GbasoN, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question presented for the consideration of this Court, arises upon the prayer of the appellant, which was rejected by the Court below. That question is, whether the title to the land in dispute in this cause, was vested in the appellant under the patent granted to him on the first day of March, 1866, under the authority and direction of the Act of 1866, ch. 93, or in Thomas Devecmon under the patent issued to him on the 25th day of September, 1863.
It was contended, on behalf of the appellees, that the Act of 1866, ch. 93, was void and of no effect, because it was an encroachment upon the powers of the judicial department of the government; because it interfered with the vested rights of Thomas Devecmon under his patent; because, there being an appeal allowed from the decision of the Commissioner of the Land Office by the Act- of 1853, ch. 415, the Legislature had no power to enact it, but that- the appellant’s only remedy was by appeal from the decision of the Commissioner of the Land Office, and because that Act was repealed by the Act of 1867, ch. 120, which declared the patent of the appellant void.
It is true that the 1st section of the 54th Article of the Code makes the Commissioner of the Land Office a Court of [479]*479Eecord, but the 7th Article of the Constitution of 1864, section 3, in providing for the election of that officer, leaves his powers and duties completely under the control of the Legislature, so that they may be changed or abrogated, and new duties imposed at its will and in its discretion. That officer does not form part of the judiciary under the Constitution of 1864, to which we must look in the examination of this question, and, therefore, the authorities cited by the appellant’s counsel in support of this branch of his argument, do not apply. After the revolution, the Legislature of this State succeeded to the rights of the Lord Proprietary over the public lands, to be exercised for the public good, and can dispose of them upon such terms, and under such regulations as it may deem proper and expedient, and can change, modify, or dispense with such rules and regulations, in particular cases, according to its own notions of justice or expediency. Baltimore vs. McKim, 3 Bland, 460; Cunningham vs. Brown, 1 Bland, 320; Howard vs. Moale, 2 H. & J., 260. The Legislature, therefore, had power to suspend or dispense with the rules of the Land Office, and to authorize and direct a patent to be issued to the appellant.
The Act of 1866, ch. 93, did not attempt, or profess to annul, or, in any manner, interfere with the patent of Thomas Deveemon, or to impair any rights he may have acquired thereunder, but left them, if his patent gave him any, unimpaired and enforcible in the Courts. All that was effected, or intended to be effected, by the Act of 1866, ch. 93, was to authorize a patent to be issued to the appellant so as to enable him to enter the Courts for the purpose of having the rights of himself and of the appellees, under the respective patents, considered and determined. It was the well established practice of the Chancellor, as Judge of the Land Office, where there were two applicants for patents, to issue patents to both, in cases of doubt, so as to place them in a position to have their rights determined by the Courts, Baltimore vs. McKim, 3 Bland, 465, and the Act of 1866 does no more. It is true [480]*480that, when the Commissioner of the Land Office sustained the caveat filed by Thomas Devecmon, and decided against the claim of the appellant for a patent, an appeal from that decision could have been prosecuted under the Act of 1853, ch. 415. But it does not follow that, because that right of appeal existed, the Legislature was, therefore, deprived of its control over the public lands, or its power and authority to change, suspend, or modify the rules and regulations for their disposition, or to change the remedy of the appellant by directing a patent to be issued to him, instead of requiring him to prosecute his appeal from the decision of the Commissioner of the Land Office. The contrary principle was fully recognized and enforced by this Court in the case of Wright vs. Wright, 2 Md., 448, 449. By the Acts of 1841, ch. 362, and 1844, ch. 306, jurisdiction was given to the Courts in all cases of applications for divorces, and in the case of Wright vs. Wright, it was contended that the Act of 1849, by which the parties had been divorced, was an exercise of judicial power by the Legislature, and, consequently, void. In that case also, as in this, it was urged that the Act was of no force and validity, because it had been passed without notice to the parties to be affected by it. -But it was held that the grant of jurisdiction to the Courts in applications for divorces did not deprive the Legislature of the right to grant divorces, but that it was competent for that body to repeal the Acts of 1841 and 1844 in a whole or in part, or to suspend, for a time, their operation. There cannot, therefore, exist a doubt that the Legislature, notwithstanding the Act of 1853, ch. 415, had the right to pass the Act of 1866, ch. 93, directing the Commissioner of the Land Office to issue a patent to the appellant, the effect being a repeal, pro tanto, of the Act of 1853. It next becomes necessary to inquire, whether the Legislature had power to pass the Act of 1867, ch. 120, by Avhich it was intended that the Act of 1866 should be repealed, and the patent, issued to the appellant, annulled. At the date of the passage of the Act of 1867, the patent of the [481]*481appellant bad been issued, and the powers, conferred by the Act of 1866, bad been exercised and exhausted. If the patent, issued under its direction, conferred any rights upon the appellant, they had become vested, and he had instituted his suit against the appllees to recover the land described in his patent. The Legislature has no power to pass laws impairing or divesting vested rights — and laws, which would have that effect, are void and inoperative. The Act of 1867, ch. 120, is such a law, and is, therefore, void, and cannot affect the patent of the appellant.
The only remaining question is, whether the title to the land in dispute, vested in Tlios. Deveemon, under his patent of the 25th September, 1863, or in the appellant, by virtue of bis patent, dated tbe 1st day of March, 1866.
Under the 24th section of the 54th Article of the Code, any one may obtain an escheat warrant by application to the Commissioner of the Land Office, “ unless some other person has obtained, or is entitled to a warrant for the same kind.” By section 25, any escheat warrant must be executed within twelve months from its date; and section 26 provides that any person who has obtained a warrant to re-survey or escheat lands, shall, within one year from its date, unless the same be renewed, pay for the land included in the certificate of the survey.
From these provisions of the Code, it was evidently the intention of the Legislature that he who made the first application for a warrant of re-survey or escheat warrant, should have priority over all others, upon his complying with the requirements of the law, and that when such a warrant once issued, no other warrant for the same land should be issued to any other person within one year from its date.
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GbasoN, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question presented for the consideration of this Court, arises upon the prayer of the appellant, which was rejected by the Court below. That question is, whether the title to the land in dispute in this cause, was vested in the appellant under the patent granted to him on the first day of March, 1866, under the authority and direction of the Act of 1866, ch. 93, or in Thomas Devecmon under the patent issued to him on the 25th day of September, 1863.
It was contended, on behalf of the appellees, that the Act of 1866, ch. 93, was void and of no effect, because it was an encroachment upon the powers of the judicial department of the government; because it interfered with the vested rights of Thomas Devecmon under his patent; because, there being an appeal allowed from the decision of the Commissioner of the Land Office by the Act- of 1853, ch. 415, the Legislature had no power to enact it, but that- the appellant’s only remedy was by appeal from the decision of the Commissioner of the Land Office, and because that Act was repealed by the Act of 1867, ch. 120, which declared the patent of the appellant void.
It is true that the 1st section of the 54th Article of the Code makes the Commissioner of the Land Office a Court of [479]*479Eecord, but the 7th Article of the Constitution of 1864, section 3, in providing for the election of that officer, leaves his powers and duties completely under the control of the Legislature, so that they may be changed or abrogated, and new duties imposed at its will and in its discretion. That officer does not form part of the judiciary under the Constitution of 1864, to which we must look in the examination of this question, and, therefore, the authorities cited by the appellant’s counsel in support of this branch of his argument, do not apply. After the revolution, the Legislature of this State succeeded to the rights of the Lord Proprietary over the public lands, to be exercised for the public good, and can dispose of them upon such terms, and under such regulations as it may deem proper and expedient, and can change, modify, or dispense with such rules and regulations, in particular cases, according to its own notions of justice or expediency. Baltimore vs. McKim, 3 Bland, 460; Cunningham vs. Brown, 1 Bland, 320; Howard vs. Moale, 2 H. & J., 260. The Legislature, therefore, had power to suspend or dispense with the rules of the Land Office, and to authorize and direct a patent to be issued to the appellant.
The Act of 1866, ch. 93, did not attempt, or profess to annul, or, in any manner, interfere with the patent of Thomas Deveemon, or to impair any rights he may have acquired thereunder, but left them, if his patent gave him any, unimpaired and enforcible in the Courts. All that was effected, or intended to be effected, by the Act of 1866, ch. 93, was to authorize a patent to be issued to the appellant so as to enable him to enter the Courts for the purpose of having the rights of himself and of the appellees, under the respective patents, considered and determined. It was the well established practice of the Chancellor, as Judge of the Land Office, where there were two applicants for patents, to issue patents to both, in cases of doubt, so as to place them in a position to have their rights determined by the Courts, Baltimore vs. McKim, 3 Bland, 465, and the Act of 1866 does no more. It is true [480]*480that, when the Commissioner of the Land Office sustained the caveat filed by Thomas Devecmon, and decided against the claim of the appellant for a patent, an appeal from that decision could have been prosecuted under the Act of 1853, ch. 415. But it does not follow that, because that right of appeal existed, the Legislature was, therefore, deprived of its control over the public lands, or its power and authority to change, suspend, or modify the rules and regulations for their disposition, or to change the remedy of the appellant by directing a patent to be issued to him, instead of requiring him to prosecute his appeal from the decision of the Commissioner of the Land Office. The contrary principle was fully recognized and enforced by this Court in the case of Wright vs. Wright, 2 Md., 448, 449. By the Acts of 1841, ch. 362, and 1844, ch. 306, jurisdiction was given to the Courts in all cases of applications for divorces, and in the case of Wright vs. Wright, it was contended that the Act of 1849, by which the parties had been divorced, was an exercise of judicial power by the Legislature, and, consequently, void. In that case also, as in this, it was urged that the Act was of no force and validity, because it had been passed without notice to the parties to be affected by it. -But it was held that the grant of jurisdiction to the Courts in applications for divorces did not deprive the Legislature of the right to grant divorces, but that it was competent for that body to repeal the Acts of 1841 and 1844 in a whole or in part, or to suspend, for a time, their operation. There cannot, therefore, exist a doubt that the Legislature, notwithstanding the Act of 1853, ch. 415, had the right to pass the Act of 1866, ch. 93, directing the Commissioner of the Land Office to issue a patent to the appellant, the effect being a repeal, pro tanto, of the Act of 1853. It next becomes necessary to inquire, whether the Legislature had power to pass the Act of 1867, ch. 120, by Avhich it was intended that the Act of 1866 should be repealed, and the patent, issued to the appellant, annulled. At the date of the passage of the Act of 1867, the patent of the [481]*481appellant bad been issued, and the powers, conferred by the Act of 1866, bad been exercised and exhausted. If the patent, issued under its direction, conferred any rights upon the appellant, they had become vested, and he had instituted his suit against the appllees to recover the land described in his patent. The Legislature has no power to pass laws impairing or divesting vested rights — and laws, which would have that effect, are void and inoperative. The Act of 1867, ch. 120, is such a law, and is, therefore, void, and cannot affect the patent of the appellant.
The only remaining question is, whether the title to the land in dispute, vested in Tlios. Deveemon, under his patent of the 25th September, 1863, or in the appellant, by virtue of bis patent, dated tbe 1st day of March, 1866.
Under the 24th section of the 54th Article of the Code, any one may obtain an escheat warrant by application to the Commissioner of the Land Office, “ unless some other person has obtained, or is entitled to a warrant for the same kind.” By section 25, any escheat warrant must be executed within twelve months from its date; and section 26 provides that any person who has obtained a warrant to re-survey or escheat lands, shall, within one year from its date, unless the same be renewed, pay for the land included in the certificate of the survey.
From these provisions of the Code, it was evidently the intention of the Legislature that he who made the first application for a warrant of re-survey or escheat warrant, should have priority over all others, upon his complying with the requirements of the law, and that when such a warrant once issued, no other warrant for the same land should be issued to any other person within one year from its date.
The Commissioner of the Land Office, being by law a Court of Record, the escheat warrant to the appellant was notice to all that it had been issued to him, to affect the land described in it, and Thomas Deveemon is presumed to have had notice of it, even if he did not have actual notice at the time he [482]*482obtained his warrant in January, 1863, and that it was to affect the tract of land called “White Oak Bottom,” in Alle-gany county. Hoye vs. Johnson, 2 Gill, 317; Cunningham vs. Brown, 1 Bland, 326. The warrant to Thomas Devecmon was, therefore, issued in violation of the provisions of the. Code and of the contract between the State and the appellant, by which the State was pledged to sell that land to no other person than the appellant within one year from the date of his warrant. Cunningham vs. Brown, 1 Bland, 326. In that case, as well as in the case of Owings vs. Norwood, 2 H. & J., 103, it was held that the title of a party commenced from the date of an escheat warrant, and that the patent, when granted, related back to the date of the warrant.
(Decided 22d April, 1869.)
There can, therefore, be no question of the fact that the title of the appellant to the land in controversy commenced from the date of his warrant, on the 24th October, 1862, before Thomas Devecmon applied for his warrant. The latter could only take, under his warrant, survey and patent, a defeasible title, liable to be defeated, upon a compliance with the requirements of the law by the appellant and the issuing of a patent to him. All that was required to be done by the appellant, was performed by him within the prescribed time, and he, therefore, became entitled to his patent. This he did not obtain until the 1st day of March, 1866, and, when thus obtained, it related back to the 24th October, 1862, from which date his title to the land described in his patent, is now to be considered as perfect. No title, therefore, could, or ever did, vest in Thomas Devecmon, .and consequently there is no title in the appellees. The Court below erred in rejecting the appellant’s prayer, which ought to have been granted, and its judgment must be reversed, and judgment entered in this Court for the appellant.
Judgment reversed and judgment for the appellant.