F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
October 31, 2006 UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
JULIE SPENCER, individually, and as Next Friend of A .H. and W .S., minors; CHRISTOPHER SPENCER, individually, and as Next Friend of A.H. and W .S., minors, No. 05-5157 Plaintiffs - Appellants, (D.C. No. 02-CV -771-JOE) v. (N.D. Okla.)
W AL-M ART STORES, IN C., a Delaware corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.
OR DER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before L UC ER O, EBEL, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff Julie Spencer was struck by a vehicle while walking through an
Oklahoma W al-M art parking lot. Following the incident, she and her husband,
Chris Spencer, individually and as next friends for their minor children, brought a
negligence claim against W al-M art. They argue W al-M art breached its duty to
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. protect M s. Spencer from the criminal act of a third party occurring on its
property. Concluding W al-M art owed no duty to Spencers under Oklahoma law
because, on its fact-finding, W al-M art did not “know or have reason to know that
a criminal act was occurring or about to occur,” the district court granted
summary judgment in favor of W al-M art. W e AFFIRM .
I
On October 3, 2001, M s. Spencer and her husband went shopping at W al-
M art Store No. 992, located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. M s. Spencer and M r. Spencer
separated, with M s. Spencer agreeing to meet her husband at their car after she
finished browsing the garden department. W hen M s. Spencer exited the store and
approached her vehicle, a black, late-model sports car rapidly accelerated towards
her from the rear, sw erved into her path, and struck her w ith sufficient force to
hurl her into the air. The assailant then sped out of the parking lot. Although no
W al-M art employee witnessed the incident, its security cameras recorded the
attack. 1 Police have been unable to identify a suspect based on the surveillance
footage.
On October 4, 2002, Spencers filed a diversity action against W al-M art in
1 At the time of the incident, Store N o. 992 employed an eight-camera surveillance system which covered both the parking lot and rear of the premises. Each camera recorded a set area of the property, and footage was transmitted to a recording device inside the store. No employee was assigned to watch the security footage.
-2- federal court alleging state claims for negligence, gross negligence, willful
disregard of duty, loss of consortium, and loss of parental consortium. W al-M art
moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted its motion. Spencers
now appeal that order.
II
Spencers’ Reply Brief was filed three days late, and W al-M art has moved
to strike the brief as untimely. Conceding that the filing was untimely under
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 31(a), Spencers ask us to excuse the delay
because it was short-lived, W al-M art has not shown prejudice, and Spencers did
not act in bad faith. W e agree. W hether to excuse a late filing is within our
discretion. See Burnham v. Humphrey Hospitality REIT Trust, Inc., 403 F.3d
709, 712 (10th Cir. 2005). Absent an allegation by the opposing party that it
suffered prejudice because of the delay, we generally allow such filings. See,
e.g., id. (holding that party could file brief approximately two months late).
Given the short delay and absence of prejudice, W al-M art’s motion to strike the
reply brief is denied. W e do, however, expect Spencers to comply with future
deadlines.
III
Spencers contend that the district court abused its discretion in granting
summary judgment to W al-M art before ruling on their pending motion for leave
to file an amended complaint. During a hearing on the summary judgment
-3- motion, the district court informed the parties it would defer ruling on Spencers’
motion to amend until after deciding W al-M art’s summary judgment motion.
Following the hearing, however, the district court granted summary judgment in
favor of W al-M art without ruling on Spencers’ request for amendment. Both
parties consider this a denial of Spencers’ motion, as do we.
W e review a district court’s denial of a motion to amend for abuse of
discretion. W oolsey v. M arion Labs., Inc., 934 F.2d 1452, 1462 (10th Cir. 1991).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that a party may amend its
complaint “only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party.”
Because W al-M art did not consent, Spencers were required to obtain leave from
the court. “Although such leave shall be freely given w hen justice so requires,
whether to grant such leave is w ithin the discretion of the trial court.” First City
Bank N.A. v. Air Capitol Aircraft Sales, Inc., 820 F.2d 1127, 1132 (10th Cir.
1987) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Leave may properly be denied
by the district court if it finds “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the
part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments
previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance
of the amendment, [or] futility of amendment.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178,
182 (1962). Conversely, “outright refusal to grant [] leave without any justifying
reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse
of that discretion and inconsistent w ith the spirit of the Federal Rules.” Id.
-4- Assuming it was error for the court below not to state “justifying reasons”
for the implicit denial, this error is harmless if the “record contains an apparent
reason [for] justifying the denial of a motion to amend” regardless of what the
district court relied upon. Lambertsen v. Utah Dept. of Corr., 79 F.3d 1024, 1029
(10th Cir. 1996). Based on our independent review of the record, we conclude
that Spencers’ delay in filing a request to amend was unwarranted.
W e recognize delay alone should not justify denial of leave to amend.
M inter v. Prime Equip. Co., 451 F.3d 1196, 1205 (10th Cir. 2006). In
determining whether the delay was undue, we consider both the length of the
delay and the reason for its occurrence. Id. at 1205-06. Here, the delay was
substantial. Spencers filed their motion to amend seventeen months after filing
their initial complaint and shortly before trial w as scheduled to begin.
W e fail to see a reason for the delay. Their claim for deceit and their
assumption of duty theory of negligence, 2 both based on W al-M art’s allegedly
fraudulent representation that it was monitoring its video cameras, have been
2 Spencers proceed before us under the assumption that this theory of duty was asserted in the initial complaint, and the language they attempted to add to the complaint was solely for “clarification” purposes. Therefore, they claim on appeal the court erred in failing to address this theory in its summary judgment order. They are incorrect. Spencers first articulated this theory in their response to W al-M art’s motion for summary judgment, a point conceded by Spencers in their brief. Raising a claim in a response to a summary judgment motion does not properly present a claim to the district court for review, and accordingly the district court did not err in ignoring this claim in its order. See M aldonado v. City of A ltus, 433 F.3d 1294, 1314 (10th Cir. 2006).
-5- evident throughout the proceedings. Facts necessary to support these claims were
known or should have been known to the Spencers at the time the original
complaint was filed, and were clearly known to them at the time they filed their
response to W al-M art’s summary judgment motion seven months before filing
their motion to amend. 3
W e do not intend to impose upon plaintiffs a burden to immediately
advance a claim upon notice of facts sufficient to support it. Litigants are
allowed reasonable time to analyze information and make strategic decisions.
Spencers have failed, however, to provide any legitimate justification for the
3 To prove deceit under Oklahoma law, a plaintiff must show: (1) defendant made a materially false representation; (2) defendant knew the representation was false; (3) defendant intended that the plaintiff should act upon that representation; (4) plaintiff relied upon that representation; and (5) plaintiff suffered injury. See Lee v. Bates, 130 P.3d 226, 230 n.17 (Okla. 2005). The original complaint alleged that Wal-M art knew it was not monitoring its cameras, intended for people to rely on this representation, and M s. Spencer w as injured. W al-M art’s intention to seduce customers into the dangerous parking lot, through its allegedly false claims of monitoring, was not mentioned in the complaint. It was, however, clearly stated in Spencers’ response to W al-M art’s summary judgment motion filed seven months before their motion to amend the complaint, along with allegations of M s. Spencers’ reliance on the representation. Spencers ambiguously argue these pieces of the deceit claim puzzle w ere not known until after the magistrate judge lifted a discovery order. They have failed, however, to identify any fact unknown to them until this time. To prove a defendant voluntarily assumed a duty under O klahoma law, a plaintiff must show that the defendant voluntarily undertook a duty to render a service, failed to exercise reasonable care in fulfilling that assumed duty, and caused the plaintiff’s injury. W ark v. United States, 269 F.3d 1185, 1189 (10th Cir. 2001). Because the facts supporting this claim are those used to support the deceit claim, our analysis above applies equally to this theory.
-6- substantial delay. As such, their motion to amend the complaint was undue,
making the district court’s error in failing to address that motion harmless. See
Evans, 936 F.2d at 1091 (“[T]he liberalized pleading rules [do not] permit
plaintiffs to wait until the last minute to ascertain and refine the theories on which
they intend to build their case.”); Fed. Ins. Co. v. Gates Learjet Corp., 823 F.2d
383, 387 (10th Cir. 1987) (holding delay was undue when “the moving party was
aware of the facts on which the amendment was based for some time prior to the
filing of the motion to amend”). 4
IV
Spencers’ final claim is that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to W al-M art on its negligence claim. W e review the district court’s
grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard used by the
district court. Signature Dev. Cos. v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, 230 F.3d 1215,
1218 (10th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is appropriate only when the evidence
demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists, and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law , view ing the evidence and making all
reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c);
New York Life Ins. Co. v. K N Energy, Inc., 80 F.3d 405, 408-09 (10th Cir.
4 Contrary to Spencers’ argument, we are not required to conclude that W al-M art suffered prejudice in order to hold there was undue delay. See First City Bank, N.A., 820 F.2d at 1133 (rejecting party’s argument that district court must find prejudice to deny a motion to amend on the grounds of undue delay).
-7- 1996).
B oth parties agree that O klahoma law governs this dispute. Under that law ,
a party seeking to establish negligence must prove: “(a) a duty owed by the
defendant to the plaintiff to protect the plaintiff from injury, (b) a failure to
properly exercise or perform that duty, and (c) plaintiff’s injuries proximately
caused by the defendant’s failure to exercise his duty of care.” Thompson v.
Presbyterian Hosp., Inc., 652 P.2d 260, 263 (O kla. 1982).
Of course, the threshold inquiry in a negligence action is whether a legal
duty exists. Copeland v. Admiral Pest Control Co., 933 P.2d 937, 939 (Okla. Civ.
App. 1996). An invitor generally does not have a legal duty to protect invitees
from criminal assaults by third parties. Davis v. Allied Supermarkets, Inc., 547
P.2d 963 (Okla. 1976). In Taylor v. Hynson, the O klahoma Supreme Court
carved out a narrow exception to this rule for “unique” or “exceptional”
circumstances where an invitor “knows or has reason to know that the acts of the
third person are occurring, or about to occur.” 856 P.2d 278, 281-82 (Okla. 1993)
(citing Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 344 cmt. f; 302A cmt. e (1965)).
Spencers present tw o theories why W al-M art owed a duty in this case.
They first posit that W al-M art had a duty to protect M s. Spencer from the
criminal act of a third party because it knew prior criminal assaults had occurred
on its parking lot and that implementing certain security measures would reduce
the risk of future criminal assaults. W al-M art argues, and we agree, Oklahoma
-8- law imposes no duty upon it on these facts.
Comment f of the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 provides:
Duty to police premises. Since the possessor is not an insurer of the visitor’s safety, he is ordinarily under no duty to exercise any care until he knows or has reason to know that the acts of the third person are occurring or are about to occur. He may, however, know or have reason to know, from past experience, that there is a likelihood of conduct on the part of third persons in general which is likely to endanger the safety of the visitor, even though he has no reason to expect it on the part of any particular individual. If the place or character of his business, or his past experience, is such that he should reasonably anticipate careless or criminal conduct on the part of third persons, either generally or at some particular time, he may be under a duty to take precautions against it, and to provide a reasonably sufficient number of servants to afford a reasonable protection.
Some courts have imposed liability under comment f when a business owner is
aware of prior criminal incidents and fails to take reasonable precautions to
ensure customers’ safety. See, e.g., Becker v. Colonial Parking, Inc., 409 F.2d
1130, 1133-34 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (applying Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344
and holding that a parking lot operator owed a duty to business invitees);
C unningham v. D istrict of C olumbia Sports & Entertainment Com’n, No. Civ.A .
03-839RW RJM F, 2005 W L 3276306, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 30, 2005) (applying
Restatem ent (Second) of Torts § 344 and holding that concert host owed a duty to
concertgoers to protect them from the intentionally harmful acts of third parties);
Bethea v. Bristol Lodge Corp., No. CIV.A. 01-612, 2002 W L 31859434, at *9-10
(E.D. Pa. Dec. 18, 2002) (noting the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has cited
-9- comm ent f with approval and holding that plaintiff established a dispute of
material fact as to whether adult dancing establishment knew or had reason to
know of a third-party assault based on prior assaults committed at its premises
and the character of its business); Kentucky Fried Chicken of Cal., Inc. v.
Superior Court, 927 P.2d 1260, 1265-66 (Cal. 1997) (noting that the Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 344, including comment f, “continues to be the generally
accepted test of liability of a business owner for injuries on the business premises
caused by third party criminal conduct [in California]”). Spencers, however,
expressly decline to argue that Oklahoma has adopted comment f, or that W al-
M art owed a duty to the Spencers under comment f.
Instead, Spencers contend their case falls within Taylor’s exception which,
they argue, announces the broad proposition that a landowner or business owner
“knows or has reason to know” a criminal act is occurring or about to occur if:
(1) it “knows or has reason to know” criminal acts have occurred on its property
in the past and (2) certain security measures could stop future incidents. This
interpretation would ignore the imminent danger essential to the Taylor exception.
See Taylor, 856 P.2d at 281 (“W hen [a landowner] has knowledge that an invitee
is in imminent danger, the [landowner] must act reasonably to prevent injury.”)
(emphasis added). 5 Oklahoma’s lower courts applying Taylor have consistently
5 Spencers’ misreading of Taylor comes into clear focus on consideration (continued...)
-10- focused on whether the landowner knew or had reason to know the specific
criminal act that caused the plaintiff’s injury was occurring or about to occur. 6
Spencers’ evidence establishes W al-M art should have had a general awareness
that a criminal act would occur in the future, but it does not show W al-M art had
5 (...continued) of the primary case on which Taylor relied, Davis v. Allied Supermarkets. In Davis, the Oklahoma Supreme Court rejected a plaintiffs’ argument that a supermarket should be liable for the acts of a purse snatcher on its property:
In all cases of purse snatching, it could be said that there were not enough guards. If there had been enough guards, the offense would not have occurred. This being true, to sustain the appellant’s position would for all practical purposes put the business owner in the position of an insurer. An insurer against what? Crime.
547 P.2d at 965. 6 See Rogers v. Burger King Corp., 82 P.3d 116, 122-23 (Okla. Civ. App. 2003) (rejecting plaintiff’s claim that Burger K ing owed a duty to protect him from the criminal acts of third parties based upon its remote location and its late hours of operation); Folmar v. M arriott, Inc., 918 P.2d 86, 89 (Okla. Civ. App. 1996) (affirming summary judgment in favor of defendant hotel on plaintiff’s negligence claim stemming from a third-party attack where two prior assaults had been committed on hotel property, because no evidence was presented that the hotel “had reason to know the acts of the assailants, in this case, were occurring or were about to occur, as required by [O klahoma] Supreme Court precedent”); Edington v. A & P Enter., Inc., 900 P.2d 453, 455 (Okla. Civ. App. 1994) (holding that a dispute over whether defendant’s employees knew an assailant was about to commit a crime, based on employees’ testimony that they were aw are that the assailant was suspicious and “were concerned enough to ‘watch the individual and [their] vehicles’” precluded summary judgment on plaintiff’s negligence claim) (alteration in original); M organ v. Southland Assocs., 883 P.2d 205, 206 (Okla. Civ. App. 1994) (holding plaintiff’s factual allegations that mall security personnel were aw are assailants had disturbed other mall patrons before attacking plaintiff, and possibly witnessed the attack, prevented dismissal of negligence claim against mall owner).
-11- knowledge of a specific criminal act that w as about to occur.
Spencers rely heavily on M cClure v. Group Enterprises, 977 P.2d 1148
(Okla. Civ. App. 1999). In M cClure, plaintiff was struck in the head by a flying
beer bottle while dancing at the M idnight Rodeo. She brought suit against the
owner of the club, claiming it owed a duty to enact rules restricting patrons from
bringing beer bottles onto the dance floor, and a jury ruled in her favor. At issue
on appeal was w hether a reasonable jury could find that defendant knew or should
have known the beer bottle would have been thrown at plaintiff.
The court recognized the Taylor exception was limited to cases where a
landowner “knows or has reason to know that the acts are occurring or about to
occur.” It noted, however, that “where the negligent conduct creates a situation
affording an opportunity for a third person to comm it a tort or crime, the tort or
crime is the superseding cause of the crime ‘unless the actor at the time of his
negligent conduct realized or should have realized the likelihood that such a
situation might be created, and that a third person might avail himself of the
opportunity to create a tort or crime.’” Id. (citation omitted). Plaintiff introduced
evidence the club was aware of similar incidents involving throw n bottles,
continued to provide alcohol to patrons that posed an inherent risk of violence,
and enacted policies it failed to follow prohibiting patrons from bringing bottles
onto the dance floor in an effort to curb this violent activity. The court concluded
a reasonable jury could find the defendant “created the danger” and thus should
-12- have known the incident was about to occur. Id. at 1151-52. 7
M cClure is distinguishable. First, unlike the dance club owner in M cClure,
W al-M art did not provide the assailant with the vehicle, nor did it impair the
assailant’s judgment by offering an intoxicating substance. Second, no evidence
is presented that W al-M art was aware of prior intentional hit-and-run assaults
occurring in its parking lot, or that enacting certain security measures w ould
reduce this particular type of crime. See Young v. Bob Howard Automotive, Inc.,
52 P.3d 1045 (Okla. Civ. App. 2002) (rejecting plaintiffs claim under M cClure
that landowner owed a duty based on prior criminal incidents because they failed
to present evidence establishing the particular crime at issue – car thefts – had
previously occurred on the property).
Spencers ask us to hold that, because W al-M art ow ns a business w here
crime has previously been committed, it owed a duty to enact security measures
to prevent future crime. This theory was rejected by the Oklahoma Supreme
Court in Davis and Taylor. See 547 P.2d at 964-65; 856 P.2d at 281. 8
Spencers second theory is more on point with Taylor’s holding. Under this
7 The court also relied heavily on comm ent f of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 344. Spencers are not relying on comment f for purposes of this appeal. 8 The only fact distinguishing this case from Davis and Taylor is that W al- M art conducted studies to determine procedures it could adopt to reduce crime at its stores. W e refuse to hold, perversely, that a landowner who is aware of criminal acts on its property and does nothing is free from liability, but a landowner w ho acts to reduce the risk of crime is not.
-13- theory, Spencers allege Wal-M art should have been aware that the vehicle was
about to strike M s. Spencer based on the following information, captured by W al-
M art’s security camera: (1) A black car entered W al-M art’s parking lot at
approximately one p.m.; (2) During the four minutes prior to the attack, the
vehicle did not pick up or drop off anyone and passed numerous open parking
spaces; (3) The vehicle violated local traffic laws by traveling in the wrong
direction down the traffic aisle providing the clearest path to the exit; (4)
Approximately one minute passed between the time M s. Spencer exited W al-M art
and the time she was hit by the vehicle; and (5) Approximately five seconds
elapsed between the time the car turned into the aisle where M s. Spencer was
walking and the time of collision.
Even assuming W al-M art had actual knowledge of the facts cited, 9 this
9 Drawing all inferences in favor of Spencers, these facts do not establish that W al-M art had actual knowledge of the vehicle’s activities. It is undisputed that no W al-M art employee observed the vehicle, either directly or by watching the security cameras as they recorded the incident. Spencers contend that information recorded by W al-M art’s security devices is imputed to W al-M art, but W al-M art is not obligated under Oklahoma law to implement security measures designed to protect its patrons from third party criminal activity, such as hiring a security guard to w atch the cameras. See Taylor, 856 P.2d at 281. Further, we have not discovered any case holding that a landowner is deemed to know information captured by a recording device. See Rapid Transit Lines, Inc. v. W ichita Developers, Inc., 435 F.2d 850, 852 (10th Cir. 1970) (holding that party’s failure to cite relevant authority suggests that there is no authority to support the party’s position).
-14- claim would fail because no reasonable jury could conclude a landowner should
know a crime is about to occur under these circumstances. To hold W al-M art
liable for the criminal act committed in its parking lot in this case would make it
an insurer for virtually any criminal act that occurred in its parking lot, a theory
of liability the Oklahoma Supreme Court has consistently rejected. Accordingly,
we AFFIRM .
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge
-15-