Taylor, J.:
Andrew Shalley, the appellee, sued the appellant railroad company for the recovery of damages for the •destruction of his houses, fences, orange trees and •other property by fire carelessly allowed to escape upon his premises by laborers engaged in the construction of the defendant’s railroad. The cause was referred for trial to a referee, who rendered judgment in .favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $1,805, besides the ■costs taxed at $81.94. Prom this judgment the appeal is taken.
The errors assigned are as follows: 1st. The referee erred in proceeding with the trial of said cause when the same was not at issue, no replication to the defendant’s plea having been filed by the plaintiff. 2nd. That the referee erred in refusing to admit evidence on behalf of the defendant, and in admitting evidence on the part of plaintiff that' was inadmissible, and objected to by defendant. 3rd. The referee erred in refusing the defendant’s motion for new trial upon the .grounds (1) that the judgment was excessive1; (2) that the judgment was contrary to the law and the evidence, and was not supported thereby. 4th. That the referee erred in failing to file in the record in the •clerk’s office of Putnam county any paper showing notice to the defendant of the filing of his findings and judgment in said cause.
As to the first of these assignments, we find that the only plea filed by the defendant was that of the general issue, or “not guilty,” and no notice appears from the record to have been taken by either of the parties at the trial of the absence of a similiter, but the defendant seenis to have voluntarily gone into the trial without it, and without protest or objection because of its absence. Under these circumstances the [400]*400mere absence of a similiter to a plea of the general issue is not ground for arrest of judgment or for reversal after a final trial and judgment upon the merits of the matter embraced in the declaration and plea. Huling vs. Florida Savings Bank, 19 Fla., 695; Livingston vs. Anderson, 30 Fla., 117, 11 South. Rep., 270.
The second error assigned above is entirely too general and indefinite to be considered, as it does not-point out or specify what evidence, if any, was offered, for the defendant and rejected by the referee, nor any that was admitted for the plaintiff over the defendant’s objection. Neither does the appellant in its brief point out or specify the errors contended for in this respect. Because of the latter fact we treat the second, assignment as having been abandoned.
The third assignment of error presents the real point in controversy between the parties. Do the facts in proof, under the law applicable thereto, sustain the-judgment rendered? The plaintiff’s declaration alleges that the defendant railroad company, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Florida,, by its agents and servants acting under the orders, direction and control of the defendant, on the 30th day of Januury, 1888, broke and entered the close of the plaintiff situated in Putnam county, and then and there by the carelessness and negligence of its said agents and servants trampled upon and set fire to the-grass and other combustible matter on and in said close, and burned and destroyed sixty orange trees growing
therein, of the value of........................ $900'
A dwelling house, of the value of............... 300
A kitchen, of the value of...................... 150
A stable, of the value of....................... 150'
Three tons of hay, of the value of............... 60'
[401]*401One ton of fertilizer, of the value of............ 40
One stove, of the value of...................... 20'
One bedstead, of the value of................... 10<
Three pairs of blankets, of the value of......... l6>
Lot of pillows and sheets, 20 in number, of the value of...........................,-......... 10'
Two trunks, of the-value of.....................IS-
Lot of clothing, of the value of................. 40'
One harrow, of the value of.................... 10s
Two plows, of the value of..................... - 15
600 feet of fencing, of the value of...;.......... 20
of the property of plaintiff, situated and being in and upon said close. There is some slight conflict in the evidence as to whether thé fire was started by the defendant’s laborers engaged in cleaning up its right-of-way, or by those engaged for the defendant in the-work of grading its road-bed, but wé are satisfied that the preponderance of the evidence establishes the fact that the origin of the fire was from three stumps in the-defendant’s right-of-way adjacent to the premises of the plaintiff that were set on fire, for the purpose of getting rid of them, by the laborers employed in the-work of grading. The proof is that it was a very dry season; that the stumps so set on fire stood very near-to, or within twenty feet of the gate and fence enclose ing the plaintiff’s premises, in and along which there , was standing a large quantity of dry and inflamable sedge grass and weeds that extended through and among a grove of bearing orange trees up. to the houses. That the wind was quite high at the time; and that after the ignition of the grass and weeds within, outside of and along the plaintiff’s enclosure from the fire in the stumps it soon spread to and destroyed the buildings and other property a® [402]*402•charged. The defendant railroad company endeavors to shift the responsibility for this careless handling of .fire about the plaintiff’s premises, by which his property was destroyed, upon the laborers engaged in grading its road who started the fire, upon the ground that they did not at the time occupy the relation towards •defendant of either servants or agents, but that they were independent contractors engaged in carrying out .a contract by which they undertook to do the grading •of certain parts or sections of such road entirely independent of any supervision or control in its performance on the part of defendant; and that the relationship between said laborers and the defendant was that ■of contractor and contractee, and that, therefore the defendant is not liable for the injury done by such contractors through their careless performance of their ■contract.
The law seems to be well settled not only by our ■own court, but generally by the American courts, that where a contractor is employed to accomplish a certain work, and through his or his servants’ negligent or careless performance of it damage results to a third person, such contractor, and not his employer, is responsible to the injured party, provided, such contractor, in the performance of the work, or in the mode and manner of doing if, is not subject to the direction or control of the employer. Where the employer has the right to direct or control the performance of the work, or the mode and manner of its accomplishment, then, in such case, he is liable. Mumby, Stockton & Knight vs. Bowden & Rosenthal, 25 Fla., 454, 6 South. Rep., 453; Wood’s Law of Master and Servant, secs. 314, 315, and citations. Whether this general rule is applicable to the operations attend.ant upon the construction of railways under legisla[403]
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Taylor, J.:
Andrew Shalley, the appellee, sued the appellant railroad company for the recovery of damages for the •destruction of his houses, fences, orange trees and •other property by fire carelessly allowed to escape upon his premises by laborers engaged in the construction of the defendant’s railroad. The cause was referred for trial to a referee, who rendered judgment in .favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $1,805, besides the ■costs taxed at $81.94. Prom this judgment the appeal is taken.
The errors assigned are as follows: 1st. The referee erred in proceeding with the trial of said cause when the same was not at issue, no replication to the defendant’s plea having been filed by the plaintiff. 2nd. That the referee erred in refusing to admit evidence on behalf of the defendant, and in admitting evidence on the part of plaintiff that' was inadmissible, and objected to by defendant. 3rd. The referee erred in refusing the defendant’s motion for new trial upon the .grounds (1) that the judgment was excessive1; (2) that the judgment was contrary to the law and the evidence, and was not supported thereby. 4th. That the referee erred in failing to file in the record in the •clerk’s office of Putnam county any paper showing notice to the defendant of the filing of his findings and judgment in said cause.
As to the first of these assignments, we find that the only plea filed by the defendant was that of the general issue, or “not guilty,” and no notice appears from the record to have been taken by either of the parties at the trial of the absence of a similiter, but the defendant seenis to have voluntarily gone into the trial without it, and without protest or objection because of its absence. Under these circumstances the [400]*400mere absence of a similiter to a plea of the general issue is not ground for arrest of judgment or for reversal after a final trial and judgment upon the merits of the matter embraced in the declaration and plea. Huling vs. Florida Savings Bank, 19 Fla., 695; Livingston vs. Anderson, 30 Fla., 117, 11 South. Rep., 270.
The second error assigned above is entirely too general and indefinite to be considered, as it does not-point out or specify what evidence, if any, was offered, for the defendant and rejected by the referee, nor any that was admitted for the plaintiff over the defendant’s objection. Neither does the appellant in its brief point out or specify the errors contended for in this respect. Because of the latter fact we treat the second, assignment as having been abandoned.
The third assignment of error presents the real point in controversy between the parties. Do the facts in proof, under the law applicable thereto, sustain the-judgment rendered? The plaintiff’s declaration alleges that the defendant railroad company, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Florida,, by its agents and servants acting under the orders, direction and control of the defendant, on the 30th day of Januury, 1888, broke and entered the close of the plaintiff situated in Putnam county, and then and there by the carelessness and negligence of its said agents and servants trampled upon and set fire to the-grass and other combustible matter on and in said close, and burned and destroyed sixty orange trees growing
therein, of the value of........................ $900'
A dwelling house, of the value of............... 300
A kitchen, of the value of...................... 150
A stable, of the value of....................... 150'
Three tons of hay, of the value of............... 60'
[401]*401One ton of fertilizer, of the value of............ 40
One stove, of the value of...................... 20'
One bedstead, of the value of................... 10<
Three pairs of blankets, of the value of......... l6>
Lot of pillows and sheets, 20 in number, of the value of...........................,-......... 10'
Two trunks, of the-value of.....................IS-
Lot of clothing, of the value of................. 40'
One harrow, of the value of.................... 10s
Two plows, of the value of..................... - 15
600 feet of fencing, of the value of...;.......... 20
of the property of plaintiff, situated and being in and upon said close. There is some slight conflict in the evidence as to whether thé fire was started by the defendant’s laborers engaged in cleaning up its right-of-way, or by those engaged for the defendant in the-work of grading its road-bed, but wé are satisfied that the preponderance of the evidence establishes the fact that the origin of the fire was from three stumps in the-defendant’s right-of-way adjacent to the premises of the plaintiff that were set on fire, for the purpose of getting rid of them, by the laborers employed in the-work of grading. The proof is that it was a very dry season; that the stumps so set on fire stood very near-to, or within twenty feet of the gate and fence enclose ing the plaintiff’s premises, in and along which there , was standing a large quantity of dry and inflamable sedge grass and weeds that extended through and among a grove of bearing orange trees up. to the houses. That the wind was quite high at the time; and that after the ignition of the grass and weeds within, outside of and along the plaintiff’s enclosure from the fire in the stumps it soon spread to and destroyed the buildings and other property a® [402]*402•charged. The defendant railroad company endeavors to shift the responsibility for this careless handling of .fire about the plaintiff’s premises, by which his property was destroyed, upon the laborers engaged in grading its road who started the fire, upon the ground that they did not at the time occupy the relation towards •defendant of either servants or agents, but that they were independent contractors engaged in carrying out .a contract by which they undertook to do the grading •of certain parts or sections of such road entirely independent of any supervision or control in its performance on the part of defendant; and that the relationship between said laborers and the defendant was that ■of contractor and contractee, and that, therefore the defendant is not liable for the injury done by such contractors through their careless performance of their ■contract.
The law seems to be well settled not only by our ■own court, but generally by the American courts, that where a contractor is employed to accomplish a certain work, and through his or his servants’ negligent or careless performance of it damage results to a third person, such contractor, and not his employer, is responsible to the injured party, provided, such contractor, in the performance of the work, or in the mode and manner of doing if, is not subject to the direction or control of the employer. Where the employer has the right to direct or control the performance of the work, or the mode and manner of its accomplishment, then, in such case, he is liable. Mumby, Stockton & Knight vs. Bowden & Rosenthal, 25 Fla., 454, 6 South. Rep., 453; Wood’s Law of Master and Servant, secs. 314, 315, and citations. Whether this general rule is applicable to the operations attend.ant upon the construction of railways under legisla[403]*403tive grants or not we do not now decide; but we do not think, however, that the proofs in this case sustain the contention of the appellant, that the laborers whose •carelessness produced the injury here were independent contractors, and not subject to its direction or control in the performance of its work. The proof shows that these graders were employed directly by the railroad company and were paid by the company at the rate of so much per cubic yard of earth removed, and an agreed- price for all stumps removed. The graders were common laborers, and the defendant.company seems to have been carrying on the general work of •constructing its road within itself, and not, as is often customary, through the instrumentality of an independent contractor for the various branches of its work. Its witness, C. R. Knight, who was its engineer, as he says, “in charge” of the extension of the road to Palatka, undertakes in his evidence to represent these graders as being independent contractors, but he testified that their work was staked but for -¿hem by the engineer in sections, and the ‘ ‘yardage’ ’ computed, and that then a “foreman” let out the sections to those who applied for the grading of them; and that the next duty of the foreman was to accept or reject the work upon its completion, and in case of doubt as to whether the work was well done, he called on the engineer for the levels necessary to determine the doubt as to whether the grader has ‘ ‘properly and faithfully, and in accordance with his contract, done his work.” He testified further that the foreman had the right to take the work away from them when for any cause they neglected to perform it within a reasona ble time, and to re-let any uncompleted portion, paying pro rata for the part performed; and that whenever the foreman’s attention was called to any specific vio[404]*404lation of the “contract,” he had the right to annul the contract or to compel the grader to do the work as he-had contracted to do it; and that the foreman pointed out to the grader the “amount and nature” of the-work, directing him as to the width and height of the-embankment, and where the earth was to be taken from, etc., etc. In other words, what this witness-termed the '■'•stipulations of the contract’ with the-graders, were evidently nothing more than directions from the foreman'and engineer to the graders as. to the mode and manner of doing their work, and if it was not done in accordance with those directions, the grader was forced to comply with them, or else be dismissed without pay for the uncompleted or imperfect work. Under these circumstances we think that these-graders, instead of being independent contractors in the sense that would relieve the employer company from responsibility for their negligence, are sunk to* the level of ordinary laboring servants to the company who was their master, and that the company was properly held to be liable for the damage resulting from their negligence in the performance of the work they were put by the company to perform for its use and benefit.
There is no merit in the contention of the appellant that the amount of the referee’s finding was excessive. The proof as to the value of the property destroyed: not only sustains the amount of the damage found against the appellant, but was sufficient to have prevented a reversal at our hands upon the ground of ex-cessiveness had the finding been even greater than it-is.
The fourth assignment of error, to the effect that no-paper was filed by the referree in the clerk’s office showing that notice was given to the defendant of the-[405]*405■filing of Ms findings in the canse, can not avail the appellant under the facts presented by the record. Section 4, p. 858, McClellan’s Digest, in force at the time ■of the filing of the judgment herein by the referee, provided that the referee should give notice to the respective parties, their agents or attorneys, of the filing of his findings and judgment in the clerk’s office, and that unless a motion in arrest, or for new trial, or for reformation or alteration of the judgment was made in writing within ten days after the giving of such notice, such judgment stood confirmed as the judgment of the Circuit Court. The purpose of the statute in requiring the referee to give this notice was to afford the parties an opportunity within the ten days limited for 'that purpose to make the motions for arrest of judgment, for new trial or for reformation, modification, .etc. The complaint of the appellant is not that it did not have this notice, but that there is no proper written evidence that he had it. The fact, as disclosed by the record, that its attorneys, within the time allowed therefor by the statute, did make a motion before the referee to set aside the judgment rendered and filed by him, and for a new trial, shows as conclusively that they did have notice of the filing of such judgment as though the evidence of such notice and of its service upon them were before us in the shape of a formal writing to that effect. It will be well to observe that Jby Paragraph 7 of Section 1231 of the Revised Statutes the referee is now required, as soon as he arrives at a .a judgment, to give notice thereof in writing to both parties.
Finding no error in the record the judgment appealed from is affirmed.