriety or the validity of the decree.
The only substantial question in the cause, is, whether, under all the circumstances, the plaintiff, Longworth, is entitled to a specific performance of the contract for the'purchase : and upon the fullest-consideration we are of opinion that he is, and that the decree is therefore right. We shall now proceed to state, in a brief manner, the grounds upon which we hold this opinion.
In the first place, there is no doubt that time may be o.f the essence of a contract for the sale of property.. It may be made so by the express stipulations of the parties, or it may arise by implication from the very nature of the property, or the avowed objects of the seller or the purchaser. And even when time is not'thus either expressly or impliedly of the essence of the contract, if the party seeking a specific performance has been guilty of gross laches, or has been inexcusably negligent in performing the contract on his part;' or if there has, in the intermediate period, been a material change of circumstances, affecting the rights, interests, or obligations of the parties; in all such cases, Courts of Equity will refuse to decree any specific performance, upon the plain ground that it would be inequitable and unjust.
But except under circumstances of this sort, or of an analogous
nature, time is not treated by Courts of Equity as of the essence of the contract: and relief will be decreed to the party who seeks it, if he has not been grossly negligent, and comes within a reasonable time, although he has not complied with the strict terms of the contract. But in all such cases, the Court expects the party to make out.a case free from all doubt; and to show that the relief which he asks is, under all the circumstances, equitable.; and to account in a reasonable manner for his delay, and apparent omission of his .duty.
It does hot seem necessary to cite particular authorities in support of these doctrines, although they are very numerous. It .will be sufficient to refer to the eases of Pratt
vs.
Carroll, 8 Cranch, 471. Pratt
vs.
Law, 9 Cranch, 456. 493, 494, and Brashier
vs
Gratz, 6 Wheat. 528; in this Court; and to Seton
vs.
Slade, 7 Vesey, 265. Halsey
vs.
Grant, 13 Vesey, 73. Alley,
vs.
Deschamps, 13 Vesey, 225. Hearn
vs.
Tenant, 13 Vesey, 289, and Hepwill
vs.
Knight, 1 Younge and Coll. 415, in England, as affording illustrations in point.
In applying the doctrines above stated to the facts and circumstances of the present case, the first remark that occurs, is, that the first default was on the part of Taylor. By his contract he undertook' to make a deed of general warranty of the premises in the course of three months after the date of the contract; the second instalment not being payable until a long time afterwards. He never made any such deed, or offered to make it; and if he had, it is obvious, that instead of his being placed in the situation of a de-fendant in equity, as he now is, he would have been compelled to be a plaintiff either to enforce a specific performance, or to rescind the contract. Now, the plain import of the words of his contract is, that he will make the deed. The excuse for the omission is, that it was the duty of the other' side to prepare and tender a formal deed to him for execution. And authorities are relied on, principally from the English Courts, to show, that in all cases of this sort, the established rule is, that the vendee shall prepare and tender the conveyance. This is certainly the rule in England, founded, doubtless, upon the general understanding and practice' among conveyancers, as well as upon the peculiar circumstances attendant upon conveyances in that country. The same rule does not seem to have been adopted generally in America, although it may be adopted in some states. In Ohio, the rule is stated by the learned judge who decided the present case, nót to prevail; and the local practice, in a case of this sort, ought certainly to constitute the proper guide in the interpretation of the terms of the contract. But waiving this consideration, let us proceed to others presented by the case.
Up to the close of the year 1819,.there is no pretence to say that there had been any violation of the contract on the part of Long-worth; and no step whatever was taken by Taylor, until he brought the ejectment in 1822, to enforce the contract. That ejectment he asserts in his answer to have been brought in order to compel
Longworth to complete the contract, or to., put. an end to it. In the mean' time, Longworth had been left in, the possession of the premises under the contract, had made improvements upon them, and had received the rents and profits with, the acquiescence of Taylor. Under’ such-circümstances, where there, had been a part performance, and large expenditures on one side, under the contract, and acquiescence on the other side; it would be incompatible with established doctrines, to hold that one party could, at his own- election, by a suit at law, put ah end to the contract. It .could be rescinded by Taylor only, by the decree of the Court of Equity.'; which decree would, of course, require full equity to be'done to the other party; under , all the circumstances. Pending the ejectment, Longworth made several propositions, for payment, varying from the. original conditions, all of which were .declined by-Taylor; although.it seems, that Longworth supposed that some of them would have been satisfactory. 'The recovery in the ejectment was, of course, successful, as the legal title was in- Taylor; and the equities of Longworth could not be matters of defence to that suit.
The present bill was brought in the .succeeding' year; and the question is, whether, under all the circumstances of the case, Long-worth is now entitled to a specific performance of the contract, upon his paying all the arrears of the purchase money; Undoubtedly, if there were no grounds of .excuse shown accounting for the delay-on his part to fulfil the contract, between September, 1822, when the ejectment was brought, and-June, 1.825, when the present.'bill was filed; there might be strong reason to cohtend that he was not entitled to a specific performance of the contract, even if some other ¿réljef on account'of his improvements might be deemed equitable. But in point of fact, the adverse claim of Chambers and wife to the property, was made known as early as the year 1820; and was asserted by counsel; who were consulted on that occasion, to be •valid. The claim was prosecuted (a's has.been already stated) by a suit in equity, brought in 1823, against Taylor, Longworth, and Others; and remained undecided until the close of the year, 1829. There is no pretence .to say, that this claim was not bona fide asserted,. or. that Longworth brought it forward to coyer his own default. While it was known and- pending, there is as little pretence to say, that Longworth could be compelled to complete the contract on his side; or that he had not a right to lie by, and await the decision of the title, which thus hung, as a cloud, upon that of Taylor. It is one thing to say, that he might waive the objection; and require a conveyance on the part of Taylor; and quite another thing to say, that he was compellable, at once, to'elect at his peril, either to proceed on the contract, or to surrender it. There is no ground to assert that from the commencement of the. present suit, Long-worth has not always been ready and willing to pay up the arrears of the purchase money, and to complete the contract. The proofs in the case are entirely satisfactory on this head. In our opinion,
the lapse of time is fairly*accounted' for by the state of the title; and therefore, Longworth has not been guilty of any delay, which’ is unreasonable or inexcusable.
There is another view of this subject, which seems equally decisive of the' merits of this controversy. If the contract hachbeen strictly performed on the part of Taylor, by a conveyance,’he would now nave stood in the mere character of a mortgagee; for in that-event Longworth stipulated to give him a mortgage for the security of the unpaid purchase money. Now, in the view of a Court of Equity, that may well be deemed the true’ posture of t-his^case; upon the known principle, that equity will, for -the purposes of justice, treat that to have been done, which ought to have been done. As mortgagee, which would be his character according to the real intention of both parties, Taylor- could have no right to complain of the lapse of timé; and could have- no claim to the improvements made by -Longworth, except as security for his debt. In this’ view of the matter it is wholly unimportant for us to consider whether the amount of the rents' and profits received by Long-worth, was equal to, or a set off to his expenditures and improvements, as affirmed in the answer.
Upon the whole,” we are entirely satisfied with the decree of the Circuit Court, and it is affirmed, with, costs.
. This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Ohio, and was argued'by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is now here ordered and decreed by-this Court, that the decree of the said Circuit Court in this cause be, and the same, is hereby, affirmed, with costs.