(SS) Gill v. Commissioner of Social Security

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: March 18, 2024
• Docket: 1:22-cv-01625
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10

11 ROLANDO JUAREZ GILL, Case No. 1:22-cv-01625-SAB

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DIRECTING 13 v. THE CLERK OF THE COURT TO ENTER JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF THE 14 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY SECURITY, AND AGAINST ROLANDO JUAREZ GILL 15 AND TO CLOSE THIS MATTER Defendant. 16 (ECF Nos. 16, 18)

17 I. 18 INTRODUCTION 19 Rolando Juarez Gill (“Plaintiff”) seeks judicial review of a final decision of the 20 Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying his application for 21 disability benefits pursuant to the Social Security Act. The matter is currently before the Court on 22 the parties’ briefs, which were submitted, without oral argument, to Magistrate Judge Stanley A. 23 Boone.1 24 Plaintiff requests the decision of Commissioner be vacated and the case be remanded for 25 further proceedings arguing the administrative law judge erred by not explaining a discrepancy 26 between an opinion he found to be supported and the residual functional capacity, the jobs identified 27 1 The parties have consented to the jurisdiction of the United States Magistrate Judge and this action has been assigned 1 at step five conflict with the limitations in the residual functional capacity and the vocational expert 2 was not questioned on the conflict; and no reasons were offered to reject Plaintiff’s subjective 3 complaints. (Pl.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment (“Mot.) 2, ECF No. 16.) 4 For the reasons explained herein, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment shall be 5 denied. 6 II. 7 BACKGROUND 8 A. Procedural History 9 Plaintiff protectively filed an application for supplemental security income on February 27, 10 2020. (AR 53.) Plaintiff’s application was initially denied on September 30, 2020, and denied 11 upon reconsideration on December 29, 2020. (AR 87-91, 101-05.) Plaintiff requested and 12 received a hearing before Administrative Law Judge Nicolas R. Foster (“the ALJ”). Plaintiff 13 appeared for a telephonic hearing on August 11, 2021. (AR 41-52.) On August 27, 2021, the 14 ALJ issued a decision finding that Plaintiff was not disabled. (AR 21-36.) On July 15, 2022, the 15 Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review. (AR 7-9.) 16 B. The ALJ’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law 17 The ALJ made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law as of the date of the 18 decision, August 27, 2021: 19 1. Plaintiff has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since February 27, 2020, the 20 application date. 21 2. Plaintiff has the following severe impairments: borderline intellectual functioning and 22 hearing loss. 23 3. Plaintiff does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or 24 medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments. 25 4. After careful consideration of the entire record, the ALJ found that Plaintiff has the 26 residual functional capacity to perform a full range of work at all exertional levels but 27 with the following non-exertional limitations: Plaintiff can understand, remember and 1 consistent pace throughout the workday, but not at a production rate pace where tasks 2 must be performed quickly; he can tolerate occasional changes in the routine work 3 setting with very little independent decision making and no responsibility for the safety 4 of others; he can never exposed to high exposed places, or to moving mechanical parts, 5 and can be exposed to no more than a moderate noise level as that term is defined in the 6 Selected Characteristics of Occupations (“SCO”) within the Dictionary of Occupational 7 Titles (“DOT”); and he can read and write simple instructions, such as a grocery list, 8 and can perform simple addition and subtraction, such as is required for small 9 convenience store purchases. 10 5. Plaintiff has no past relevant work. 11 6. Plaintiff was born on June 29, 1999, and was 20 years old, which is defined as a 12 younger individual age 18-49, on the date the application was filed. 13 7. Plaintiff has at least a high school education. 14 8. Transferability of job skills is not an issue because Plaintiff does not have past relevant 15 work. 16 9. Considering his age, education, work experience, and residual functional capacity, there 17 are jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy that Plaintiff can 18 perform. 19 10. Plaintiff has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, since 20 February 27, 2020, the date the application was filed. 21 (AR 29-36.) 22 III. 23 LEGAL STANDARD 24 A. The Disability Standard 25 To qualify for disability insurance benefits under the Social Security Act, a claimant must 26 show he is unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically 27 1 determinable physical or mental impairment2 which can be expected to result in death or which 2 has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 3 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). The Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential evaluation 4 process to be used in determining if a claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520;3 Batson v. 5 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1194 (9th Cir. 2004). The five steps in the 6 sequential evaluation in assessing whether the claimant is disabled are: 7 Step one: Is the claimant presently engaged in substantial gainful activity? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step two. 8 Step two: Is the claimant’s alleged impairment sufficiently severe to limit his or her 9 ability to work? If so, proceed to step three. If not, the claimant is not disabled. 10 Step three: Does the claimant’s impairment, or combination of impairments, meet or equal an impairment listed in 20 C.F.R., pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1? If so, the claimant 11 is disabled. If not, proceed to step four. 12 Step four: Does the claimant possess the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform his or her past relevant work? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, 13 proceed to step five. 14 Step five: Does the claimant’s RFC, when considered with the claimant’s age, education, and work experience, allow him or her to adjust to other work that exists in 15 significant numbers in the national economy? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the claimant is disabled. 16 17 Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2006). The burden of proof is 18 on the claimant at steps one through four. Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1148 (9th Cir. 2020). A 19 claimant establishes a prima facie case of qualifying disability once he has carried the burden of 20 proof from step one through step four. 21 Before making the step four determination, the ALJ first must determine the claimant’s 22 RFC. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(e); Nowden v. Berryhill, No. EDCV 17-00584-JEM, 2018 WL 23 1155971, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2018). The RFC is “the most [one] can still do despite his

24 2 A “physical or mental impairment” is one resulting from anatomical, physiological, or psychological 25 abnormalities that are demonstrable by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(3).

26 3 The regulations which apply to disability insurance benefits, 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1501 et seq., and the regulations which apply to SSI benefits, 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.901 et seq., are generally the same for both types of benefits. 27 Accordingly, while Plaintiff seeks only Social Security benefits under Title II in this case, to the extent cases cited herein may reference one or both sets of regulations, the Court notes these cases and regulations are applicable to 1 limitations” and represents an assessment “based on all the relevant evidence.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 2 404.1545(a)(1); 416.945(a)(1). The RFC must consider all of the claimant’s impairments, 3 including those that are not severe. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(e); 416.945(a)(2); Social Security 4 Ruling (“SSR”) 96-8p, available at 1996 WL 374184 (Jul. 2, 1996).4 A determination of RFC is 5 not a medical opinion, but a legal decision that is expressly reserved for the Commissioner. See 6 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(d)(2) (RFC is not a medical opinion); 404.1546(c) (identifying the ALJ as 7 responsible for determining RFC). “[I]t is the responsibility of the ALJ, not the claimant’s 8 physician, to determine residual functional capacity.” Vertigan v. Halter, 260 F.3d 1044, 1049 9 (9th Cir. 2001). 10 At step five, the burden shifts to the Commissioner, who must then show that there are a 11 significant number of jobs in the national economy that the claimant can perform given his RFC, 12 age, education, and work experience. 20 C.F.R. § 416.912(g); Lounsburry v. Barnhart, 468 F.3d 13 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 2006). To do this, the ALJ can use either the Medical Vocational Guidelines 14 (“grids”) or rely upon the testimony of a VE. See 20 C.F.R. § 404 Subpt. P, App. 2; Lounsburry, 15 468 F.3d at 1114; Osenbrock v. Apfel, 240 F.3d 1157, 1162 (9th Cir. 2001). “Throughout the 16 five-step evaluation, the ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in 17 medical testimony, and for resolving ambiguities.’ ” Ford, 950 F.3d at 1149 (quoting Andrews v. 18 Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995)). 19 B. Standard of Review 20 Congress has provided that an individual may obtain judicial review of any final decision 21 of the Commissioner of Social Security regarding entitlement to benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). In 22 determining whether to reverse an ALJ’s decision, the Court reviews only those issues raised by 23 the party challenging the decision. See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 517 n.13 (9th Cir. 2001). 24 Further, the Court’s review of the Commissioner’s decision is a limited one; the Court must find 25 the Commissioner’s decision conclusive if it is supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 26 4 SSRs are “final opinions and orders and statements of policy and interpretations” issued by the Commissioner. 27 20 C.F.R. § 402.35(b)(1). While SSRs do not have the force of law, the Court gives the rulings deference “unless they are plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the Act or regulations.” Han v. Bowen, 882 F.2d 1453, 1457 (9th 1 405(g); Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1153 (2019). “Substantial evidence is relevant 2 evidence which, considering the record as a whole, a reasonable person might accept as adequate 3 to support a conclusion.” Thomas v. Barnhart (Thomas), 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002) 4 (quoting Flaten v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 44 F.3d 1453, 1457 (9th Cir. 1995)); see also 5 Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 153 (1999) (comparing the substantial-evidence standard to 6 the deferential clearly erroneous standard). “[T]he threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is 7 not high.” Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1154. Rather, “[s]ubstantial evidence means more than a 8 scintilla, but less than a preponderance; it is an extremely deferential standard.” Thomas v. 9 CalPortland Co. (CalPortland), 993 F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal quotations and 10 citations omitted); see also Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996). Even if the 11 ALJ has erred, the Court may not reverse the ALJ’s decision where the error is harmless. Stout, 12 454 F.3d at 1055–56. Moreover, the burden of showing that an error is not harmless “normally 13 falls upon the party attacking the agency’s determination.” Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 14 409 (2009). 15 Finally, “a reviewing court must consider the entire record as a whole and may not affirm 16 simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 17 1159 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). 18 Nor may the Court affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely; rather, the Court may 19 review only the reasons stated by the ALJ in his decision. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th 20 Cir. 2007); see also Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 2003). Nonetheless, it is not 21 this Court’s function to second guess the ALJ’s conclusions and substitute the Court’s judgment 22 for the ALJ’s; rather, if the evidence “is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, it is 23 the ALJ’s conclusion that must be upheld.” Ford, 950 F.3d at 1154 (quoting Burch v. Barnhart, 24 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005)). 25 IV. 26 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 27 Plaintiff raises three areas in which he contends that the ALJ erred in the five-step 1 A. Whether the ALJ Erred in Rejecting Subjective Testimony 2 The Court first considers Plaintiff’s contention that the ALJ erred by rejecting his and his 3 mother’s testimony. Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by only partially accounting for the 4 limited manner of his abilities as testified by his mother at the hearing. (Mot. 10.) Plaintiff 5 contends that it is important that he had not finished his schooling by the time he was twenty-one 6 years old. (Mot. 11.) Plaintiff asserts that he was assessed to have only an elementary to middle 7 school level development and this is more than “some accommodations” as the ALJ found. (Mot. 8 11.) Plaintiff argues his mother testified that he could only manage up to twenty dollars and pick 9 up items from a list if it was written down. (Mot. 11.) Plaintiff contends that his testimony 10 reflects greater difficulties and limitations than acknowledged by the RFC. (Mot. 11.) Further, 11 Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ did not articulate clear and convincing reasons to reject his 12 testimony, but merely summarized the treatment records that detail his reported symptoms. (Mot. 13 11.) Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred by failing to properly evaluate the criteria in the 14 regulations or SSR 16-3p which direct how subjective complaints should be considered. (Mot. 15 12.) Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s failure to offer any clear and convincing reasons to reject his 16 mother’s testimony regarding his symptoms and alleged limitations warrants reversal. (Mot. 12.) 17 Defendant counters that the ALJ did summarize Ms. Juarez’s testimony that Plaintiff 18 required a conservatorship, could easily be taken advantage of by others, and needed reminders to 19 complete tasks due to his borderline intellectual functioning. (Opp. 10.) Plaintiff contends that 20 the clear consideration of her testimony satisfied the ALJ’s burden under Lambert. (Opp. 10.) 21 Further, Defendant argues that the ALJ reasonably found the subjective complaints to be 22 inconsistent with his daily activities. (Opp. 10.) Defendant asserts that the ALJ considered the 23 evidence of his activities and achievements which were inconsistent with the allegation of total 24 disability. (Opp. 10.) Further, Defendant contends that the ALJ relied on the functional 25 assessments of the medical sources more than Plaintiff’s statements. (Opp. 10.) Defendant also 26 argues that Plaintiff has not challenged the ALJ’s finding that Dr. Swanson’s opinions were 27 generally persuasive and has thus waived the issue. (Opp. 10-11.) Defendant asserts that Plaintiff 1 rational and should be affirmed. (Opp. 11.) 2 1. Legal Standards 3 a. Claimant testimony 4 A claimant’s statements of pain or other symptoms are not conclusive evidence of a 5 physical or mental impairment or disability. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(5)(A); SSR 16-3p; see also Orn, 6 495 F.3d at 635 (“An ALJ is not required to believe every allegation of disabling pain or other 7 non-exertional impairment.”). Rather, an ALJ performs a two-step analysis to determine 8 whether a claimant’s testimony regarding subjective pain or symptoms is credible. See Garrison 9 v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1014 (9th Cir. 2014); Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281; SSR 16-3p, at *3. First, 10 the claimant must produce objective medical evidence of an impairment that could reasonably be 11 expected to produce some degree of the symptom or pain alleged. Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1014; 12 Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281–82. If the claimant satisfies the first step and there is no evidence of 13 malingering, “the ALJ may reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of those symptoms 14 only by providing specific, clear, and convincing reasons for doing so.” Lambert v. Saul, 980 15 F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 2020) (citations omitted). 16 If an ALJ finds that a claimant’s testimony relating to the intensity of his pain and other 17 limitations is unreliable, the ALJ must make a credibility determination citing the reasons why 18 the testimony is unpersuasive. The ALJ must specifically identify what testimony is credible and 19 what testimony undermines the claimant’s complaints. In this regard, questions of credibility 20 and resolutions of conflicts in the testimony are functions solely of the Secretary. Valentine v. 21 Astrue, 574 F.3d 685, 693 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted); see also Lambert, 980 F.3d at 22 1277. 23 In addition to the medical evidence, factors an ALJ may consider include the location, 24 duration, and frequency of the pain or symptoms; factors that cause or aggravate the symptoms; 25 the type, dosage, effectiveness or side effects of any medication; other measures or treatment 26 used for relief; conflicts between the claimant’s testimony and the claimant’s conduct—such as 27 daily activities, work record, or an unexplained failure to pursue or follow treatment—as well as 1 contradictions in the claimant’s statements and testimony, and other testimony by the claimant 2 that appears less than candid. See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 2014); 3 Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2008); Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 4 1028, 1040 (9th 2007); Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1284. Thus, the ALJ must examine the record as a 5 whole, including objective medical evidence; the claimant’s representations of the intensity, 6 persistence and limiting effects of his symptoms; statements and other information from medical 7 providers and other third parties; and any other relevant evidence included in the individual’s 8 administrative record. SSR 16-3p, at *5. 9 b. Witness testimony 10 The Ninth Circuit has held that “[l]ay testimony as to a claimant’s symptoms is 11 competent evidence that an ALJ must take into account, unless he or she expressly determines to 12 disregard such testimony and gives reasons germane to each witness for doing so.” Tobeler v. 13 Colvin, 749 F.3d 830, 832 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted); see also Molina v. Astrue, 674 14 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012). In giving “germane reasons” for disregarding a lay witness’s 15 testimony, the ALJ “should explain the weight given to opinions from these sources or otherwise 16 ensure that the discussion of the evidence in the determination or decision allows a claimant or 17 subsequent reviewer to follow the adjudicator’s reasoning, when such opinions may have an 18 effect on the outcome of the case.” Wilson v. Berryhill, No. 17-cv-05385-PJH, 2018 WL 19 6421874, at *12 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2018). Germane reasons must also be specific. Bruce v. 20 Astrue, 557 F.3d 1113, 1115 (9th Cir. 2009). 21 2. Discussion 22 a. The ALJ did not err in considering third party witness testimony 23 The ALJ did consider the testimony of Plaintiff’s mother. At the hearing, his mother 24 testified that she has a conservatorship over him because he is unable to make appointments with 25 his doctors on his own. (AR 33, 45.) On December 13, 2017, Mr. and Mr. DeJuarez were 26 appointed as conservators having exclusive authority to give consent for and to require the 27 conservatee to receive medical treatment. (AR 187.) 1 marked limitations in understanding, remembering, or applying information. (AR 30.) In 2 making this finding, he considered that Plaintiff’s mother alleged that he had difficulty 3 remembering generally, following instructions, and completing tasks. (AR 30.) Specifically, at 4 the hearing, his mother testified that she had to remind him every five or ten minutes to do some 5 things, like brushing his teeth, take out the trash, or clean his room. (AR 45.) He does not need 6 reminders to go to the bathroom, get dressed or eat. (AR 46.) 7 However, the ALJ considered that his mother also stated that he could shop and play 8 games. (AR 30.) If she took him to the store, he could correctly buy items off a list up to $20. 9 (AR 46.) If she just told him the items to buy, he would only remember three to five items. (AR 10 47.) On a typical day, when he is home alone, he will use his tablet and play his games. (AR 11 48.) She does not know what types of games he plays, just that he is on the tablet and television. 12 (AR 48.) When his mother is home, she can have him throw out the trash, pick up the 13 containers, water the plants and other things. (AR 48.) The ALJ also found no indication in the 14 record of any issues with Plaintiff’s short- or long-term memory. (AR 30.) 15 In addressing Plaintiff’s ability to concentrate, persist, or maintain pace, the ALJ 16 considered that his mother alleged he has limitations in concentrating generally, focusing 17 generally, following instructions, and completing tasks. (AR 30.) On the other hand, the ALJ 18 considered that Plaintiff’s mother also testified that he was able to watch television, play games, 19 and manage funds. (AR 30, 45, 46, 48.) The ALJ also noted that the record did not establish any 20 significant distractibility, even in testing contexts. (AR 30.) 21 The ALJ considered that Plaintiff has borderline intellectual functioning, but also 22 considered according to his mother, Plaintiff is not entirely dependent. (AR 33.) Plaintiff is able 23 to use the bathroom, change clothes, and eat without reminders. (AR 33, 46.) Plaintiff was able 24 to complete high school, albeit in special education; and his education records indicate that he is 25 currently enrolled in adult classes with a goal of entering the workforce. (AR 33.) At the 26 hearing, his mother testified that Plaintiff graduated with a diploma and did not need assistance 27 or reminders at school. (AR 46.) 1 severity of Plaintiff’s symptoms precluded him from working, the reasons provided to reject that 2 testimony were germane to the witness. The ALJ did not err in considering the testimony of 3 Plaintiff’s mother. 4 b. The ALJ did not err in considering Plaintiff’s testimony 5 On November 19, 2020, Plaintiff completed an adult function report. (AR 257-64.) He 6 reported that he did not need reminders to take care of personal needs and grooming or to take 7 his medication. (AR 259.) He prepares his meals consisting of sandwiches and burritos. (AR 8 259.) His chores include cleaning and laundry. (AR 259.) He does not need encouragement to 9 do those things. (AR 259.) When he goes out, he walks, and he is able to go out alone. (AR 10 260.) He does not drive. (AR 260.) He shops in stores but is not able to pay bills. (AR 260.) 11 His hobby is sports. (AR 261.) He talks with other people on the phone and regularly attends 12 sporting events. (AR 261.) He does not need to be reminded to go places and does not need 13 someone to accompany him. (AR 261.) He has no problems getting along with family, friends, 14 neighbors, or others. (AR 262.) His conditions affect his hearing, and he has loss of hearing in 15 his left ear. (AR 262.) He does not finish what he starts. (AR 262.) 16 On March 26, 2020, Plaintiff’s sister completed an adult function report for Plaintiff. 17 (AR 237-44.) Plaintiff lives in a house with his family. (AR 237.) When he gets up in the 18 morning, he watches television or plays games. (AR 238.) He waits until his mom tells him to 19 brush his teeth and go eat breakfast and then he will go back to his room to watch television or 20 play. (AR 238.) Sometimes he does chores if his mom tells him to, such as taking out the trash 21 or watering the plants. (AR 238.) Plaintiff takes care of his own personal care but is still 22 learning how to shave by himself. (AR 238.) He needs reminders to brush his teeth, get a 23 haircut and shave, as well as when to take his medications. (AR 239.) He does not cook because 24 he is afraid of the stove and his coordination is not good so he will drop and break things. (AR 25 239.) Plaintiff takes out the trash, does his own laundry, waters the plants, and makes his bed 26 when he is told to do so. (AR 239.) Plaintiff goes outside daily but does not drive because he is 27 nervous and afraid. (AR 240.) Plaintiff shops in stores and can count change. (AR 240.) He 1 Plaintiff’s hobbies are watching television, playing video games, and watching school sports. 2 (AR 241.) He is very good at playing video games and plays daily. (AR 241.) Plaintiff hangs 3 out with his friends at school. (AR 241.) He does not need reminders to go places, nor does he 4 need to be accompanied. (AR 241.) He has a temper and gets mad very easily. (AR 242.) His 5 conditions affect his ability to talk, hear, complete tasks, concentrate, understand, and follow 6 instructions. (AR 242.) He is unable to pronounce certain words and his speech is limited. (AR 7 242.) He uses a hearing aid because he cannot hear well. (AR 242.) He gets distracted very 8 easily and does not understand complex instructions. (AR 242.) He can pay attention for 10 to 9 15 minutes. (AR 242.) Plaintiff cannot follow written instructions but can follow spoken 10 instructions if they are simple and short. (AR 242.) He gets along very well with authority 11 figures. (AR 243.) He needs to use a hearing aid all day every day. (AR 243.) 12 In considering his ability to adapt or manage himself, the ALJ considered Plaintiff’s 13 testimony that he had difficulty handling change and managing his mood. (AR 30.) However, 14 Plaintiff also said that he is able to handle self-care and personal hygiene although needing some 15 reminders. (AR 30, 238, 239.) The ALJ also noted that the objective evidence in the record 16 showed Plaintiff to have appropriate hygiene and grooming during treatment visits. (AR 30-31.) 17 Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ failed to credit the severity of his testimony regarding his 18 symptoms because he did not acknowledge the manner in which Plaintiff was able to accomplish 19 the tasks noted. (Mot. 11.) Plaintiff cites an office visit with Dr. Javali on November 30, 2020, 20 in which it is noted that Plaintiff was still in his last year of high school. (AR 503.) However, as 21 the ALJ noted, Plaintiff entered the adult transition program in the 2018/2019 school year, 22 attending four classes per day, and in 2020 he was training on work skills. (AR 33, 560, 561, 23 603-04.) An assessment on October 14, 2020, notes:

24 [He has] academic weaknesses in the areas of math, reading, and writing. In each area of academic assessment, he earned scores in the Low to Very Low range of 25 functioning. His previous and current grades reflect the ability to meet academic goal requirements in the Adult Transition Program. His teacher from the 26 2019/2020 school year reported that he displayed appropriate social skills when engaging with peers. He was noted to be a responsible student that completed 27 work independently. 1 Plaintiff also points to the assessment for this visit, which states he has mild mental 2 retardation with limited understanding, probably at elementary to middle school level. (AR 505.) 3 The suggestion that Plaintiff was probably at elementary to middle school level is insufficient to 4 rise to the level of a medical finding that would require this action to be remanded. Additionally, 5 the ALJ found the opinion of Dr. Swanson, a consultative examiner persuasive as it was generally 6 consistent with the record evidence and testimony. (AR 34.) Dr. Swanson conducted a 7 consultative examination on September 18, 2020. (AR 482-86.) He opined that Plaintiff was 8 able to maintain concentration and relate appropriately to others in a job setting; would be able to 9 handle funds in his own best interests; can understand, carry out, and remember simple 10 instructions; is able to respond appropriately to usual work situations, such as attendance, safety, 11 and the like; and changes in routine would not be excessively problematic for him. (AR 485.) Dr. 12 Swanson also found there did not appear to be substantial restrictions in daily functioning, nor 13 were difficulties in maintaining social relationships present. (AR 485.) 14 The determination that a claimant’s complaints are inconsistent with clinical evaluations 15 can satisfy the requirement of stating a clear and convincing reason for discrediting the 16 claimant’s testimony. Regennitter v. Commissioner of Social Sec. Admin., 166 F.3d 1294, 1297 17 9th Cir. 1999). The ALJ properly considered this evidence in weighing Plaintiff’s credibility. 18 “While subjective pain testimony cannot be rejected on the sole ground that it is not fully 19 corroborated by objective medical evidence, the medical evidence is still a relevant factor in 20 determining the severity of the claimant’s pain and its disabling effects.” Rollins v. Massanari, 21 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(2)). 22 The ALJ also considered Plaintiff’s mother’s allegations of the need for reminders at 23 home to attend to chores and personal hygiene and his symptom testimony regarding his 24 distractibility. (AR 30.) But the ALJ also noted that Plaintiff was able to watch television, play 25 video games and manage funds. (AR 30.) “Inconsistencies between a claimant’s testimony and 26 the claimant’s reported activities provide a valid reason for an adverse credibility determination.” 27 Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d 1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2014). 1 developmental limitations in the RFC and did not err by misrepresenting the severity of Plaintiff’s 2 disability. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on this ground shall be denied.

3 B. Whether the ALJ Erred by Not Explaining a Discrepancy in the Opinion Evidence and the RFC 4 5 Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred because he failed to explain a discrepancy 6 between the RFC and the audiologist opining that Plaintiff would have difficulty understanding 7 conversational speech in noise, when the speaker was at a distance, and when he is unable to see 8 the speakers face. (Mot. 6-7.) Plaintiff contends that the ALJ found the opinion persuasive but 9 vague and did not explain why he did not include a limitation in how Plaintiff was able to receive 10 instructions. (Mot. 7.) Plaintiff argues that the failure to include additional limitations of written 11 instructions or instructions in a quiet environment was error. (Mot. 8.) Plaintiff contends that 12 the failure to explain why this limitation was not included was erroneous and harmful as the VE 13 was not provided with the limitation in the hypothetical. (Mot. 7-8.) 14 Defendant counters that the ALJ exercised his role to interpret the vocational significance 15 of the opinion and accommodated the opinion by limiting Plaintiff to simple, routine work with 16 no more than moderate noise. (Def. Opp. To Pl.’s Opening Brief (“Opp.”) 8, ECF No. 18.) 17 Defendant argues that an opinion that verbal instructions must be face to face is specious because 18 any common sense understanding of the workplace leads to the conclusion that verbal 19 instructions are generally given face to face and not at a great distance. (Opp. 8.) Additionally, 20 Defendant asserts that any error would be harmless as the occupations identified by the ALJ did 21 not require significant interaction with people. (Opp. 8.) 22 1. Weighing Medical Opinions and Prior Administrative Medical Findings 23 Where, as here, a claim is filed after March 27, 2017, the revised Social Security 24 Administration regulations apply to the ALJ’s consideration of the medical evidence. See 25 Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence (Revisions), 82 Fed. Reg. 26 5844-01, 2017 WL 168819, at *5844 (Jan. 18, 2017); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c. Under the updated 27 regulations, the agency “will not defer or give any specific evidentiary weight, including 1 including those from [the claimant’s own] medical sources.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a); 2 416.920c(a). Thus, the new regulations require an ALJ to apply the same factors to all medical 3 sources when considering medical opinions, and no longer mandate particularized procedures 4 that the ALJ must follow in considering opinions from treating sources. See 20 C.F.R. § 5 404.1520c(b) (the ALJ “is not required to articulate how [he] considered each medical opinion or 6 prior administrative medical finding from one medical source individually.”); Trevizo v. 7 Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017). As recently acknowledged by the Ninth Circuit, 8 this means the 2017 revised Social Security regulations abrogate prior precedents requiring an 9 ALJ to provide “clear and convincing reasons” to reject the opinion of a treating physician where 10 uncontradicted by other evidence, or otherwise to provide “specific and legitimate reasons 11 supported by substantial evidence in the record,” where contradictory evidence is present. 12 Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 788–92 (9th Cir. 2022). 13 Instead, “[w]hen a medical source provides one or more medical opinions or prior 14 administrative medical findings, [the ALJ] will consider those medical opinions or prior 15 administrative medical findings from that medical source together using” the following factors: 16 (1) supportability; (2) consistency; (3) relationship with the claimant; (4) specialization; [and] (5) 17 other factors that “tend to support or contradict a medical opinion or prior administrative medical 18 finding.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), (c)(1)–(5). The most important factors to be applied in 19 evaluating the persuasiveness of medical opinions and prior administrative medical findings are 20 supportability and consistency. Woods, 32 F.4th at 791 (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), 21 (b)(2)). Regarding the supportability factor, the regulation provides that the “more relevant the 22 objective medical evidence and supporting explanations presented by a medical source are to 23 support his or her medical opinion(s), the more persuasive the medical opinions … will be.” 20 24 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1). Regarding the consistency factor, the “more consistent a medical 25 opinion(s) is with the evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical sources in the claim, 26 the more persuasive the medical opinion(s) … will be.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(2). 27 Accordingly, the ALJ must explain in his decision how persuasive he finds a medical 1 404.1520c(b)(2). The ALJ “may, but [is] not required to, explain how [she] considered the 2 [other remaining factors],” except when deciding among differing yet equally persuasive 3 opinions or findings on the same issue. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b)(2)–(3). Further, the ALJ is 4 “not required to articulate how he considered evidence from nonmedical sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 5 404.1520c(d). Nonetheless, even under the new regulatory framework, the Court still must 6 determine whether the ALJ adequately explained how he considered the supportability and 7 consistency factors relative to medical opinions and whether the reasons were free from legal 8 error and supported by substantial evidence. See Martinez V. v. Saul, No. CV 20-5675-KS, 9 2021 WL 1947238, at *3 (C.D. Cal. May 14, 2021). 10 2. Discussion 11 In addressing Plaintiff’s hearing loss, the ALJ considered the opinions of the state agency 12 consultants who found that Plaintiff should avoid concentrated exposure to noise and hazards. 13 (AR 34, 62, 79.) The ALJ found the opinions persuasive because they were generally consistent 14 with the medical record which notes ongoing reduced hearing function despite prescribed 15 hearing aids. (AR 34, 367, 368, 375, 380-81, 437, 446-55, 470-71, 473-74, 599-600, 660.) The 16 ALJ also considered the records of Plaintiff’s treating providers.

17 The undersigned also notes the treatment provider statements with regard to the claimant’s hearing ability (See, e.g., Exh. 2F/10 (the claimant “would experience 18 difficulty understanding conversational speech in noise, when a speaker is at a distance, and when he is unable to see a speaker’s face for visual cues”): the 19 undersigned finds these opinions generally persuasive, as they are based on in- person assessment and testing of the claimant, and generally consistent with those 20 findings, but are somewhat vague with respect to the claimant’s hearing in a work context. 21 22 (AR 35.) 23 “A finding that a physician’s opinion is too vague to be useful in making a disability 24 determination can serve as a specific and legitimate reason for discounting that opinion.” Dena 25 P. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:19-CV-5929-DWC, 2020 WL 1934129, at *2 (W.D. Wash. 26 Apr. 22, 2020) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(3)) (The better an explanation a source provides 27 for a medical opinion, the more weight the Social Security Administration will give that medical 1 the plaintiff would have “decreased concentration skills” was too vague to be useful in the 2 disability determination)); see also Judy C. v. Kijazaki, No. 5:23-CV-00382-MAA, 2023 WL 3 8809873, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) (physician opinion that uses vague terms that are not 4 vocationally relevant may be discounted). 5 Here, the ALJ erred by finding that the opinion that Plaintiff would experience difficulty 6 in understanding conversational speech in noise, when a speaker is at a distance, and he is unable 7 to see the speaker’s face was vague in a work context. While “at a distance” is vague, the 8 opinion clearly addresses the limitations due to Plaintiff’s hearing loss and that he needs to see 9 the speaker’s face to receive visual clues to aid in understanding. The addition of a limitation 10 addressing Plaintiff’s ability to understand speech in noise would be vocationally relevant. 11 The party seeking to have a judgment set aside due to error has the burden of showing 12 the error was harmful. Howland v. Saul, 804 F. App’x 467, 469 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Molina, 13 674 F.3d at 1111); Shinseki, 556 U.S. at 409. Here, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s error was 14 harmful because it did not include the additional limitation of written instructions or instructions 15 provided in a quiet environment. (Mot. 8.) However, the opinion of Plaintiff’s audiologist did 16 not state that written instructions were necessary, and as the record demonstrates, Plaintiff asserts 17 that he is unable to follow written instructions and the ALJ limited him to simple instructions, 18 such as a grocery list. (AR 32, 242.) His school records show that written expression and 19 reading comprehension are areas of weakness for him. (AR 550.) Further, there is no opinion in 20 the record that suggests that Plaintiff requires written instructions as a work limitation. 21 Additionally, Plaintiff argues that the error is harmful because the RFC should include a 22 limitation that instructions be provided in a quiet environment. (Mot. 8.) However, there is no 23 opinion evidence, including the audiologist note at issue, which recommends such a limitation. 24 The ALJ found the opinions of Dr. Arnold and Dr. Vu persuasive. (AR 34.) Specifically, the 25 note indicates that he can understand in noise but may need additional support. Both the agency 26 consultants found that Plaintiff should avoid concentrated exposure to noise due to hearing loss 27 precautions. (AR 34, 62, 79.) The ALJ accommodated Plaintiff’s hearing loss by incorporating 1 or to moving mechanical parts, and can be exposed to no more than a moderate noise level as 2 that term is defined in the Selected Characteristics of Occupations (“SCO”) within the Dictionary 3 of Occupational Titles (“DOT”).5 (AR 32.) Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden to show that 4 the error in finding the limitations opined by his audiologist vague was harmful. The motion for 5 summary judgment is denied on this ground.

6 C. Whether the ALJ Erred by Including Jobs that Conflict with the Limitations in the RFC 7 8 Finally, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred because the jobs identified at step five 9 conflict with the limitations in the RFC and the ALJ was not questioned about the inconsistency. 10 (Mot. 8.) Plaintiff argues that job of laundry laborer is identified as reasoning level 2 which is 11 defined as applying “commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral 12 instructions.” (Mot. 9 (emphasis in original).) Further, Plaintiff contends this job includes duties such 13 as “lubricates machines, using grease gun and oil can” which conflict with the RFC. (Mot. 9.) 14 Plaintiff also asserts that the position of sorter is identified as reasoning level 2 which conflicts with 15 the limitation to simple instructions and the job duties describe placing sorted articles onto a conveyor 16 belt which would constitute a moving mechanical part. (Mot. 9.) Plaintiff contends that the position 17 of final assembler is only identified as having 13,000 jobs in the national economy and as such cannot 18 qualify as existing in significant numbers. (Mot. 9.) Plaintiff argues that the failure to clarify the 19 inconsistencies between the jobs identified and his RFC are harmful error as the only job remaining 20 does not exist in significant numbers in the national economy. (Mot. 9-10.) 21 Defendant counters that there is no apparent conflict between level 2 reasoning and the ability 22 to perform simple work. (Opp. 14.) Defendant points to Zavalin v. Colvin, 778 F.3d 842, 847 (9th 23 Cir. 2015), in which the Count found an apparent conflict between level 3 reasoning and the limitation 24 to simple tasks. (Opp. 14.) Defendant also notes Rounds v. Comm’r, 807 F.3d 996, 1003 (9th Cir. 25 2015), which found that the limitation to simple one to two step tasks was more restrictive than a

26 5 Additionally, the Court does find merit in Defendant’s argument that it is common sense that in the work environment instructions are generally given face to face. Even in the context of a group instruction, it would be 27 normal for the individual to ensure that everyone was paying attention prior to providing instructions. As such, the failure to include a limitation that Plaintiff be able to see an individual’s face when receiving instructions would be 1 limitation to simple, routine or repetitive tasks. (Opp. 14.) Defendant asserts that neither Zavalin or 2 Rounds apply to this matter and since Plaintiff was not limited to one to two step tasks and the jobs 3 identified do not require Level 3 reasoning, no conflict exists. (Opp. 14.) 4 Defendant concedes that there is an apparent conflict between the occupation of sorter and the 5 preclusion from working on an assembly line or conveyor belt. (Opp. 14.) Defendant does argue that 6 there is no apparent conflict between a preclusion on moving mechanical parts and the laundry worker 7 occupation. (Opp. 14.) Defendant asserts that the DOT directly contradicts Plaintiff’s argument 8 because it states that the job does not have any exposure to moving mechanical parts. (Opp. 15.) 9 Defendant also asserts that hazards only encompass unusually dangerous environmental conditions. 10 (Opp. 15.) Further, Defendant argues that case law forecloses the argument because the Ninth Circuit 11 has affirmed “that there was no obvious or apparent conflict between the VE’s testimony and the 12 DOT” description of the laundry worker job versus a preclusion against exposure to “hazards, such as 13 unprotected heights or moving machinery.” (Opp. 15 (quoting Maxwell v. Saul, 840 Fed. Appx. 896, 14 898 (9th Cir. 2020).) Defendant also asserts that it is clear that moving mechanical parts are not an 15 essential, integral or expected part of the laundry worker occupation. (Opp. 16.) Defendant states that 16 court should reject Plaintiff’s argument that radically departs from common sense understanding, the 17 authority cited, and the VE’s testimony. (Opp. 15.) 18 Finally, Defendant argues that although Plaintiff is correct that the ALJ cannot rely on the 19 sorter occupation, the error is harmless because there remain 24,000 jobs in the other two occupations. 20 (Opp. 16.) Defendant cites authority finding 24,000 jobs in the national economy to be significant. 21 (Opp. 17.) 22 1. Legal Standard 23 As previously noted, at step five, the Commissioner must “identify specific jobs existing 24 in substantial numbers in the national economy that [a] claimant can perform despite [his] 25 identified limitations.” Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 845 (citation and internal quotations omitted). That 26 is, the ALJ must consider potential occupations the claimant may be able to perform, based on 27 the claimant’s RFC, age, education and work experience, and the information provided by the 1 “The DOT lists maximum requirements of occupations as generally performed, not the 2 range of requirements of a particular job as it is performed in specific settings.” SSR 00-4p, 3 available at 2000 WL 1898704 (Dec. 4, 2000). “The term ‘occupation,’ as used in the DOT, 4 refers to the collective description of those jobs. Each occupation represents numerous jobs.” 5 Id.; see also Johnson v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1435 (9th 1995) (noting the DOT is not 6 comprehensive, that “[i]ntroduction of evidence of the characteristics of specific jobs available in 7 the local area through the testimony of a vocational expert is appropriate, even though the job 8 traits may vary from the way the job title is classified in the DOT,” and holding “[T]he ALJ was 9 within his rights to rely solely on the vocational expert’s testimony.”) (citations omitted). 10 Information about a particular job’s requirements may be available from a VE’s experience in 11 job placement or career counseling. SSR 00-4p. Thus, a VE may be able to provide more 12 specific information about jobs or occupations than the DOT. Id.; see also Lounsburry, 468 F.3d 13 at 1114. Accordingly, the ALJ may rely on VE testimony regarding “(1) what jobs the claimant, 14 given his or her [RFC], would be able to do; and (2) the availability of such jobs in the national 15 economy.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1101 (9th Cir. 1999); Lockwood v. Comm’r of Soc. 16 Sec., 616 F.3d 1068, 1071 (9th Cir. 2010) (the ALJ can meet the agency’s burden of proving that 17 other work exists in significant numbers by the testimony of a VE). 18 Nonetheless, hypothetical questions posed to the VE must set out all the limitations and 19 restrictions of the particular claimant, as supported by the medical record. Embrey v. Bowen, 20 849 F.2d 418, 422 (9th Cir. 1988). Where the testimony of a VE is used, the VE must identify a 21 specific job or jobs in the national economy having requirements that the claimant’s physical and 22 mental abilities and vocational qualifications would satisfy. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1566(b); see 23 Burkhart v. Bowen, 856 F.2d 1335, 1340 n. 3 (9th Cir. 1988). 24 SSR 00-4p provides that where there is an apparent unresolved conflict between VE 25 evidence and the DOT, the ALJ is required to reconcile the inconsistency; that is, the ALJ must 26 elicit a reasonable explanation for the conflict before relying on the VE to support a 27 determination or decision about whether the claimant is disabled. SSR 00-4p, at *2; see also 1 DOT, the record must contain “persuasive evidence to support the deviation.”). “An example of 2 a conflict between the DOT and a VE’s testimony is when the DOT’s description of a job 3 includes activities a claimant is precluded from doing, and the VE nonetheless testifies that the 4 claimant would be able to perform that job.” Martinez v. Colvin, No. 1:14-cv-1070-SMS, 2015 5 WL 5231973, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2015) (citations omitted); see also Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 6 846 (providing example of apparent conflict as “expert testimony that a claimant can perform an 7 occupation involving DOT requirements that appear more than the claimant can handle”). The 8 ALJ must inquire, on the record at the disability hearing, as to whether or not there is such 9 consistency. SSR 00-4p, at *2; Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1153–54 (9th Cir. 2007). 10 Further, the Social Security Administration (“SSA”) notes neither the DOT nor the VE’s 11 evidence “automatically ‘trumps’ when there is a conflict”; rather, the ALJ must resolve the 12 conflict by determining if the explanation given by the VE is reasonable and provides a basis for 13 relying on the VE’s testimony rather than the DOT information. SSR 00-4p, at *2. 14 Where the ALJ fails to resolve an apparent inconsistency, the court is left with “a gap in 15 the record that precludes [it] from determining whether the ALJ’s decision is supported by 16 substantial evidence.” Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 846; Massachi, 486 F.3d at 1154 (“we cannot 17 determine whether the ALJ properly relied on [the VE’s] testimony” due to unresolved 18 occupational evidence). Nevertheless, a failure to ask the VE whether his testimony conflicts 19 with the DOT may amount to harmless error if there is no conflict, or if the VE provides 20 “sufficient support for [his] conclusion so as to justify any potential conflicts.” Massachi, 486 21 F.3d at 1154, n.19; see also Hann v. Colvin, No. 12-cv-06234, 2014 WL 1382063, at *15 (N.D. 22 Cal. Mar. 28, 2014). 23 2. Discussion 24 The Ninth Circuit has advised that, “it’s important to keep in mind that the [DOT] refers 25 to ‘occupations,’ not to specific jobs. ‘Occupation’ is a broad term that includes ‘the collective 26 description’ of ‘numerous jobs’ and lists ‘maximum requirements’ of the jobs as ‘generally 27 performed.’ ” Gutierrez v. Colvin, 844 F.3d 804, 807 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting SSR 00-4P, 2000 1 an expert’s job suitability recommendation and the [DOT’s] listing of “maximum requirements” 2 for an occupation will be apparent or obvious.” Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 807-08.) The ALJ is only 3 required to follow up on those conflicts that are apparent or obvious. Id. at 808. Tasks that are 4 essential, integral, or expected parts of a job are the most likely to qualify as apparent conflicts 5 and where the job itself is a familiar one less scrutiny by the ALJ is required. Id. 6 At the hearing, the VE was presented with a hypothetical of an individual with the same 7 age and education as Plaintiff and having the same limitations as described above. (AR 49.) The 8 VE opined that this individual could work as a Laundry Laborer (DOT 361.685-018) – medium 9 exertion, 11,000; Sorter (DOT 361.687-014) – light exertion, 23,000; and Final Assembler (DOT 10 713.687-018) – sedentary exertion, 13,000. (AR 50.) Relying on this testimony, the ALJ found 11 that there are jobs that exist in the national economy in significant numbers that Plaintiff can 12 perform. (AR 35-36.) 13 Defendant concedes that Plaintiff is unable to perform the position of sorter. (Opp. 16.) 14 Plaintiff does not challenge the finding that he can perform the job of final assembler but argues 15 that the job of laundry laborer conflicts with the limitations in his RFC and therefore only 13,000 16 jobs remain which is not a significant number of jobs in the national economy. Defendant 17 counters that there is no conflict with the job of laundry sorter, leaving 24,000 jobs available 18 which has been found to be a significant number of jobs in the national economy by other courts. 19 a. No apparent conflict exists between the RFC and the job of laundry laborer 20 Plaintiff contends the job of laundry laborer conflicts with his RFC because it requires 21 Level 2 reasoning which is contrary to his limitation to simple work, and it includes job duties 22 such as lubricating machines and using a grease gun and oil can which conflict with his 23 preclusion from moving mechanical parts. (Mot. 9.) Defendant counters there is no apparent 24 conflict between level 2 reasoning and the ability to perform simple work. (Opp. 14.) Further, 25 defendant argues the DOT directly contradicts Plaintiff’s argument as it states that the job does 26 not have any exposure to moving parts. (Opp. 15.) Additionally, Defendant points out that the 27 Ninth Circuit has found there to be no obvious conflict between the VE’s testimony and the DOT 1 The DOT description for Laundry worker II states:

2 Tends laundering machines to clean articles, such as rags, wiping cloths, filter cloths, bags, sacks, and work clothes: Loads articles into washer and adds 3 specified amount of detergent, soap, or other cleaning agent. Turns valve to fill washer with water. Starts machine that automatically washes and rinses articles. 4 Lifts clean, wet articles from washer and places them successively into wringers and driers for measured time cycles. Sorts dried articles according to 5 identification numbers or type. Folds and places item in appropriate storage bin. Lubricates machines, using grease gun and oil can. May dissolve soap granules in 6 hot water and steam to make liquid soap. May mend torn articles, using needle and thread. May sort and count articles to verify quantities on laundry lists. May 7 soak contaminated articles in neutralizer solution in vat to precondition articles for washing. May mix dyes and bleaches according to formula, and dye and 8 bleach specified articles. May be designated according to article cleaned as Bag Washer (any industry); Cloth Washer (any industry); Color-Straining-Bag Washer 9 (textile); Oil-Rag Washer (any industry); Wiping-Rag Washer (tex. prod., nec). 10 DOT 361.685-018, Laundry Worker II, available at 1991 WL 672987. As relevant here, the 11 DOT further notes that the job requires:

12 Reasoning: Level 2 - Apply commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions. Deal with problems involving a few 13 concrete variables in or from standardized situations.

14 …

15 Moving Mech. Parts: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 16 Id. 17 i. There is no conflict with Level 2 reasoning 18 First, the Court considers Plaintiff’s argument that there is a conflict between the 19 requirement of Level 2 reasoning and the RFC finding that Plaintiff can understand, remember 20 and carry out simple instructions and make simple work-related decisions. The reasoning levels 21 in the DOT range from Level 1(low) to Level 6 (high). Levels 1 and 2 are defined as follows:

22 LEVEL 1 Apply commonsense understanding to carry out simple one- or two-step 23 instructions. Deal with standardized situations with occasional or no variables in or from these situations encountered on the job. 24 LEVEL 2 25 Apply commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions. Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or 26 from standardized situations. 27 DOT. App. C, Reasoning Development, available at 1991 WL 688702 (Jan. 1, 2016). 1 work-related decisions. (AR 32.) Courts in this circuit have consistently found that Level 2 2 reasoning jobs do not conflict with a restriction to simple work. See Lara v. Astrue, 305 F. 3 App’x 324, 326 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Reasoning Level 1 jobs are elementary, exemplified by such 4 tasks as counting cows coming off a truck, and someone able to perform simple, repetitive tasks 5 is capable of doing work requiring more rigor and sophistication—in other words, Reasoning 6 Level 2 jobs.”); Grigsby v. Astrue, No. EDCV 08-1413 AJW, 2010 WL 309013, at *2 (C.D. Cal. 7 Jan. 22, 2010) (The restriction to jobs involving no more than 2 steps is what distinguishes Level 8 1 reasoning from Level 2 reasoning.); Abrew v. Astrue, 303 F. App’x 567, 569 (9th Cir. 2008) 9 (finding no conflict between a limitation to only simple tasks and the VE testimony that claimant 10 could perform jobs that require Level 2 reasoning.); Coleman v. Astrue, No. CV 10-5641 JC, 11 2011 WL 781930, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 28, 2011) (“the weight of prevailing authority precludes 12 a finding of any inconsistency between a reasoning level of two and a mere limitation to simple, 13 repetitive tasks or unskilled work”); Xiong v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:09-CV-00398-SMS, 14 2010 WL 2902508, at *6 (E.D. Cal. July 22, 2010) (“Courts within the Ninth Circuit have 15 consistently held that a limitation requiring simple or routine instructions encompasses the 16 reasoning levels of one and two.”); see also Rounds, 807 F.3d at 1004 (Level 2 reasoning 17 requires “detailed” instructions which are tasks with more than one or two steps.). 18 Accordingly, the Court finds no apparent conflict between Plaintiff’s ability to 19 understand, remember and carry out simple instructions and make simple work-related decisions 20 as found in his RFC and jobs requiring Level 2 reasoning. 21 ii. There is no conflict with the restriction from moving mechanical parts 22 Although Plaintiff contends that having to lubricate machines and the use of an oil can and 23 grease gun conflict with the restriction from moving mechanical parts, the job description itself 24 states that exposure to moving mechanical parts does not exist. DOT 361.685-018, Laundry 25 Worker II, available at 1991 WL 672987. Here, the ALJ included in the RFC that Plaintiff may 26 never be exposed to moving mechanical parts. (AR 32.) As the DOT specifies that there is no 27 exposure to moving mechanical parts, there is no apparent conflict. Accordingly, the Court finds 1 “experience in job placement” to account for “a particular job’s requirements,” and correctly did 2 so here. Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 809 (quoting SSR 00-4P, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2). 3 b. Jobs that exist in significant numbers which Plaintiff can perform 4 Finally, the Court considers Plaintiff argument that without the job of sorter there are not 5 significant jobs that exist in the national economy that he can perform. 6 As stated above, at step five, the burden shifts to the Commissioner, who must show that 7 there are a significant number of jobs in the national economy that the claimant can perform 8 given his RFC, age, education, and work experience. 20 C.F.R. § 416.912(g); Lounsburry, 468 9 F.3d at 1114. In Gutierrez v. Commr of Soc. Sec., 740 F.3d 519 (9th Cir. 2014), the Ninth 10 Circuit considered what constitutes a region for the purposes of the regulations. After finding 11 that the region could include the entire state, court noted that they have never set a bright-line 12 rule for what constitutes a “significant number” of jobs. Gutierrez, 740 F.3d at 528. They then 13 considered whether 25,000 jobs in several regions of the country are significant. Id. at 528-29. 14 The court determined that 25,000 nationally was a close call but affirmed the ALJ’s decision 15 holding that 25,000 jobs nationally is a significant number of jobs. Id. at 529. 16 At the hearing, the VE testified that there are approximately 11,000 laundry sorter jobs 17 and 13,000 jobs for the final assembler nationally. (AR 50.) This would be a total of 24,000 18 jobs nationally. 19 The Ninth Circuit has declined to adopt a “bright line” rule about the sufficiency of job 20 numbers and has found that a comparison to other cases is instructive. Beltran v. Astrue, 700 21 F.3d 386, 389 (9th Cir. 2012). The Circuit’s recent unpublished authority has questioned the 22 sufficiency of numbers that are below 12,500 nationally. Lora M. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 23 2:18-CV-00198-MKD, 2019 WL 2130303, at *5 (E.D. Wash. Apr. 5, 2019), report and 24 recommendation adopted sub nom. Lora A. M. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 2:18-CV-00198- 25 SMJ, 2019 WL 2127306 (E.D. Wash. May 15, 2019) (collecting cases); Little v. Berryhill, 690 26 F. App’x 915, 917 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding 18,500 jobs not significant). However, after 27 Gutierrez, some courts have found a number of jobs nationally lower than 25,000 is sufficient. 1 (24,000 jobs nationally); Ronquillo v. Saul, No. 1:19-CV-1665 JLT, 2021 WL 614637, at *8 2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 17, 2021) (same); Acuna v. Colvin, No. EDCV 14-2404 AGR, 2015 WL 3 7566624, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 24, 2015), judgment entered, No. EDCV 14-2404 AGR, 2015 4 WL 7566947 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 24, 2015) (same); Nelson v. Colvin, No. C12-5540 RJB, 2014 WL 5 372496, at *4 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 3, 2014) (22,000 jobs nationally); Anna F. v. Saul, No. ED CV 6 19-511-SP, 2020 WL 7024924, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2020) (21,000 jobs nationally); 7 Connolly v. Colvin, No. 1:15-CV-718-BAM, 2016 WL 8730722, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 8 2016) (19,000 jobs nationally); c.f., Dorado v. Colvin, No. ED CV 15-00952 AFM, 2016 WL 9 11748617, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2016) (finding a combination of 14,500 jobs nationally was 10 not a significant number); Bihil v. Colvin, No. 15-CV-02036-JCS, 2016 WL 4154852, at *9 11 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2016) (finding 8,600 jobs in the national economy do not constitute a 12 significant number of jobs); Tammy L. F. v. Berryhill, No. 318CV05090RBLTLF, 2019 WL 13 286056, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 3, 2019), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Foster 14 v. Berryhill, No. 3:18-CV-05090 RBL TLF, 2019 WL 280069 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 22, 2019) 15 (collecting cases finding national numbers less than 14,500 insufficient). 16 The Court finds that the 24,000 jobs identified by the ALJ are significant as they are 17 close to the 25,000 which the Ninth Circuit found to be a “significant number” of jobs and far 18 more than the 18,500 which the Ninth has found to be insignificant. Accordingly, any error in 19 finding that Plaintiff can work as a sorter was harmless as a significant number of jobs still exist 20 in the national economy with the deletion of that job from the equation. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 V. 2 CONCLUSION AND ORDER 3 In conclusion, the Court denies Plaintiff's motion for summary judgement and finds no 4| harmful error warranting remand of this action. 5 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff's appeal from the decision of the 6 | Commissioner of Social Security is DENIED. It is FURTHER ORDERED that judgment be 7 | entered in favor of Defendant Commissioner of Social Security and against Plaintiff Rolando 8 | Juarez Gill. The Clerk of the Court is directed to CLOSE this action. 9 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAM Le 11 | Dated: _March 15, 2024 _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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