20-0735 Snowden v. Solomon UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 10th day of March, two thousand twenty-one.
Present: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, DENNY CHIN, MICHAEL H. PARK, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
JAMES SNOWDEN,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. 20-0735
DOUGLAS SOLOMON, JILL WEYER, VILLAGE OF MONTICELLO, RAYMOND NARGIZIAN, CARMEN RUE,
Defendants-Appellants. * _____________________________________
For Defendants-Appellants: RALPH L. PUGLIELLE, JR., Drake Loeb PLLC, New Windsor, NY
For Plaintiff-Appellee: MICHAEL H. SUSSMAN, Sussman & Associates, Goshen, NY
* The Clerk of Court is directed to modify the caption so that Defendant-Appellant Jill Weyer is correctly identified as “Jill Weyer” and not “Jill Weyers.”
1 Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York (Briccetti, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the order of the district court is REVERSED in part and DISMISSED in part.
Plaintiff-Appellee James Snowden (“Snowden”) sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that
Defendants-Appellants—Village Manager Raymond Nargizian, and three Village trustees,
Douglas Solomon, Jill Weyer, and Carmen Rue—suspended and terminated him from his
appointed position as Village Code Enforcement Officer in retaliation for his political association
with Gordon Jenkins, the former Mayor and acting Village Manager of the Village of Monticello,
New York. Defendants-Appellants, with the Village of Monticello (collectively, “Defendants”),
appeal from a January 31, 2020 order denying summary judgment as to their defense of qualified
immunity and further request that this Court exercise pendent jurisdiction to review the district
court’s denial of summary judgment as to Snowden’s claim against the Village. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on
appeal.
1. Qualified Immunity
On an interlocutory appeal of an order denying summary judgment on the defense of
qualified immunity, the Court reviews the district court’s denial de novo, but cabins its review “to
‘circumstances where the qualified immunity defense may be established as a matter of law.’”
Jones v. Parmley, 465 F.3d 46, 55 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Cartier v. Lussier, 955 F.2d 841, 844
(2d Cir. 1992)). “[A]n immunity defense is established as a matter of law” where the Court
determines that the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity based on the “stipulated facts,
facts accepted for the purpose of appeal, or the plaintiff’s version of the facts that the district judge
2 deemed available for jury resolution.” Lynch v. Ackley, 811 F.3d 569, 576 (2d Cir. 2016)
(quoting Smith v. Edwards, 175 F.3d 99, 104–05 (2d Cir. 1999)). Under Snowden’s “version of
disputed facts—accepting reasonable inferences most favorable to him,” id. at 576–77, Defendants
can prevail on their claim of qualified immunity only if we determine that “no rational jury could
conclude ‘(1) that [they] violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was
clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.’” Abrams v. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 764
F.3d 244, 255 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011)).
Simply put, “even given the version of the facts most favorable” to Snowden, Defendants-
Appellants’ “retaliatory actions were not prohibited by clearly established law.” Lynch, 811 F.3d
at 583. To be sure, a government employer may fire an employee “based on political belief and
association” only if “he had a vital interest in doing so.” State Emps. Bargaining Agent Coal. v.
Rowland, 718 F.3d 126, 137 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Branti v.
Finkel, 445 U.S. 507, 517 (1980) (“First Amendment rights may be required to yield to the State’s
vital interest in maintaining governmental effectiveness and efficiency.”). But no clearly
established law suggests the absence of such a vital interest in the circumstances here. To the
contrary, vital interests may include “considerations [such] as maintaining efficiency, discipline,
and integrity, preventing disruption of operations, and avoiding having the judgment and
professionalism of the agency brought into serious disrepute.” Piscottano v. Murphy, 511 F.3d
247, 271 (2d Cir. 2007).
Government officials “are entitled to the protection of qualified immunity unless the
unlawfulness of their actions was apparent in light of preexisting law.” Doninger v. Niehoff, 642
F.3d 334, 351 (2d Cir. 2011). Here, even assuming Defendants-Appellants fired Snowden for
his political association with Mayor Jenkins, no clearly established law exists such that a
3 reasonable official in the position of the Defendants-Appellants could not have concluded that a
permissible “vital interest”—“avoiding having the judgment and professionalism of the [Village]
brought into serious disrepute”—supported termination. Mayor Jenkins and Snowden were
indicted as co-defendants for crimes undertaken together in their official capacities. 1 The
indictment alleged that Snowden and Jenkins “executed a plan to demolish a building that had
contained asbestos without proper abatement,” endangering community members, “and without
the approval of the Village Board of Trustees. The indictment further alleged that [Snowden and
Jenkins] agreed with contractors . . . that, in exchange for a discounted demolition fee by the
contractors, [Snowden and Jenkins] would funnel more demolition work to them in the future.”
People v. Snowden, 160 A.D.3d 1054, 1054–55, 75 N.Y.S.3d 108 (3d Dep’t 2018). Mayor
Jenkins then “pleaded guilty to three misdemeanors in full satisfaction of the charges in the
indictment.” Id. at 1055.
“[I]t is hardly the conventional role of the First Amendment” to bar a Village Board from
suspending or terminating an employee based on his political association with the mayor where
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20-0735 Snowden v. Solomon UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 10th day of March, two thousand twenty-one.
Present: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, DENNY CHIN, MICHAEL H. PARK, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
JAMES SNOWDEN,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. 20-0735
DOUGLAS SOLOMON, JILL WEYER, VILLAGE OF MONTICELLO, RAYMOND NARGIZIAN, CARMEN RUE,
Defendants-Appellants. * _____________________________________
For Defendants-Appellants: RALPH L. PUGLIELLE, JR., Drake Loeb PLLC, New Windsor, NY
For Plaintiff-Appellee: MICHAEL H. SUSSMAN, Sussman & Associates, Goshen, NY
* The Clerk of Court is directed to modify the caption so that Defendant-Appellant Jill Weyer is correctly identified as “Jill Weyer” and not “Jill Weyers.”
1 Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York (Briccetti, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the order of the district court is REVERSED in part and DISMISSED in part.
Plaintiff-Appellee James Snowden (“Snowden”) sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that
Defendants-Appellants—Village Manager Raymond Nargizian, and three Village trustees,
Douglas Solomon, Jill Weyer, and Carmen Rue—suspended and terminated him from his
appointed position as Village Code Enforcement Officer in retaliation for his political association
with Gordon Jenkins, the former Mayor and acting Village Manager of the Village of Monticello,
New York. Defendants-Appellants, with the Village of Monticello (collectively, “Defendants”),
appeal from a January 31, 2020 order denying summary judgment as to their defense of qualified
immunity and further request that this Court exercise pendent jurisdiction to review the district
court’s denial of summary judgment as to Snowden’s claim against the Village. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on
appeal.
1. Qualified Immunity
On an interlocutory appeal of an order denying summary judgment on the defense of
qualified immunity, the Court reviews the district court’s denial de novo, but cabins its review “to
‘circumstances where the qualified immunity defense may be established as a matter of law.’”
Jones v. Parmley, 465 F.3d 46, 55 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Cartier v. Lussier, 955 F.2d 841, 844
(2d Cir. 1992)). “[A]n immunity defense is established as a matter of law” where the Court
determines that the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity based on the “stipulated facts,
facts accepted for the purpose of appeal, or the plaintiff’s version of the facts that the district judge
2 deemed available for jury resolution.” Lynch v. Ackley, 811 F.3d 569, 576 (2d Cir. 2016)
(quoting Smith v. Edwards, 175 F.3d 99, 104–05 (2d Cir. 1999)). Under Snowden’s “version of
disputed facts—accepting reasonable inferences most favorable to him,” id. at 576–77, Defendants
can prevail on their claim of qualified immunity only if we determine that “no rational jury could
conclude ‘(1) that [they] violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was
clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.’” Abrams v. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 764
F.3d 244, 255 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011)).
Simply put, “even given the version of the facts most favorable” to Snowden, Defendants-
Appellants’ “retaliatory actions were not prohibited by clearly established law.” Lynch, 811 F.3d
at 583. To be sure, a government employer may fire an employee “based on political belief and
association” only if “he had a vital interest in doing so.” State Emps. Bargaining Agent Coal. v.
Rowland, 718 F.3d 126, 137 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Branti v.
Finkel, 445 U.S. 507, 517 (1980) (“First Amendment rights may be required to yield to the State’s
vital interest in maintaining governmental effectiveness and efficiency.”). But no clearly
established law suggests the absence of such a vital interest in the circumstances here. To the
contrary, vital interests may include “considerations [such] as maintaining efficiency, discipline,
and integrity, preventing disruption of operations, and avoiding having the judgment and
professionalism of the agency brought into serious disrepute.” Piscottano v. Murphy, 511 F.3d
247, 271 (2d Cir. 2007).
Government officials “are entitled to the protection of qualified immunity unless the
unlawfulness of their actions was apparent in light of preexisting law.” Doninger v. Niehoff, 642
F.3d 334, 351 (2d Cir. 2011). Here, even assuming Defendants-Appellants fired Snowden for
his political association with Mayor Jenkins, no clearly established law exists such that a
3 reasonable official in the position of the Defendants-Appellants could not have concluded that a
permissible “vital interest”—“avoiding having the judgment and professionalism of the [Village]
brought into serious disrepute”—supported termination. Mayor Jenkins and Snowden were
indicted as co-defendants for crimes undertaken together in their official capacities. 1 The
indictment alleged that Snowden and Jenkins “executed a plan to demolish a building that had
contained asbestos without proper abatement,” endangering community members, “and without
the approval of the Village Board of Trustees. The indictment further alleged that [Snowden and
Jenkins] agreed with contractors . . . that, in exchange for a discounted demolition fee by the
contractors, [Snowden and Jenkins] would funnel more demolition work to them in the future.”
People v. Snowden, 160 A.D.3d 1054, 1054–55, 75 N.Y.S.3d 108 (3d Dep’t 2018). Mayor
Jenkins then “pleaded guilty to three misdemeanors in full satisfaction of the charges in the
indictment.” Id. at 1055.
“[I]t is hardly the conventional role of the First Amendment” to bar a Village Board from
suspending or terminating an employee based on his political association with the mayor where
both the mayor and the employee are indicted as co-defendants for conduct undertaken together in
their official roles, and where the mayor then pleads guilty to those crimes. Lynch, 811 F.3d at
580. Such a decision does not bear the risk of “tell[ing other public employees] that they engage
1 In this case there was not just a criminal indictment, but an indictment that Snowden “unsuccessfully moved twice to dismiss on legal insufficiency grounds.” People v. Snowden, 160 A.D.3d 1054, 1057, 75 N.Y.S.3d 108 (3d Dep’t 2018). Based on that indictment, an independent third party—a Hearing Officer in a Section 75 hearing—concluded not only that Snowden should be penalized, but that his penalty “should be greater than a reprimand or fine,” leaving three potential options under Civil Service Law Section 75(3) as options for punishment: “suspension without pay for a period not exceeding two months, demotion in grade and title, or dismissal from the service.” App’x at 214. Although “dismissal from service” was the harshest punishment available, it was explicitly permitted as an option under Civil Service Law Section 75(3). Moreover, the Village’s termination decision was then upheld by the Appellate Division as “supported by substantial evidence.” Snowden v. Vill. of Monticello, 166 A.D.3d 1451, 1453–54, 89 N.Y.S.3d 366 (2018).
4 in protected [First Amendment] activity at their own peril.” Heffernan v. City of Paterson, 136
S. Ct. 1412, 1419 (2016). Instead, such a decision restores the public faith in the “integrity” of
the Village and its officers. See Piscottano, 511 F.3d at 271; see also Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S.
924, 932 (1997) (“The State has a significant interest in immediately suspending, when felony
charges are filed against them, employees who occupy positions of great public trust and high
public visibility . . . .”); Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Mallen, 486 U.S. 230, 244–45 (1988) (“[T]he
return of the indictment itself is an objective fact that will in most cases raise serious public concern
that the [role] is not being managed in a responsible manner.”). Reasonable officials in the
Defendants-Appellants’ position could thus well have perceived a vital interest in suspending and
terminating Snowden based on his association with the Mayor, to address a “serious public concern
that [his role was] not being managed in a responsible manner.” Accordingly, Defendants-
Appellants are entitled to qualified immunity.
2. Pendent Jurisdiction over the Municipality Claim
Defendants further request that this Court exercise pendent appellate jurisdiction over the
claim against the Village of Monticello. We “may exercise pendent jurisdiction over issues that
are not ordinarily subject to interlocutory review whenever (1) they are ‘inextricably intertwined’
with the determination of qualified immunity or (2) their resolution is ‘necessary to ensure
meaningful review’ of the district court’s ruling on qualified immunity.” Savino v. City of N.Y.,
331 F.3d 63, 71–72 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Swint v. Chambers Cnty. Comm’n, 514 U.S. 35, 51
(1995)). None of these grounds exist here, and we must therefore decline to exercise pendent
jurisdiction over Snowden’s claim against the Village of Monticello.
* * *
5 Accordingly, we REVERSE the January 31, 2020 order of the district court in part, relating
to the district court’s qualified immunity determination, DISMISS the judgment in part as to the
Village of Monticello, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this summary order.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk