1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 PAULA SPARKMAN, Case No. 23-cv-02028-DMR
8 Plaintiff, ORDER ON MOTIONS TO DISMISS 9 v. AND TO STRIKE
10 COMERICA BANK, et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 16, 18 11 Defendants.
12 Plaintiff Paula Sparkman filed this putative class action against Defendants Comerica Bank 13 and Conduent Business Services, LLC alleging claims under the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, 14 15 U.S.C. § 1693, and California law related to Defendants’ operation of prepaid debit cards 15 through which a state agency disburses child support payments. Defendants move pursuant to 16 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss the complaint. They also move to strike 17 Sparkman’s demand for a jury trial. [Docket Nos. 16 (Mot. to Dismiss), 18 (Mot. to Strike).] This 18 matter is suitable for determination without oral argument. Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For the following 19 reasons, the motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. The motion to strike is denied. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Sparkman makes the following allegations in the complaint, all of which are taken as true 22 for purposes of the motion to dismiss.1 Sparkman is a single mother who lives with her daughter 23 in California. She receives court-ordered child support from her daughter’s father. In California, 24 child support payments are made through California Child Support Services. Since 2020, that 25 agency has contracted with Defendants to disburse child support payments to recipients through 26 1 When reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court must “accept as true all 27 of the factual allegations contained in the complaint.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) 1 prepaid debit cards known as “Way2Go Card Prepaid Mastercard” (“Way2Go card”). Sparkman 2 has used a prepaid debit card to access child support funds since 2015. Compl. ¶¶ 11-13. 3 Defendants’ Way2Go card informational sheet promises that “Mastercard’s Zero Liability 4 Protection assures you do not lose any funds if your Card is lost or stolen.” Defendants’ Terms of 5 Use for the Way2Go card contain several relevant provisions in the event a card is lost or stolen. 6 The complaint quotes portions of Section 10 of the Terms of Use, entitled “Your Liability.” See 7 Compl. ¶¶ 15-17; 60-61. [Docket No. 16-1 (Solis Decl. June 12, 2023) Ex. A (Comerica Bank 8 Prepaid Mastercard Card Terms of Use) § 10.]2 In relevant part, Section 10 states:
9 If you tell us within two (2) business days, after you learn of the loss or theft of your Card or PIN you can lose no more than $50 if someone 10 used your Card or PIN without your permission. If you do not tell us within two (2) business days after you learn of the loss or theft of your 11 Card of PIN, and we can prove that we could have stopped someone from using your Card or PIN without your permission if you had told 12 us, you could lose as much as $500.
13 You are responsible for all authorized uses of your Card except as set forth below; you will not be responsible for an unauthorized use of 14 your Card. An “unauthorized” use is a withdrawal or transaction that you or someone you authorized did not transact. We may refuse to 15 reimburse you for a transaction you assert is unauthorized if: (1) you give your Card, Card number, and/or PIN to another person whom 16 you expressly or implicitly authorize to use your Card, even if that person withdraws or purchases more than you authorized, or (2) we 17 conclude that the facts do not reasonably support a claim of unauthorized use. . . . 18 Terms of Use § 10; Compl. ¶¶ 14-17. 19 Sparkman’s Way2Go card was stolen out of her car on November 29 or 30, 2022. She 20 called the Way2Go card program on December 1, 2022 and reported the card stolen. 21 “Defendants’ agent told Ms. Sparkman that Defendants could not stop the unauthorized charges 22 from going through and that Ms. Sparkman could not dispute the fraudulent charges until they 23 went through.” Id. at ¶¶ 18, 19. Defendants issued a replacement Way2Go card within 5-7 days 24 25 2 Defendants submitted a copy of the Terms of Use with their motion. The court may consider this 26 document under the incorporation by reference doctrine since the complaint quotes portions of the Terms of Use and alleges Defendants breached particular provisions of the agreement. See Khoja 27 v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018) (incorporation by reference is 1 after she reported her card stolen and told her that she “would receive paperwork to dispute the 2 unauthorized transactions within ten days.” She never received that paperwork. Id. at ¶¶ 20, 21. 3 Sparkman “followed up with Defendants by phone many times, including on December 9, 4 2022, when Defendants directed her to hand write out the list of charges she disputed.” On 5 December 13, 2022, Sparkman emailed to Defendants a handwritten list of 21 disputed charges on 6 her card totaling more than $1,000 made between November 30 and December 1, 2022. Id. at ¶¶ 7 22, 23. The unauthorized charges on Sparkman’s Way2Go card were processed as credit 8 transactions with a signature, without entry of a PIN. She filed a police report reporting the stolen 9 card and fraudulent charges. Id. at ¶¶ 24, 26. 10 Sparkman did not receive “paperwork” from Defendants until after she made repeated 11 phone calls and “was eventually told that Defendants had already denied her claim for 12 reimbursement of the disputed charges.” On January 5, 2023, Defendants mailed Sparkman a 13 packet “that included reprinted copies of letters dated December 1, 2022 and December 14, 2022” 14 that Sparkman had not previously received. The December 1, 2022 letter acknowledged receipt of 15 Sparkman’s complaint of the same date. Other documents confirm that Defendants opened her 16 claim on December 1, 2022. Id. at ¶¶ 27-29. 17 The December 14, 2022 letter from Defendants Go Program Fraud Services Department 18 denied Sparkman’s claim for reimbursement for the unauthorized transactions, stating the 19 following grounds: “(1) ‘we found a conflict in the information provided by you and the 20 information resulting from our research’; and (2) ‘we cannot confirm that fraud occurred.’” It 21 appeared to be a form letter. Id. at ¶¶ 30, 31. Sparkman “continued to follow up with Defendants 22 by phone and email, including by submitting an appeal” of the denial. Defendants have refused to 23 credit the stolen funds to her account. Id. at ¶ 32. 24 Based on these allegations, Sparkman asserts the following claims for relief: 1) violation of 25 the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (“EFTA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1693g; 2) breach of contract; 3) 26 unlawful business practices in violation of the Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), California 27 Business & Professions Code section 17200 et seq.; and 4) unfair business practices in violation of 1 Sparkman seeks to represent a California class of allegedly similarly situated persons, 2 defined as:
3 All persons issued a California Way2Go Card® Prepaid Mastercard® who (1) notified Defendants that one or more charges on their account 4 were unauthorized or disputed; and (2) were denied reimbursement on the grounds that Defendants (i) could not confirm fraud occurred; 5 or (ii) found a conflict in information provided during an investigation, through the date of any class certification order in this 6 action. 7 Compl. ¶ 35. She also seeks to represent an “EFTA subclass”:
8 All persons in the Class who (1) were denied on or after April 27, 2022 through the date of any class certification order in this action 9 and (2) whose denial was with regard to a disputed charge (or charges) totaling more than $50. 10 11 Defendants move to dismiss the complaint and to strike Sparkman’s demand for a jury 12 trial. 13 II. MOTION TO DISMISS 14 A. Legal Standard 15 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged in 16 the complaint. See Parks Sch. of Bus., Inc. v. Symington, 51 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995). 17 When reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court must “accept as true all 18 of the factual allegations contained in the complaint,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) 19 (citation omitted), and may dismiss a claim “only where there is no cognizable legal theory” or 20 there is an absence of “sufficient factual matter to state a facially plausible claim to relief.” 21 Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing 22 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677-78 (2009); Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 23 2001)) (quotation marks omitted). A claim has facial plausibility when a plaintiff “pleads factual 24 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 25 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). In other words, the facts alleged 26 must demonstrate “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of 27 a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007) (citing 1 2001), overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2 2002). 3 B. Discussion 4 1. Choice of Law 5 As an initial matter, Defendants argue that in addition to the EFTA, Michigan law governs 6 the parties’ dispute based on the following provision in the Terms of Use: “These Terms will be 7 governed by and construed in accordance with applicable federal law and the laws of the State of 8 Michigan, without reference to its conflict of law principles.” Terms of Use ¶ 20. Accordingly, 9 they argue, Michigan law governs Sparkman’s breach of contract claims and altogether preclude 10 the UCL claims. Mot. 5-6, 10-11. Sparkman contends that this choice of law provision is not 11 enforceable and asks the court to apply California law. Opp’n 6-8. 12 The court must determine which law applies to the question of enforceability of the choice 13 of law provision. The Ninth Circuit has made conflicting rulings about whether federal or state 14 law applies to the choice of law rule determination. For example, the court has held that in cases 15 where, as here, “[subject matter] jurisdiction is not based on diversity of citizenship . . . federal 16 common law choice-of-law rules apply.” Huynh v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 465 F.3d 992, 997 17 (9th Cir. 2006); accord Schoenberg v. Exportadora de Sal, S.A. de C.V., 930 F.2d 777, 782 (9th 18 Cir. 1991) (“federal common law applies to the choice of law rule determination” in federal 19 question cases). However, it has also held that “[i]n a federal question action where the federal 20 court is exercising supplemental jurisdiction over state claims, the federal court applies the choice- 21 of-law rules of the forum state . . .” Paracor Fin., Inc. v. Gen. Elec. Cap. Corp., 96 F.3d 1151, 22 1164 (9th Cir. 1996). See Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30 F.4th 849, 862 (9th Cir. 23 2022) (Baker, J., concurring) (describing conflict). In this case, the court exercises federal 24 question jurisdiction over Sparkman’s EFTA claim and supplemental jurisdiction over the state 25 law claims. See Compl. ¶¶ 5, 6. The court need not resolve this conflict because the parties agree 26 that the choice of law analysis is the same under federal common law and California law, although 27 they dispute the outcome of that analysis. See Opp’n 6; Reply 2. 1 Laws,” Huynh, 465 F.3d at 997 (citing Schoenberg, 930 F.2d at 782), and “[t]he principles 2 governing analysis of choice-of-law provisions appear in Restatement . . . § 187 (1971), titled 3 ‘Law Of The State Chosen By The Parties’ . . .” Flores v. Am. Seafoods Co., 335 F.3d 904, 916 4 (9th Cir. 2003). Under California law, “[i]n determining the enforceability of arm’s-length 5 contractual choice-of-law provisions, California courts . . . apply the principles set forth in 6 Restatement section 187, which reflect a strong policy favoring enforcement of such provisions.” 7 Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 3 Cal. 4th 459, 464-65 (1992); see Washington Mut. Bank, 8 FA v. Superior Ct., 24 Cal. 4th 906, 914-15, (2001) (holding that “[w]hen the parties have an 9 agreement that another jurisdiction’s law will govern their disputes, the appropriate analysis for 10 the trial court to undertake is set forth in Nedlloyd, which addresses the enforceability of 11 contractual choice-of-law provisions.” (internal citation omitted)). 12 Section 187 of the Restatement states in relevant part:
13 (1) The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights and duties will be applied if the particular issue is 14 one which the parties could have resolved by an explicit provision in their agreement directed to that issue. 15 (2) The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their 16 contractual rights and duties will be applied, even if the particular issue is one which the parties could not have resolved by an explicit 17 provision in their agreement directed to that issue, unless either
18 (a) the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other reasonable basis 19 for the parties’ choice, or
20 (b) application of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a 21 materially greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the rule 22 of § 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties. 23 . . . 24 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187 (1971). 25 Defendants argue that Section 187(1) controls and that the court need not conduct a 26 Section 187(2) inquiry. Mot. 5-6. Specifically, they contend that because the parties “could agree 27 upon which state’s law (and statutory remedies) apply to conduct arising from the [the Terms of 1 Use],” Section 187(1) is satisfied, concluding the analysis. See Reply 4. However, “the 2 comments to the provisions explain that Section 187(1) is really ‘a rule providing for 3 incorporation by reference and is not a rule of choice of law.’” Carmel Financing, LLC v. 4 Schoenmann, 622 F. Supp. 3d 830, 845-46 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (quoting Rest. § 187, cmt. c). The 5 Ninth Circuit has explained that Section 187(1) “applies where the contract provides that a 6 particular matter in the contract is to be governed by the law of the specified forum.” Flores, 335 7 F.3d at 917. In Flores, the question was which law governed the issue of attorneys’ fees in a 8 dispute stemming from a fishing agreement that provided the terms of crew members’ 9 employment. Id. at 916. “[T]he agreement provided that federal maritime law governed the entire 10 contract rather than the particular issue of attorneys’ fees” and “[f]ederal maritime law was not 11 incorporated by reference as to any particular matter in the contract.” Id. at 917. Accordingly, the 12 court concluded that Section 187(1) did not apply and proceeded to analyze the choice of law 13 clause in the contract under Section 187(2). Id. at 917-18 (holding that because “the federal 14 government has a substantial interest in the treatment of seamen and the state of Washington does 15 not have a materially greater interest,” federal maritime law governed the issue of attorneys’ fees). 16 See also Nedlloyd, 3 Cal. 4th at 465 n.3 (concluding that Section 187(1) was not at issue where 17 there was no indication “that the parties incorporated by reference extrinsic material in the form of 18 Hong Kong law in order to fill a gap in their contract”); Willcox v. Lloyds TSB Bank, PLC, No. CV 19 13-00508 ACK-RLP, 2014 WL 12780002, at *8 (D. Haw. June 10, 2014) (holding that “the Court 20 cannot apply § 187(1) of the Restatement because subsection (1) would only apply if the choice of 21 law provision in the facility agreements provided that a particular matter was to be governed by 22 the laws of Hong Kong” and analyzing choice of law provision under Section 187(2)). 23 In this case, the Terms of Use does not incorporate Michigan law by reference as to any 24 particular matter in the agreement. Accordingly, the court must analyze the choice of law 25 provision under Section 187(2). See Flores, 335 F.3d at 917. 26 Section 187(2) states that the court must apply the Michigan choice of law provision unless 27 Michigan “has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other 1 contrary to a fundamental policy of [California] which has a materially greater interest than 2 [Michigan] in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the rule of § 188,3 would 3 be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties.” 4 Here, Defendants offer no argument that Michigan has a “substantial relationship to the 5 parties or the transaction.” Sparkman is a California resident. Her dispute with Defendants arises 6 out of allegedly unauthorized transactions on her Way2Go card through which she receives child 7 support payments made through a California agency, California Child Support Services. The 8 complaint alleges that Defendants are citizens of Texas, Delaware, and New Jersey. Nothing in 9 the current record connects the parties or the dispute to Michigan. See Nedlloyd, 3 Cal. 4th at 467 10 (noting that a “substantial relationship [is] present when ‘one of the parties is domiciled’ in the 11 chosen state”); Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau v. CashCall, Inc., 35 F.4th 734, 744 (9th Cir. 2022) 12 (“a jurisdiction ordinarily has a substantial relationship to a transaction if one of the parties has its 13 principal place of business there”). There is also no indication of any “other reasonable basis for 14 the parties’ choice” of Michigan. Accordingly, since neither of the tests from Section 187(2)(a) is 15 met, “that is the end of the inquiry, and the court need not enforce the parties’ choice of law.” See 16
17 3 Section 188 of the Restatement states:
18 (1) The rights and duties of the parties with respect to an issue in contract are determined by the local law of the state which, with 19 respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties under the principles stated in § 6. 20
(2) In the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties (see § 21 187), the contacts to be taken into account . . . to determine the law applicable to an issue include: 22 (a) the place of contracting, (b) the place of negotiation of the contract, 23 (c) the place of performance, (d) the location of the subject matter of the contract, and 24 (e) the domicil, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties. 25 These contacts are to be evaluated according to their relative importance with respect to the particular issue. 26
(3) If the place of negotiating the contract and the place of 27 performance are in the same state, the local law of this state will 1 Nedlloyd, 3 Cal. 4th at 466; CashCall, 35 F.4th at 744 (“[w]e agree with the district court that the 2 first exception [from Section 187(2)(a)] is satisfied, so we do not consider whether applying tribal 3 law would be contrary to fundamental state policies [under Section 187(2)(b)].”). 4 In the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties, the court will instead apply the 5 law of the jurisdiction with “the most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties.” 6 See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188 (1971). Defendants do not address this or 7 otherwise dispute that California law should apply if the court does not enforce the Michigan 8 choice of law provision. Accordingly, California law applies to this dispute. 9 The court now turns to the individual claims and discusses them in the order set forth in the 10 parties’ briefs. 11 2. Breach of Contract Claim 12 Claim two is for breach of contract. Sparkman alleges that Defendants breached two 13 Terms of Use provisions: (1) “if the account holder notifies Defendants within two business days 14 after learning that a card was lost or stolen, a PIN was compromised, or unauthorized transactions 15 were made then ‘you can lose no more than $50’” and (2) “if the account holder notifies 16 Defendants more than two days after learning of the loss, theft, or unauthorized use of the account 17 holder’s Way2Go Card, and Defendants can show that they could have stopped the unauthorized 18 transactions if they had been informed sooner, then the account holder ‘could lose as much as 19 $500,’ but not more.” Compl. ¶¶ 15, 16; 60, 61. She also alleges that Defendants breached 20 Way2Go’s informational sheet, which says “Mastercard’s Zero Liability Protection assures you do 21 not lose any funds if your card is lost or stolen.” Id. at ¶¶ 14, 59. See Opp’n 8-9, 11 (clarifying 22 the bases for the breach of contract claim). Sparkman alleges that “Defendants breached their 23 promises by failing to reimburse California Way2Go card holders for unauthorized transactions,” 24 “failing to properly investigate disputed transactions, putting the onus on consumers to establish 25 that fraud occurred, and denying valid claims on the basis of ‘conflicting’ . . . information.” 26 Compl. ¶¶ 63-64. Defendants move to dismiss the breach of contract claim in its entirety. 27 The elements for breach of contract under California law are: “(1) the existence of the 1 the resulting damages to the plaintiff.” Oasis W. Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal. 4th 811, 821 2 (2011). “To state a cause of action for breach of contract, it is absolutely essential to plead the 3 terms of the contract either in haec verba or according to legal effect.” Langan v. United Servs. 4 Auto. Ass’n, 69 F. Supp. 3d 965, 979 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (quoting Twaite v. Allstate Ins. Co., 216 5 Cal. App. 3d 239, 252 (1989)); accord McKell v. Washington Mut., Inc., 142 Cal. App. 4th 1457, 6 1489 (2006) (“A written contract may be pleaded either by its terms—set out verbatim in the 7 complaint or a copy of the contract attached to the complaint and incorporated therein by 8 reference—or by its legal effect.” (citation omitted)). 9 Defendants first argue that the complaint does not identify any specific provision of the 10 Terms of Use that they allegedly breached. Mot. 6. This argument lacks merit. The complaint 11 identifies the sections of the Terms of Use that Defendants allegedly violated and quotes language 12 from Section 10. Specifically, it identifies the provisions that if an account holder notifies 13 Defendants within two business days after learning that a card was lost or stolen or unauthorized 14 transactions were made, then “you can lose no more than $50” and that if the account holder 15 notifies Defendants more than two days after learning of loss, theft, or unauthorized use of the 16 card, and “Defendants can show that they could have stopped the unauthorized transactions if they 17 had been informed sooner, then the account holder ‘could lose as much as $500,’ but not more.” 18 See Compl. ¶¶ 15-16. The complaint also alleges that Defendants violated the informational sheet, 19 which states, “Mastercard’s Zero Liability Protection assures you do not lose any funds if your 20 card is lost or stolen.” Id. at ¶¶ 14, 59. These allegations are sufficient to plead the relevant terms 21 of the contract. 22 Defendants next argue that the complaint does not allege that Defendants violated any 23 provision of the Terms of Use. Mot. 6-8. The complaint alleges that Defendants breached the 24 Terms of Use in four ways: 1) “by failing to reimburse California Way2Go card holders for 25 unauthorized transactions”; 2) by “failing to properly investigate disputed transactions”; 3) by 26 “putting the onus on consumers to establish that fraud occurred”; and 4) by “denying valid claims 27 on the basis of ‘conflicting’ . . . information.” Compl. ¶¶ 63-64. Defendants challenge each of 1 First, Defendants contend that “the Terms of Use expressly does not require that 2 Defendants reimburse cardholders for all transactions that cardholders claim are unauthorized.” 3 Mot. 6. Instead, they argue, Section 10 states that Defendants may refuse to reimburse a 4 cardholder for an allegedly unauthorized transaction if “we conclude that the facts do not 5 reasonably support a claim of unauthorized use.” Defendants note that the complaint alleges that 6 their December 14, 2022 letter states grounds for denying her claim, including that “(1) ‘we found 7 a conflict in the information provided by you and the information resulting from our research’; and 8 (2) ‘we cannot confirm that fraud occurred.’” See Compl. ¶ 30. Defendants argue that the Terms 9 of Use provide them “with ‘great flexibility’ in concluding when transactions are unauthorized” 10 and that Sparkman “can’t allege [Defendants] breached [their] obligations under the [Terms of 11 Use] simply by disagreeing with the outcome,” citing In re Bank of America California 12 Unemployment Benefits Litigation, No. 21-md-2992-LAB-MSB, ---F. Supp. 3d---, 2023 WL 13 3668535, at *27 (S.D. Cal. May 25, 2023). Mot. 7. In In re Bank of America, the court examined 14 provisions in a prepaid debit card account agreement that included a “Zero Liability” policy for 15 unauthorized transactions and allowed the issuing bank “to determine a transaction is [not] 16 ‘unauthorized’ when it ‘conclude[s] that the facts and circumstances do not reasonably support a 17 claim of unauthorized use” (Section 9) along with a provision that the court described as providing 18 the bank with “great flexibility in investigating allegations of error” (Section 11). 2023 WL 19 3668535, at *27. The plaintiffs alleged breaches of those provisions. The court held that the 20 plaintiffs had not “sufficiently allege[d] [the bank] failed to reach the conclusion as required by 21 Section 9 or conduct the investigation required by Section 11” and that “[b]ased on the plain 22 language of the contract, Plaintiffs can’t allege [the bank] breached its obligations under the 23 Account Agreement simply by disagreeing with the outcome.” Id. 24 So too here. Section 10 of the Terms of Use sets forth circumstances under which 25 Defendants “may refuse to reimburse [a cardholder] for a transaction [they] assert is 26 unauthorized,” including if Defendants “conclude that the facts do not reasonably support a claim 27 of unauthorized use.” Sparkman’s claim that Defendants breached Section 10 “by failing to 1 disagreement with the outcome of Defendants’ determination “that the facts do not reasonably 2 support a claim of unauthorized use.” Plaintiff’s disagreement with Defendants’ determination 3 does not equate to a breach of Defendants’ obligation under the Terms of Use. 4 Sparkman responds that whether Section 10 gives Defendants “great flexibility” to 5 determine whether transactions are authorized or not is “ambiguous in light of the promises to 6 reimburse for unauthorized transactions made earlier in the Term[s] of Use” and should be 7 “construed against the drafter.” Opp’n 9. This argument fails because Sparkman does not identify 8 any particular term that she contends is ambiguous or explain whether or how the provisions of 9 Section 10 conflict with each other. 10 Sparkman also argues that the court should not dismiss her breach of contract claim 11 because the Terms of Use violate the EFTA, 15 U.S.C. § 1693g(b). Id. at 9-10. That provision 12 states:
13 In any action which involves a consumer’s liability for an unauthorized electronic fund transfer, the burden of proof is upon the 14 financial institution to show that the electronic fund transfer was authorized or, if the electronic fund transfer was unauthorized, then 15 the burden of proof is upon the financial institution to establish that the conditions of liability set forth in subsection (a) have been met . . 16 . 17 15 U.S.C. § 1693g(b). The court notes that Sparkman’s breach of contract claim is distinct from 18 any claim under the EFTA. To the extent that Sparkman contends any provision in her agreement 19 with Defendants violates the EFTA, that is an EFTA claim. 20 Sparkman also argues that the Terms of Use violate EFTA’s anti-waiver provision which 21 states in relevant part, “[n]o writing or other agreement between a consumer and any other person 22 may contain any provision which constitutes a waiver of any right conferred or cause of action 23 created by this subchapter.” 15 U.S.C. § 1693l. Again, to the extent that Sparkman alleges a 24 violation of any provision of the EFTA, including section 1693l, she may bring a standalone 25 EFTA claim if one is authorized and supportable. Sparkman cites no authority for the proposition 26 that she may base a breach of contract claim upon provisions of the EFTA; her cases involve 27 violations of the EFTA, not breach of contract claims. See Opp’n 11 (citations omitted). In sum, 1 reimburse California Way2Go card holders for unauthorized transactions” in breach of Terms of 2 Use Section 10, it is dismissed with leave to amend. 3 Defendants next move to dismiss the breach of contract claim based on the allegation that 4 Defendants breached the Terms of Use “by failing to properly investigate disputed transactions.” 5 See Compl. ¶ 64. Defendants contend that “there is no contractual provision governing how 6 Defendants were supposed to conduct their investigation.” Mot. 7. Accordingly, they argue, there 7 is no standard by which to measure whether Defendants conducted a proper investigation. Id. 8 While not entirely clear, Sparkman appears to argue that Defendants have limited room for 9 discretion in terms of how they investigate purported unauthorized transactions under the EFTA, 10 15 U.S.C. § 1693g (set forth above). See Opp’n 10-11. As noted, Sparkman offers no authority 11 that she may premise a breach of contract claim on an EFTA provision. She does not explain how 12 Defendants’ alleged failure to properly investigate breached the Terms of Use. Accordingly, 13 Sparkman’s breach of contract claim based on Defendants’ failure to properly investigate disputed 14 transactions in violation of the Terms of Use is dismissed with leave to amend. 15 Next, Defendants move to dismiss the breach of contract claim based on the allegation that 16 Defendants breached the Terms of Use by “putting the onus on consumers to establish that fraud 17 occurred” and by “denying valid claims on the basis of ‘conflicting’ . . . information.” See Compl. 18 ¶ 64. Defendants argue that there is no provision in the Terms of Use that states that Defendants 19 cannot rely on cardholders “for information in conducting their investigation.” They also contend 20 that their citation to “conflicting” information was the explanation for why Defendants concluded 21 that “the facts do not reasonably support a claim of unauthorized use.” Mot. 8. Sparkman does 22 not respond to these arguments or identify which particular provision of the Terms of Use 23 Defendants breached in connection with this conduct. The court concludes that the complaint fails 24 to state a breach of contract claim based on Defendants’ “putting the onus on consumers to 25 establish that fraud occurred” and “denying valid claims on the basis of ‘conflicting’ . . . 26 information” in violation of the Terms of Use. These claims are dismissed with leave to amend. 27 Finally, Sparkman argues that she alleges a breach based on the promise Defendants made 1 Protection assures you do not lose any funds if your Card is lost or stolen.” See Compl. ¶¶ 14, 59; 2 Opp’n 11. She argues that Defendants breached this promise “when [her] card was stolen, she 3 reported it stolen to Defendants, and they denied her claim for reimbursement of the stolen funds.” 4 Id. She notes that “the Zero Liability Protection promise does not appear in the Terms of Use but 5 is instead in a separate document.” The complaint clearly alleges that the information state 6 constituted “an enforceable contract between Defendants and California Way2Go cardholders” 7 and that Defendants breached this promise, see Compl. ¶¶ 15, 59, 63. Defendants did not address 8 this in their opening brief and did not ask the court to consider the information sheet under the 9 incorporation by reference doctrine, but included a lengthy argument in their reply challenging 10 Sparkman’s claims based on the information sheet. See Reply 7-8. The court declines to consider 11 arguments raised for the first time on reply and denies the motion to dismiss the breach of contract 12 claim to the extent that it is based on the information sheet attached to the Way2Go card. 13 3. EFTA Claim 14 Claim one is violation of the EFTA, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1693g(b) and 1693f(e). Compl. ¶¶ 52- 15 57. Section 1693g states in relevant part:
16 (a) Unauthorized electronic fund transfers; limit
17 A consumer shall be liable for any unauthorized electronic fund transfer involving the account of such consumer only if the card or 18 other means of access utilized for such transfer was an accepted card or other [means] of access and if the issuer of such card, code, or other 19 means of access has provided a means whereby the user of such card, code, or other means of access can be identified as the person 20 authorized to use it, such as by signature, photograph, or fingerprint or by electronic or mechanical confirmation. In no event, however, 21 shall a consumer’s liability for an unauthorized transfer exceed the lesser of— 22 (1) $50; or 23 (2) the amount of money or value of property or services 24 obtained in such unauthorized electronic fund transfer prior to the time the financial institution is notified of, or otherwise 25 becomes aware of, circumstances which lead to the reasonable belief that an unauthorized electronic fund transfer involving 26 the consumer’s account has been or may be effected. . . .
27 (b) Burden of proof unauthorized electronic fund transfer, the burden of proof is upon the 1 financial institution to show that the electronic fund transfer was authorized or, if the electronic fund transfer was unauthorized, then 2 the burden of proof is upon the financial institution to establish that the conditions of liability set forth in subsection (a) have been met . . 3 . 4 15 U.S.C. § 1693g(a), (b). Section 1693f(e) authorizes treble damages for certain violations of the 5 EFTA. It states:
6 If in any action under section 1693m of this title, the court finds that- - 7 (1) the financial institution did not provisionally recredit a consumer’s account within the ten-day period specified in subsection (c), and the 8 financial institution (A) did not make a good faith investigation of the alleged error, or (B) did not have a reasonable basis for believing that 9 the consumer’s account was not in error; or
10 (2) the financial institution knowingly and willfully concluded that the consumer’s account was not in error when such conclusion could 11 not reasonably have been drawn from the evidence available to the financial institution at the time of its investigation, 12 then the consumer shall be entitled to treble damages determined 13 under section 1693m(a)(1) of this title. 14 15 U.S.C.A. § 1693f(e). “The EFTA authorizes a private right of action against a bank that ‘fails 15 to comply’ with any provision of the Act, including the provision limiting a consumer’s liability 16 for unauthorized transfers.” Widjaja v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 21 F.4th 579, 584 (9th Cir. 17 2021) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1693m(a); holding that when “a bank concludes that the EFTA 18 authorizes liability in excess of the default cap, the consumer must allege facts plausibly 19 suggesting that the bank’s conclusion is wrong in order to state a claim that the bank has violated 20 § 1693g.”). 21 Sparkman alleges that section 1693g places “sharp limitations on consumer liability for 22 unauthorized transactions,” and that Defendants violate section 1693g(b) by “explicitly 23 revers[ing]” the burden of proof on financial institutions to establish that transactions are 24 authorized, “regularly denying claims on grounds that they ‘cannot confirm that fraud occurred’ or 25 found ‘conflicting information.” Compl. ¶¶ 49, 53-54. She also alleges that “Defendants’ 26 inadequate investigations and imposition of the burden of proof on the consumer contrary to the 27 statute is a violation of [section] 1693f(e).” Id. at ¶ 57. 1 that Defendants failed to conduct an adequate investigation into Sparkman’s claim of unauthorized 2 transactions. They argue that the complaint alleges only a “conclusory assumption that a proper 3 investigation was not performed” simply because her claim was denied. Mot. 9. This argument 4 misapprehends the basis for Sparkman’s EFTA claim. As set forth above, section 1693g(a) limits 5 consumer liability for unauthorized electronic fund transfers to either $50 or the amount of money 6 or value lost through unauthorized electronic fund transfers prior to notification of the financial 7 institution. In turn, where a consumer disputes liability for an unauthorized electronic fund 8 transfer, section 1693g(b) requires financial institutions to bear the burden of proof of establishing 9 “that the conditions of [the consumer’s] liability” for the unauthorized transfer under subsection 10 (a) “have been met.” In other words, “[f]or reports of unauthorized electronic fund transfers, 11 ‘[t]he financial institution bears the burden of establishing that a transaction was authorized.’” In 12 re Bank of Am., 2023 WL 3668535, at *10 (quoting Green v. Cap. One, N.A., 557 F. Supp. 3d 441, 13 450 (S.D.N.Y. 2021)). 14 The complaint alleges that Sparkman notified Defendants of the theft of her Way2Go card 15 within two days; that after the theft she disputed unauthorized transactions totaling more than 16 $1,000 and filed a claim for reimbursement; and that Defendants denied her claim based on a 17 “conflict in the information provided by [Sparkman] and the information resulting from 18 [Defendants’] research” stating “we cannot confirm that fraud occurred.” These allegations are 19 sufficient to establish that Defendants’ denial of Sparkman’s claim for reimbursement and failure 20 to reimburse her for amounts in excess of the statutory cap on consumer liability violated sections 21 1693g(a) and (b) because Defendants failed to show that the disputed transactions were authorized 22 as required by the statute. 23 Sparkman’s section 1693f(e) claim is directed at Defendants’ “inadequate investigations 24 and imposition of the burden of proof on the consumer.” See Compl. ¶ 57. The complaint alleges 25 that Sparkman reported the theft of her Way2Go card and sent Defendants a list of 21 disputed 26 charges, all of which were made without entry of a PIN, contrary to her practice. It further alleges 27 that Sparkman repeatedly called Defendants to follow up on her claim of unauthorized 1 Defendants quickly denied her claim via a form letter “lacking individualized information.” These 2 allegations are sufficient to support the inference that Defendants did not conduct a reasonable, 3 adequate investigation. See Bank of Am., 2023 WL 3668535, at *11. 4 Finally, Defendants argue that the complaint “fails to allege that she provided information 5 about the basis she believed each transaction was unauthorized” and that general allegations about 6 her reporting the transactions to Defendants are insufficient. Mot. 10. The complaint alleges that 7 Sparkman spoke with an agent on December 1, 2022, that she followed up by phone “many 8 times,” and that she sent Defendants “a handwritten list of 21 disputed charges made using her 9 card” following the theft. These allegations “are more than enough to permit the Court to infer 10 that [Sparkman] indicated why [she] believe[d]” the transactions were unauthorized during her 11 communications with Defendants. See Bank of Am., 2023 WL 3668535, at *10 (internal quotation 12 marks omitted). Taking these allegations as true and drawing all inferences in Sparkman’s favor, 13 the court concludes the complaint plausibly alleges that Defendants’ investigation was inadequate. 14 Defendants’ motion to dismiss the EFTA claim is denied. 15 4. UCL Claims 16 The third and fourth claims are unlawful and unfair business practices under the UCL. 17 Sparkman seeks injunctive relief and restitution of all funds retained by Defendants in connection 18 with these claims, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. See Compl. ¶¶ 74, 76, 80, 82. The court 19 first addresses Defendants’ arguments applicable to both claims and then turns to the individual 20 claims. 21 First, Defendants argue that Sparkman may not bring claims under the UCL because the 22 Terms of Use are governed by Michigan law. Mot. 10-11. As discussed above, the choice of law 23 provision in the Terms of Use is unenforceable and California law governs this dispute. 24 Accordingly, the court denies the motion to dismiss on this ground. 25 Next, Defendants note that the UCL is equitable in nature and provides for injunctive relief 26 and restitution only. See Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 1144 27 (2003) (“We have stated that under the UCL, [p]revailing plaintiffs are generally limited to 1 entitled to neither,” and thus the UCL claims must be dismissed. Mot. 11-13. Specifically, 2 Defendants argue that the UCL claims are based on the same allegations as the breach of contract 3 and EFTA claims and that Sparkman may recover monetary damages for those claims. Therefore, 4 they argue, Sparkman has an adequate remedy at law and is not entitled to injunctive relief and/or 5 restitution under the UCL, citing Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corp., 971 F.3d 834, 844 (9th Cir. 6 2020). Id. at 12. 7 The plaintiff in Sonner brought a putative class action against a company that marketed 8 and sold a dietary supplement. The lawsuit sought damages and equitable restitution for false or 9 misleading advertising under the UCL and CLRA. On the eve of trial, the plaintiff amended the 10 complaint to drop her damages claim, choosing to proceed solely with state law equitable claims 11 for restitution and equitable relief. 971 F.3d at 837-38. The court then dismissed the claim for 12 restitution on the ground that an adequate remedy at law—damages—was available, and denied 13 the plaintiff’s request to amend the complaint to reallege the damages claim. Id. at 838. The 14 Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal, holding that “federal courts must apply equitable principles 15 derived from federal common law to claims for equitable restitution under” the UCL and CLRA. 16 Accordingly, it held, a plaintiff “must establish that she lacks an adequate remedy at law before 17 securing equitable restitution for past harm under the UCL and CLRA.” Id. at 844. See 18 IntegrityMessageBoards.com v. Facebook, Inc., No. 18-CV-05286-PJH, 2020 WL 6544411, at *5- 19 6 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2020) (dismissing requests for restitution and disgorgement with prejudice 20 based on the plaintiff’s failure to show that it lacks an adequate legal remedy for past harm). 21 This court has previously agreed with the reasoning of courts holding that Sonner does not 22 impose strict requirements at the pleading stage because plaintiffs “may allege claims in the 23 alternative at the pleading stage.” See Sinatro v. Barilla Am., Inc., No. 22-CV-03460-DMR, ---F. 24 Supp. 3d---, 2022 WL 10128276, at *16 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 17, 2022) (quoting Freeman v. Indochino 25 Apparel, Inc., 443 F. Supp. 3d 1107, 1114 (N.D. Cal. 2020)). Defendants offer no persuasive 26 reason to depart from this conclusion in this case. Moreover, prospective injunctive relief, which 27 is equitable, is aimed at future harm resulting from Defendants’ allegedly unlawful conduct when 1 (F). Injunctions “serve different purposes and remedy different harms than” legal remedies such 2 as damages for past harm. See Zeiger v. WellPet LLC, 526 F. Supp. 3d 652, 687 (N.D. Cal. 2021) 3 (denying motion to dismiss equitable relief based on defendant’s claim that plaintiff “has an 4 adequate remedy at law”). The court may reassess the issue of available remedies at a later stage 5 of the case. Accordingly, the court denies the motion to dismiss the UCL claims on the basis that 6 they seek equitable relief. 7 Relatedly, Defendants contend that Sparkman may not request restitution in connection 8 with her UCL claims because the funds that Sparkman lost were taken by unspecified third parties, 9 not Defendants. Mot. 12-13 (citations omitted). In Kanji v. Bank of Am., N.A., No. CV 20-3820- 10 RSWL-SK, 2020 WL 8175548, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2020), the plaintiff’s UCL claim sought 11 restitution of the amount allegedly stolen from her bank account by cybercriminals. The court 12 held that in order to establish entitlement to restitution under the UCL, the plaintiff was required to 13 show “(1) that she had at one time ‘an ownership interest’ in the money or property she ‘lost’ and 14 (2) that money or property must have been ‘acquired’ by the defendant.” Id. (citing Kwikset Corp. 15 v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 4th 310, 336 (2011)). It concluded that the plaintiff failed to state a 16 UCL claim because she failed to allege that the defendant bank “‘acquired’ the money that she 17 ‘lost’” since she affirmatively alleged that the cybercriminals took the money. Id. (citing Lusinyan 18 v. Bank of Am., N.A., No. CV-14-9586 DMG (JCX), 2015 WL 12777225, at *5 (C.D. Cal. May 19 26, 2015) (dismissing UCL claim for restitution where plaintiffs did not allege that the defendant 20 acquired or currently possessed the money plaintiffs lost)). Sparkman does not address this 21 authority or Defendants’ argument that she may not request restitution under her UCL claims. 22 Accordingly, her claim for restitution is dismissed with leave to amend. 23 a. Unlawful Business Practices 24 Defendants separately move to dismiss the claim for unlawful business practices on the 25 ground that the complaint does not adequately allege violation of any law. Mot. 13. 26 Under Section 17200, unfair competition is defined as “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent 27 business act or practice” and “unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising.” See Cal. Bus. 1 underlying state or federal statute or common law. See Cal-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. Los Angeles 2 Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 180 (1999). Sparkman’s UCL claim challenging unlawful 3 business practices is based on the alleged violations of the EFTA. See Compl. ¶¶ 69-73. 4 Defendants argue that this claim must be dismissed because Sparkman has not stated a claim 5 under that statute. Mot. 13-14. As discussed above, the court concludes that the complaint 6 adequately states a claim under the EFTA. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the unlawful 7 business practices claim is denied. 8 b. Unfair Business Practices 9 Defendants move to dismiss the unfair business practices claim on the ground that the 10 complaint “has not alleged facts to support a finding of any practice that rises to the level of 11 ‘unfair’ under the UCL.” Mot. 14. 12 “As the UCL’s three-prong structure makes clear, a business practice may be ‘unfair,’ and 13 therefore illegal under the UCL, ‘even if not specifically proscribed by some other law.’” Epic 14 Games, Inc. v. Apple, Inc., 67 F.4th 946, 1000 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. 15 v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 180 (1999)). “[T]o support a finding of unfairness to 16 consumers, a court uses the balancing test, which ‘weigh[s] the utility of the defendant’s conduct 17 against the gravity of the harm to the alleged victim.’” Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting 18 Progressive W. Ins. Co. v. Super. Ct., 135 Cal. App. 4th 263, 285 (2005)). 19 Sparkman alleges Defendants’ unfair acts or practices include failing to properly 20 investigate cardholders’ disputes, placing “the onus on cardholder[s] to prove that transactions are 21 fraudulent,” and failing to promptly credit cardholders’ accounts for fraudulent transactions 22 despite legal and contractual obligations to do so. Compl. ¶ 78. This alleged misconduct easily 23 falls within the “broad, sweeping language” of the UCL’s unfair prong given the gravity of the 24 harm to recipients of child support payments who experience unauthorized fund transfers and are 25 forced to bear the associated risks by Defendants. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the unfair 26 business practices claim is denied. 27 III. MOTION TO STRIKE 1 Sparkman’s demand for a jury trial “on all claims so triable.” Motion to Strike 1; see Compl. 13. 2 They argue that Sparkman waived her right to a jury trial on her EFTA and breach of contract 3 claims because the Terms of Use contains a jury trial waiver clause, as follows:
4 Waiver of Right to Jury Trial. If you have a problem with your Card or the Card service, please bring it to our attention immediately 5 by calling Customer Service . . . [i]f a dispute cannot be resolved informally, you or we may file an action. You and we each give up 6 the right to a trial by a jury to resolve each dispute, claim, demand, cause of action, and controversy between you and us arising out of, 7 or relating to your Card or this service. This includes, without limitation, claims brought by you as a class representative on behalf 8 of others, and claims by a class representative on your behalf as a class member (so called “class action” suits). 9 10 Terms of Use § 14.4 11 Sparkman does not dispute the existence of this provision in the Terms of Use but argues 12 that it should not be enforced because she did not knowingly and voluntarily waive her right to a 13 jury trial. 14 Once a jury demand has been made, a “trial on all issues so demanded must be by jury 15 unless . . . the court, on motion or on its own, finds that on some or all of those issues there is no 16 federal right to a jury trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 39(a)(2). Federal law permits waivers of the right to a 17 jury trial “as long as each party waived its rights knowingly and voluntarily.” In re Cnty. of 18 Orange, 784 F.3d 520, 523 (9th Cir. 2015). “Because the right to a jury trial is a fundamental 19 right guaranteed to our citizenry by the Constitution, . . . courts should indulge every reasonable 20 presumption against waiver.” SEC v. Jensen, 835 F.3d 1100, 1107 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Solis 21 v. County of Los Angeles, 514 F.3d 946, 955 (9th Cir. 2008)). The burden of proving that a waiver 22 was knowing and voluntary is on the party attempting to enforce the waiver. Cannon v. Wells 23 Fargo Bank N.A., 917 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1058 (N.D. Cal. 2013). 24 Defendants do not address the “knowing and voluntary” standard in their motion. Instead, 25 they cite cases in which courts in the Ninth Circuit enforced waivers of jury trials without 26
27 4 Defendants also assert that Sparkman is not entitled to a jury trial on her UCL claims, which 1 discussing the facts of those cases or comparing them to this case. See Mot. 3-4. In the absence of 2 any showing by Defendants that Sparkman knowingly and voluntarily waived her right to a jury 3 |} trial, the court finds that Defendants have failed to meet their burden on this issue. Accordingly, 4 || Defendants’ motion to strike the jury demand is denied.° 5 || IV. CONCLUSION 6 For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint is granted in part 7 and denied in part. Sparkman’s breach of contract claims based on the Terms of Use and claim for 8 || restitution are dismissed with leave to amend. The motion to strike Sparkman’s jury demand is 9 denied. Any amended complaint is due within 14 days of the date of this Order. If no amended 10 || complaint is filed, Defendants’ answer is due within 28 days of the date of this Order.
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17 a □□ ig LY 3 7 DISTRICS 19 20 21 22 | s Defendants also argue that the EFTA does not confer the right to a jury trial because 15 U.S.C. § 3 1693m(b) states, “[i]n determining the amount of liability in any action under subsection (a), the court shall consider” certain factors. Mot. 6 (emphasis in original) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 24 1693m(b)). They cite two cases from outside the Ninth Circuit in which courts ruling on motions for default judgment observed in footnotes that “[t]he EFTA indicates that a court, and not a jury, 25 is responsible for determining any award of damages.” Mot. 6 (citations omitted). They cite a third case, also from outside the Ninth Circuit, in which a court questioned whether the plaintiff 26 || was entitled to a jury trial on his EFTA claim. /d. (citation omitted). Sparkman disputes the persuasiveness of these cases and argues that she is entitled to a jury “on at least the liability 97 || portion of her EFTA claim.” Opp’n 9. The parties did not cite, and the court did not find, Ninth Circuit authority on this issue. The court defers resolution of this issue since Defendants do not 2g || dispute that some portion of Sparkman’s EFTA claim will be tried to a jury. The court will determine which specific issues will be submitted to the jury closer to the time of trial.