Mr. Justice Magruder
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Under recent Acts of the legislature a large área of new territory has been annexed to the city of Chicago, so as greatly to extend its boundaries. A portion of the highway known as the Milwaukee Road, upon which the toll-gate and toll-house in question are located, was outside of the city limits prior to such annexation, but thereafter, and by,reason of the enlargement-of the city, the portion in question was taken into the city and is now a part of the street called Milwaukee Avenue. The effect of this change upon the rights of the plank road ’company, or its successors, is the subject presented for consideration.
Section 12 of the Act of March 25,1874, “to revise the law in relation to toll roads” (Rev. Stat. chap. 138) provides that “no toll gate shall be erected or kept, or toll demanded, within the corporate limits of any incorporated city, or within one hundred and sixty rods of such limits.” Can this section be enforced against the appellants- so as to compel them to desist from keeping a toll gate and demanding toll at the intersection of Milwaukee and Fullerton Avenues in the city of Chicago ? Is there a contract existing between the State and appellants, which relieves them from the duty of obeying this requirement ?
Unquestionably sections 21 and 22 of the Act of February 12, 1849, were unconstitutional and conferred no rights whatever. They provided for the organization of the “North-Western Plank Eoad Company” to construct a plank road from the city of Chicago to Oak Eidge, and from thence to Wheeling, and to the north line of Cook County,” and were inserted in the body of an act whose title was “An Act to construct a plank road from Oswego in Kendall County to the Indiana line by the way of Joliet, Will County.” This was a clear violation of that part of section 23 of Article 3 of the constitution of 1848, which provides that “no private or local law * * * shall ■embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. ”
It must also be held, upon the authority of Village of Lockport v. Gaylord, 61 Ill. 276, that section 3 of the Act of March 1, 1854, is unconstitutional. The title of the last named act is “An Act to incorporate the North-Western Plank Eoad Company.” Section 3 thereof, after reciting that the corporators Bad theretofore organized and proceeded to prosecute the construction of the road under the void act of February 12, 1849, ■attempts to legalize and make valid the acts done in pursuance •of such void act; the legalization of unauthorized acts can not be regarded as germane to the subject expressed in the title.
. But we see no reason why sections 1 and 2 of the Act of 1854, which are literal copies of sections 21 and 22 of the Act •of February 12, 1849, are not constitutional. These sections are prospective and not retrospective in their character. The rights and powers conferred by them are to be exercised in the future. It appears, however, from the allegations in the bill, that the corporators completed their organization under the license granted by the County Commissioners’ Court of Cook ■County, and obtained from that Court the order consenting to the appropriation of the highway known as “Milwaukee Eoad,” and afterwards called “Milwaukee Avenue,” before the passage of the Act of March 1, 1854; also, that the company took and used said highway for the construction of the road before March 1,1854. The bill does not aver that any of these acts were done, or that any of these proceedings were taken, after "the passage of the Act of 1854, but proceeds upon the theory "that they were legalized by the third section of that Act. ■Owing to the void character of said section 3 they were not so legalized.
But, by the Act of February 15, 1865, which was an Act to amend the charter of the North-Western Plank Road Company, the legislature recognized the corporate existence of the ■company, and also recognized the right of the Company to substitute stone or gravel for plank upon so much of the road as may have been then constructed without obtaining the order of the County Commissioners’ Court. Hence, the illegality of "the corporate acts already referred to must be" regarded as having been cured by the act of 1865. ' (1 Morawetz on Priv. Corp. sec. 20; III. Grand Trunk R. R. Co. v. Cook, 29 Ill. 237; Goodrich v. Reynolds, 31 id. 490.)
It is averred in the bill that the road upon which the toll-building- stands was originally a public highway. The order of the county commissioners’ court, consenting to the appropriation of the highway and made upon the petitioh of three fourths of the adjoining property owners, merely vested in said corporation “the right to use said highway for the purposes'of said plank road.” The public has only an easement in a highway, while the fee remains in the owners of the land. The highway continues to be such after it becomes a toll-road. (Craig v. The People, 47 Ill. 487.) The public still has the right to use the road, but such use is subject to the payment of tolls. The right of the Plank Boad Company under the-acts already referred to was the right to exact of the public a charge for the use of a mere easement, or right of way over land.
How long could the company under its charter continue to exercise the privilege of exacting tolls and maintaining toll houses ? Section one of the act of 1854 provides that Gray, Filkins, Richmond and their associates are “constituted a body corporate and politic under the name and style of the NorthWestern Plank Road Company, and by that name shall have perpetual succession, and the right to sue and be sued, together with all other rights and ordinary powers of á corporate body.”' This grant of perpetual succession was an incorporation of the company for an unlimited period of time. (1 Morawetz on Priv. Corp. sec. 411 and note 3.) No limit was fixed by its charter for the duration of its corporate existence, and só long as its existence as a corporation lasted, it could continue to exercise the powers conferred upon it. But, by proceedings under the provisions of the Act of 1865, the Plank Road Company was dissolved in 1870.
The Act of 1865 was not only an act to amend the charter of the company, but also an act “to authorize the salé of the franchise.” Section 3 of this Act provides that “the president, by the advice and direction of a majority of the stockholders, may sell to the county of Cook the franchise, the property and immunities of said company, or to any other party or parties, and thus dissolve said company, and divide the avails among the stockholders.” It is quite clear that the intention of the legislature, in authorizing the sale thus provided for, was to dissolve the corporation and put an end to its existence. Section 5 provides that “the deed of the president of said company to the said county of Cook or to any other party purchasing, shall be a good and lawful title to the same: provided always that all the debts and liabilities of said company shall be pajd,” etc.
■ The bill alleges, that the company accepted the amendment of its charter as made by the act of 1865. It also appears from the recitals in the deed from the president of the company to Amos J. Snell as set forth in the bill, that, at a meeting of the stockholders held in Chicago on January 5, 1866, where all but 80 of the 5120.shares of the stock were represented, a resolution was passed authorizing the president “to sell the plank road, toll-houses and other property belonging to the company, with the franchise and all its rights and privileges, and give a deed of the same to the purchaser,” etc. It is then averred, that a sale was afterwards, made to Snell, and a deed, dated August 5, 1870, was executed to him by the president of the company. The deed recites that the company is entirely free from debt.'
Section 4 of the act of 1865 provides that the supervisors of Cook County may purchase said franchise, property and immunities, “and should said county fail to purchase the same, any person or persons may purchase the same and thereby make the same private property.” Evidently, the design of the Act was to give the county the right in the first place to obtain a surrender to itself of the privileges granted to the company. The right of other parties to purchase would seem to have been conditioned upon the failure of the county to do so. There is, however, no allegation in the bill, that the county authorities were ever informed of the resolution of January 5, 1866, or were ever given an opportunity of making the .purchase referred to in section 4. The only averment upon that subject is that the county did not purchase, but the county supervisors certainly could not be said to have failed to purchase, until they were in some way made aware of the action of the stockholders, because such action was a necessary prerequisite to the right of the corporation to sell.
But if it be admitted that the company had the authority to make the sale which it did make to Snell, the question arises, what effect did such sale have upon the company itself and what rights did it confer upon the purchaser ?
As the debts were all paid and there were no creditors or third persons, whose rights demanded that the existence of the corporation should be continued, the company became dissolved upon the consummation of the sale and the execution of the deed. This is so, because section 3 states that the object of selling is to dissolve the company. It is also a general rule, that, where the charter of a corporation, or its franchise-to be a corporation, is transferred or sold, there is a surrender- or abandonment of the old charter by the corporators. In the case of such sale or transfer, the effect is the same as though the old corporation was dissolved and its franchise surrendered, to the State. (State of Ohio v. Sherman, 22 Ohio, 411; Memphis R. R. Co. v. Commissioners, 112 U. S. 609.) What rights, are acquired by the transferees or purchasers ?
It has been said that the essence of a corporation consists in a capacity—1. to have perpetual succession under a special name and in an artificial form; 2. to take and grant propertyy contract obligations, sue and be sued by its corporate name as an individual; and 3. to receive and enjoy, in common, grants of privileges and immunities. (Thomas v. Dakin, 22 Wend. 71.) The first two describe the franchises which belong to thecorporators; the last, those which belong to the corporation. “A corporation is itself a franchise belonging to the members of the corporation; and a corporation, being itself a franchise,, may hold other franchises, as rights and franchises of the corporation.” (Pierce v. Emery, 32 N. H. 484.)
By the act of 1854 Gray, Filkins, Richmond and their associates became a corporate body with the right of perpetual succession, etc. This was the franchise of the corporators. By the same act, the corporate body received the right to construct and maintain a toll-road, and to build toll-houses and collect tolls. These were the franchises of the corporation. The former franchise, that is to say, the franchise to be a corporation, cannot be transferred without express provision of law pointing out the mode in which the transfer is to be made. (Coe v. The Columbus, P. & I. R. R. Co. 10 Ohio St. 372; Memphis R. R. Co. v. Commissioners; supra.) The act of 1865 authorizes the sale of “the franchise, the property and immunities” of the Plank Road Company, and specifies that such transfer is to be made by deed of the president. If the word “franchise” as here used is broad enough to include the franchise to be a corporation, with the power of perpetual succession, even then Snell was not thereby made a corporation under the old charter; he was merely vested with the “right to-organize as a corporation.” (Memphis R. R. Co. v. Comrs. supra.) But such organization never took place. Neither he nor his heirs or representatives are claiming as the corporate successors of the Plank Road Company. The appellants are claiming as the heirs of Snell, the individual.
“The franchise of becoming and being a corporation, in its nature, is incommunicable by the act of the parties and incapable of passing by assignment.” (Memphis R. R. Co. v. Comrs. supra). If Snell in his life time was the owner of such franchise by express legislative grant, he could not assign it and it could not descend to his heirs. He failed to use it for the purpose of effecting any corporate organization, and it died with him. Even if this were not so, his failure to effect said organization within ten days after the constitution of 1870 went into effect rendered it impossible, under section 2 of article 11 of that constitution, to give any validity to an organization made after the lapse of such period of ten. days.
If the franchises, designated as those which belong to the corporation as distinguished from the corporators, passed to-Snell by the transfer, and if he had the right to maintain the toll-houses transferred to him and to collect the tolls therefrom, did such franchises and right pass to the appellants at his death? The second proviso of section 5 of the act of 1865 is -as follows: “provided further, that the purchaser or purchasers of said franchise and road shall be bound by all the obligations said North-Western Plank Road Company is by its charter, and shall enjoy all the rights and privileges enjoyed by said company and no more.”' This provision is to be strictly construed in favor of the public and against the grantee of the privileges in question. (Angelí on Highways, section 357; 1 Morawetz on Priv. Corp. 'sec. 323 ; Stormpeltz v. The Manor Turnpike Co. 13 Penn. St. 555).. The person, who is to “enjoy all the rights and privileges enjoyed by said company,” is stated to be the purchaser of the franchise and road. It is not stated that the purchaser and his heirs and assigns shall enjoy such rights and privileges. If it had been the intention of the legislature that the heirs of the purchaser should succeed to the privilege of collecting tolls and maintaining toll-gates, it would have been so specified.
The dissolution of the corporation did away with the right of perpetual succession, which attached to the corporate body. By neglecting to organize a corporation with such privilege of perpetual succession, if the power to do so passed to him, Snell failed to preserve the element of perpetuity. But if the right to collect tolls and maintain toll-houses descended to his heirs, and by consequence became inheritable by'the heirs of such heirs, then there was a continuation of the perpetuity which had been abrogated by the dissolution of the corporation. It is true that the deed made by the president of the corporation to Snell conveys to him, “his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns,” but the question is not what the language of the deed was, but what the legislature authorized to be put into the deed.
In Turnpike Co. v. Illinois, 96 U. S. 63, the Supreme Court of the United States had under consideration a supplement to the charter of a turnpike company, which gave to the company an additional privilege of using a bridge and dyke and erecting a toll-gate on the dyke, and where, as here¿ no term was expressed for the enjoyment of the privilege, and no conditions were imposed for resuming or revoking it on the part of the State; and Mr. Justice Bradley there said: “It cannot be presumed that it was intended to be a perpetual grant; for the company itself had but a limited period of existence. At common law, a grant to a natural person, without words of inheritance, creates only an estate for the life of the grantee; for he can hold the property no longer than he himself exists. * * * Grants of franchises and special privileges are always to be construed most strongly against the donee, and in favor of the public.” It was decided in Kalle v. Knecht, 99 Ill. 396, that the 13th section of our conveyance act has no application to a case like the present, where the privilege of collecting tolls is a mere charge upon an easement owned by the public.
The road certainly did not become “private property” in such sense that the purchaser from the company could manage and control it in the same way and to the same extent as any private property is subject to the use and disposition of the ordinary owner, because we decided in Craig v. The People, supra, that the owner of such a road could not close it up and prevent the public from using it.
The deed to Snell conveys “all the property of said company consisting of the charter and its amendments, and franchises, the right of way, the grading, the planking, ditches, bridges and drainages, the toll-houses, gates, teams, implements of work, and being the plank road from the old city limits of Chicago to the nine mile post, together with all the property, goods and chattels of said company of whatsoever nature or description.'” This language, taken in connection with the allegations of the bill, conveys the impression that, when the sale was made to Snell in August, 1870, the road required to be built by the original charter had not yet been constructed. The obligation imposed upon the corporation as first organized was “to construct a plank road from the city of Chicago to Oak Eidge and from thence to Wheeling and to the north line of said county.” The consideratiorfof the contract with the State was that the whole road should be built from the city of Chicago to the north line of the county. There is nothing to show that the State ever released the company from its duty to build and maintain the whole road. It was not sufficient that it should construct a part. It is true that section 7 of the Act of February 10, 1849, provides that toll may be collected from persons using so much of the road as may be completed, but the privilege of collecting tolls before completion did not excuse the company from the obligation of finally building the whole road.
It clearly appears from the statements in the bill that the original route of the road included the portion thereof that was sold to Snell, and that what he bought did not cover the whole extent of the original route. If it be true, that the road was not yet finished when the sale was made, then Snell was bound to finish it, if all the franchises of the company passed to him. The act of 1865 provides that “the purchaser of said franchise and road shall be bound by all the obligations said North-Western Plank Boad Company is by its charter. ” But it is not alleged in the bill that he ever finished the balance of the road, nor is it pretended that he or his representatives have ever claimed or exercised any control over any part of the road except that named in the deed.
. Upon the assumption that the road was unfinished in 1870, and that, as purchaser of the franchise, he could have proceeded with the construction, it cannot be said that, if he had the right to erect and maintain such toll-houses and toll-gates as he might deem suitable to his interests, such right could have been exercised upon any other part of the road than that constructed by himself. It is distinctly averred in the bill, that the North-Western Plank Boad Company had built that part of the road described in the deed to Snell, and had erected thereon toll-gates and toll houses which it deemed suitable to its interests, and had maintained the toll-road, tollgates and toll-houses and collected “toll therefor and thereat)” long before the sale to Snell. This being so, the location of the toll-gates and toll-houses had become established, and the Company had no power to move them or change their location. Tolls can only be collected at the legally established gates, and the public are interested in the permanency of the location of the gates, and entitled to the right of paying tolls at the established gates, especially when such payments have been made there for a number of years.
By section 7 of the act of February 10,1849, the company was authorized “to erect and maintain such toll-houses, tollgates and other buildings for the accommodation and management of the said road and the travel and transport thereon, as-the said corporation may deem suitable to its interests.” But whén the company had once exercised its discretion by locating the gates, then its power was exhausted. (Griffen v. House, 18 Johns. 397; State v. N. & D. Turnpike Co. 10 Conn. 157; Turnpike Society v. Hosmer, 12 id. 361; H. & D. Turnpike Corp. v. Baker, 17 Pick. 432; The People v. L. & N. R. R. Co. 120 Ill. 48; Angell on Highways, sec. 360).
When, therefore, the sale was made to Snell, he took the road from the city to the nine mile post with such toll-gates and toll-houses as were already established thereon. He had no more power to change their location than the company had at the time of his purchase. He could only enjoy the rights and privileges enjoyed by the company and no more. The company had the privilege of collecting tolls at the established gates and not elsewhere. He was hound by the obligations which had been imposed upon the company by its charter. One of those obligations was to refrain from changing the location of the toll-houses, or removing them, or building others at other points than those originally selected.
It is alleged in the bill that the toll-gate at the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue with Fullerton Avenue was erected by Snell himself “several years prior to his death,” which did not occtir until February 8, 1888. The intersection of the two Avenues was upon that part of the toll-road named in the deed. He had no right to locate the toll-gate at the place thus selected. The toll-gates already established had not-only been in use for the collection of tolls for years before his purchase, but for years thereafter. His use of the gates already existing for so long a period of time before the erection of the one in controversy amounted to an acceptance of what had been done by his predecessor, even if he himself had originally had any discretion in the matter of their re-location.
But let it be admitted that the whole road was constructed by the Plank Road Company along the route named in the charter. If this was* so, then the charter contemplated the erection of toll-gates and the collection of tolls along the line of the road from the old city limits to the north line of the county. The franchise was one and indivisible. (The People v. Improvement Co. 103 Ill. 491). The Act of 1865 contemplated the sale of the whole franchise and the whole road. It is manifest that Snell only bought a part of the plank road, nine miles in length, and the franchise of using the same and collecting the tolls thereon. What became of the balance of the road? Was it abandoned, or was it sold to some other purchaser ? In either case, there was a division of the franchise authorized to be sold as a whole by the act of 186?. It ■^as not the design of the original charter or of the act of 1865, that there should be 'more than one ownership of .the whole road and all its franchises. The contract between the State and the Plank Road Company was that the company and no one else should construct and keep in repair the whole road and in consideration thereof should collect tolls. The contract between the State and the purchaser named in the act of 1865 was that such purchaser should finish, or if finished, should maintain and keep in repair the whole road, in consideration of collecting tolls thereon. There was no contract between the State and Snell or anybody else, that only a part of the road should be built or kept in repair, or that one part should be kept in repair by the county and the other part by some •other owner, or that different owners should maintain and operate different parts of the road.
Therefore, upon the assumption that the whole road had been completed and was in operation on August 5, 1870, it must follow, that the sale made to Snell and the deed executed to him were not in pursuance of the act of 1865, and cannot be regarded as binding upon the State.
The Act of 1865 evidently intended to put the North-Western Plank Boad Company upon the same footing with plank roads organized under the general law of the State. Said road, if stone or gravel was substituted for plank, was to be “constructed so as to pass the examination of the inspectors of plank roads” in Cook County. It was to “collect the same tolls and enjoy the same privileges granted to plank road companies by the general plank road law.” (Turney v. Wilton, 36 Ill. 393.) It might collect the same penalties, fines and damages authorized by the general law, and be subject to the same penalties imposed by that law.. Words of permission, if tending to promote the public benefit, are obligatory. (Boone on Corp. sec. 36; Rex v. Mayor, etc. of Hastings, 1 Dowl. & R. 148.) It was promotive of the public benefit that this particular plank road Company should not enjoy any greater privileges than other plank road companies. It accepted the provisions of the Act of 1865, and made sale of its property under the last three sections of that Act. The words “may enjoy the same privileges” will be construed to mean: “shall enjoy the same privileges.”
There is nothing in the language of sections 1 and 2 of the act of 1865, which limits the provisions of those sections to the general plank road law as it existed on February 15,1865. The inspection was to be such as the general law might provide for in the future. The company might collect the same tolls, allowed by the general law as it then was and as it might become by amendment, and could enjoy the same privileges granted to plank road companies by the general plank road law, whether such law should remain the same or be after-wards changed. (Kugler’s Appeal, 55 Penn. St. 123; McKnight
v. Krinnion, 22 Mo. 559). By accepting the act of 1865 the North-Western Plank Road Company consented, that thereafter its privileges should he no more nor less than those which the legislature should award to other plank road companies by general law. It consented thereby to accept the same restriction or enlargement, which the general law might make in the privileges of other plank road companies. When Snell made his purchase, he was to- enjoy the rights and privileges enjoyed by the company and no more. Therefore, he also was only to have such privileges as should be granted by the general law. (R. R. Co. v. Hecht, 95 U. S. 168).
The act of March 25, 1874, already referred to, was a' general act relating to turnpikes, and plank, gravel, macadamized and other toll roads. We have already seen that, by section 12 of this general law, no toll-gate can be kept or toll demanded within the corporate limits of any city. The toll-gate at the intersection of Milwaukee and Fullerton Avenues is within the limits of a city. Appellants have no right to keep it there, or to demand toll there. Even if the interest of Snell became . invested in them as his heirs, they took such interest subject to the same conditions under which their ancestor held it. He only enjoyed the same privilege as to the collection of tolls, which other companies could enjoy under the general law, and the privilege of such other companies was that of collecting tolls outside of the city limits, and not within such limits, nor within 160 rods thereof. Section 12, as applied to the NorthWestern Plank Road Company, or the purchaser therefrom, cannot be regarded as a violation of its or his contract with the State, in view of the acceptance of the provisions of the - act of 1865.
The right to maintain the toll-gate in question is negatived by all the implications from the acts of 1849, 1854 and 1865, and by the general law and policy of this State in regard to the character and powers of incorporated cities.
The road was to be constructed “from the city of Chicago, ” and, although this language has sometimes been construed to mean “from a point within the city, ” yet such cannot be its construction in the present case. The bill does not so claim, but alleges that the road was begun at the northern limit of the city, as it existed from 1849 to 1854, that is to say, from North Avenue. The charter of the city of Chicago at that time placed its streets entirely under the control of the city authorities. The act of February 10,1849, authorizes the plank road company to use State roads, and to acquire property from individuals, companies and corporations for the construction of the road; and the Act of March 1, 1854, provides for the use, for such purpose, of highways with the permission of the county and the property owners. But nowhere in any of the Acts is any provision made for locating or constructing the road through any incorporated city or town. An act passed in February, 1851, amending the general plank road law of 1849, provided that no street of a city should be used for a plank road without the consent of the city authorities. An act approved February 21, 1859, providing “for constructing, maintaining and keeping in repair plank, gravel or macadamized roads or pikes by a general law” (Laws of 1859 page 154) —which act was in force when the act of February 15, 1865, was passed—required an agreement with the corporate authorities of a city before any plank-road could be located upon any street of such city. The entire absence of any of these provisions from the acts, which constitute the charter now under consideration, together with the mention of only highways, State roads and private property in such charter, and the complete silence therein as to streets, leads to the conclusion that the contemplated road was intended to be one that should lie entirely outside of the limits of any city. (Regina v. Cottle, 3 Eng. Law & Eq. 474; Stormfelz v. Manor Turnpike Co. supra; S. & H. Turnpike Co. v. Lyons, 18 Conn. 451; Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 419; Snell v. Buresh, 123 Ill. 151; Northwestern Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Park, 97 U. S. 659; O. & M. R. R. Co. v. McClelland, 25 Ill. 140).
The policy of this State has always been to give the control of the streets, both as to repairs and general management, to the corporate authorities of the city through which such streets run. The fee of the streets is vested in the city for the use of the public, and their free and untrammeled use belongs to the public. Cities are bodies politic and corporate established by law, not only to regulate and administer their own local affairs, but to assist in the civil government of the country. (1 Dillon on Corp. sec. 19 (9 b)). It can hardly be supposed, that the legislature intended to barter away the right of the State to carry on the government through the organization and exten- ' • sion of cities, by making contracts with toll-road companies for the perpetual control of the public highways. By the natural growth of the country, many of such highways must become, in part at least, streets of cities, and when they are so absorbed by the increase of population, they must be subject to the control of the municipal authorities. Any other result would lead to inextricable confusion. One street cannot be under the management of two distinct governing powers.
The constitutions of 1848 and of 1870 have both been interpreted by this Court to mean, that the legislature has no power to grant' to any other than the corporate authorities of a city the right to assess and collect taxes, and that such taxation must be for corporate purposes, and that “the corporate authorities” are those, who are either directly elected by the people of the municipality, or appointed in some mode, to which they have given their consent. (Wetherell v. Devine, 116 Ill. 631). Whatever may be the rule in other States, it is the settled doctrine of this State, and was the doctrine of the State when the act of 1865 was accepted by the Plank Road Company, that a statute, conferring upon the commissioners of highways the authority to maintain roads within their towns, will not be so construed as to authorize the exercise of such authority over highways within the limits of a city, and a tax, levied by such commissioners for the repair or improvement of a public road or street lying within the limits of a city, is illegal. (Town of Ottawa v. Walker, 21 Ill. 605; Comrs. v. Baumgarten, 41 id. 254; People v. LaSalle County, 111 id. 527; People v. C. & N. W. R. R. Co. 118 id. 520). The same principle was applicable when the highways were under control of the counties, as when they were under the control of towns. Counties, under the constitution of 1848, had no more right than towns to maintain a road within the limits of a city, or to levy taxes upon the people of a city for the maintenance of a road or street therein.
When a toll-road was established, the town or county surrendered to the toll-road company the duty of maintaining the highway and keeping it in repair. The toll company was substituted, for that purpose and to that extent, for the authorities of the town or county. Whereas theretofore the county or town levied a tax upon the people, payable either in money or labor, to keep the highway in repair, thereafter the toll-road company required the people to pay tolls for the same purpose. The exaction of tolls from the people was in the nature of a burden or tax just the same as had been the case when the town or county exacted money or labor. Now, it will not be contended, when a city is enlarged so as to include within its boundaries a part of a highway, and so as to make such part of the highway a part of the 'street, with a fee simple title thereto in the city, that the authority of the town or county over the portion of the road thus taken into the city will continue to exist any longer. It will he admitted that thereafter the city will have entire control. Why does not the same result follow, when the part of the highway, so added to the city, has been under the management of a toll road company ? Such company is not a corporate authority of the city selected by the people thereof. It levies upon the people an exaction in the nature of a tax, to which they have never given their consent. It imposes a charge upon them without their consent for the purpose of keeping in repair one of their own streets, intrusted by the law to the management of their own officials.
Any statute, whose application leads to such a result as is thus indicated, contravenes the spirit, if not the letter, of section 5 of article 9 of the constitution of 1848, and of section 9 of article 9 of the constitution of 1870, as those sections have been interpreted by this court. The legislature had no power in 1849 or 1854 or 1865 to pass a special charter, which could . be so used or applied, under a given state of facts, as to violate the fundamental law of the State. The State could not be bound by a contract whose enforcement, under new conditions, would be forbidden by the constitution. It follows that the Plank Eoad Company and its vendee must be held to have accepted the charter granted to them, upon the implied condition and under the implied understanding that the right to use the highway for a toll-road should give way as to such part thereof as should become subjected, by the growth of the State and its increase in population, to the control and government of an incorporated city. The State had authorized the Company to use the highway by permission of the county upon petition of three fourths of the adjoining property owners, but, under the requirements of the organic law, that use could not continue after the authority of an incorporated city had become substituted for that of the county, and the title of the adjoining property owners, to the land subject to. the easement of the highway, had become vested in the incorporated municipality of a city.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the common council of the City of Chicago had the right to direct its superintendent of public works to remove the toll-gate in question.
The decree of the Superior Court is affirmed.
Decree affirmed.