[Cite as Smith v. Avery, 2026-Ohio-1931.]
IN THE OHIO COURT OF APPEALS FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
BRAD SMITH, et al., Case No. 2025 CA 0106
Plaintiffs - Appellees Opinion & Judgment Entry
-vs- Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas of Richland County, Probate Division, DARIN AVERY, TRUSTEE Case No. 20203010A OF THE ROBERT H. FOX REVOCABLE TRUST, Judgment: Affirmed
Defendant - Appellant Date of Judgment: May 26, 2026
and
RODNEY ALLEN FOX, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees
BEFORE: Craig R. Baldwin, Robert G. Montgomery, and David M. Gormley, Judges
APPEARANCES: Robert A. Franco, Mansfield, Ohio, for Plaintiffs-Appellees Brad Smith, Lisa Paul and Laurel Selvey; Brian J. Halligan,* Mansfield, Ohio, for Defendant-Appellant Darin Avery; Jessica S. Forrest & Brianna M. Prislipsky (Reminger Co., LPA), Cleveland, Ohio, and Shana B. Demooy (Reminger Co., LPA), Columbus, Ohio, for Defendants- Appellees Rodney Allen Fox, Vicki Papazian, Richard Fox, Tangela Taylor, and Mikayla Taylor; C. Richard Thompson, Mansfield, Ohio, for Defendant-Appellee Nancy Fidler; John S. Dilts, Mansfield, Ohio, for Defendants-Appellees Josh Smith and Sean Smith.
* Attorney Halligan died shortly after the briefing concluded in this case
Gormley, J.
{¶1} After Robert Fox, his wife Phyllis, and their two sons had passed away, some
of Phyllis’s distant relatives filed a lawsuit in the probate court in Richland County asking
that court to determine which person or persons are now the rightful beneficiaries of a
trust that Robert Fox had created and funded for his sons’ benefit decades earlier. Darin
Avery — the court-appointed successor trustee of that trust, which is called the Robert H. Fox Revocable Living Trust — disagrees with the probate court’s decision on that
question, and Avery has asked us to undo it. Because we find that the probate court
properly exercised its jurisdiction to address the question and correctly answered it, we
affirm.
The Key Facts
{¶2} Robert H. Fox — who had operated an auto-parts business in Mansfield in
the 1970s and 1980s — signed his will as well as the document creating the Robert H. Fox
Revocable Living Trust on the same day in July 1991. The attorney who prepared the
former document also prepared the latter. Robert’s wife Phyllis had died two years
earlier, and the Trust named the couple’s two adult sons, Gregory and Jeffrey, as the
Trust’s beneficiaries.
{¶3} Robert, who served as the trustee while he was alive, died in February 2003,
and his son Gregory took over as trustee then. Neither son ever married, and neither ever
fathered any children. Jeffrey died intestate in February 2022, and his brother Gregory
died intestate two months later.
{¶4} Avery — an attorney with no connection to the Fox family — was appointed
by the probate court in Richland County as administrator of Gregory’s estate and, later,
as successor trustee of the Trust. In October 2023, Avery filed in the probate court a
document that he labeled as a “request for instructions,” and in it he floated the theory
that he, as “final trustee,” might be the intended beneficiary of the entire Trust corpus.
He withdrew that request after the plaintiffs in this case filed a declaratory-judgment
action in the trial court.
{¶5} Three of Phyllis’s distant relatives filed that lawsuit in the trial court in 2024
against various other distant relatives of either Phyllis or Robert, and the plaintiffs named Avery as a defendant in the case too. The plaintiffs asked the trial court to interpret the
Trust document and to distribute the Trust’s assets in accordance with both Robert’s
wishes and Ohio law.
{¶6} The plaintiffs and all of the defendants except Avery eventually agreed that
none of them had any personal knowledge of Robert’s intent when he created the Trust in
1991, and they all agreed, too, that they knew of no witnesses who could testify about that
intent. Avery, who had been appointed as trustee several years after Robert’s death and
who was himself a stranger to the family, expressed a contrary view, but he offered no
clear theories to the trial court as to how the Trust should be construed or how the Trust’s
assets should be distributed.
{¶7} Avery filed three motions to dismiss and a motion for summary judgment,
and he opposed all efforts by the family members who were asking the trial court to
interpret the Trust document and distribute the Trust’s assets.
{¶8} The trial court denied Avery’s motions as well as a cross-motion for
summary judgment filed by some of the other parties in the case, and then the trial court
— relying on a provision of the Trust document explaining what should happen to the
Trust’s income and principal “[i]n the event that there shall be no surviving named
beneficiaries” — ordered that the Trust’s income and principal be distributed to five of the
defendants. Each of those defendants is a distant relative of Robert, and they appear to
be Robert’s only living heirs. The other six parties (aside from Avery) are all distant
relatives of Phyllis, and none of them, according to the trial court, are entitled to any of
the Trust’s assets.
{¶9} Despite that adverse finding by the trial court, none of those six parties has
appealed. Only Avery has asked us to undo the trial court’s decision. The Probate Court Properly Chose to Decide the Issue Raised by the Plaintiffs
{¶10} Avery’s first, third, and seventh assignments of error all attack the trial
court’s decision to reach the merits of the question raised by the plaintiffs about the
proper interpretation of the Trust document and about the proper distribution of the
Trust’s assets. According to Avery, the plaintiffs’ amended complaint sought only a
declaration that the Trust’s assets belong to the estates of brothers Gregory and Jeffrey
Fox, and Avery says that once the trial court rejected that theory, it had no business
proceeding to identify the Trust’s rightful beneficiaries. The trial court, in Avery’s view,
either had to grant what Avery describes as the limited relief requested by the plaintiffs
or dismiss the case. We disagree.
{¶11} Whether a matter is appropriate for declaratory judgment is committed to
a trial court’s sound discretion. Arnott v. Arnott, 2012-Ohio-3208, ¶ 1, 13. An abuse of
discretion has occurred when the trial court’s decision was “unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable” and was not “merely an error of law or judgment.” State v. Thompson,
2015-Ohio-92, ¶ 18 (5th Dist.), citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219
(1983).
{¶12} And we review a ruling on a Civil Rule 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss — which
Avery did file in the trial court — with fresh eyes. Daddario v. Rose, 2022-Ohio-3537, ¶
19 (5th Dist.). That kind of motion in a case such as this should be granted only where no
real controversy exists or where the requested declaration would not terminate the
uncertainty. Fioresi v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 26 Ohio App.3d 203, 203-204 (1st
Dist. 1985). {¶13} The Trust held assets that Avery, as trustee, refused to distribute. The
plaintiffs’ amended complaint placed the question of who was entitled to those assets
squarely before the trial court, and as that court correctly noted, that question existed
independently of the particular answer the plaintiffs proposed.
{¶14} Once the trial court rejected the theory that the Trust’s assets belong to
Gregory’s estate — a theory that rested on the fact that he was the last to die of the two
Trust beneficiaries, and so the Trust’s assets, according to the amended complaint, should
be distributed to his surviving heirs — that court did not, as Avery suggests, exceed its
authority by pressing on to identify the proper beneficiaries. Just the opposite. The Trust
assets had to go somewhere, and the probate court would have abdicated its responsibility
had it left the Trust’s property in administrative limbo. Identifying the beneficiaries of a
trust whose named beneficiaries have all died without issue is the very task R.C. 2721.05
contemplates. (That statutory provision — which the plaintiffs cited in their amended
complaint — empowers any person “interested . . . in the administration of a trust” to ask
a court to “declar[e the] . . . rights or legal relations” in cases involving the
“ascertain[ment] . . . of . . . heirs” and the “administration of . . . the . . . trust.”)
{¶15} The trial court, then, surely did not abuse its discretion when it resolved the
controversy that the trustee’s refusal to distribute the Trust’s assets had created. First
Natl. Bank v. Miami Univ., 121 Ohio App.3d 170, 174 (12th Dist. 1997) (a probate court is
authorized to “declare the rights and legal relations of persons interested in the
administration of an estate or a trust”).
{¶16} Avery’s related contention that the sole controversy presented in the
plaintiffs’ lawsuit was a dispute between him and the non-party estates of Gregory and
Jeffrey misreads the Trust. As we explain below, the Trust does not call for the Trust’s assets to be distributed to the brothers’ estates but instead directs that those assets go to
Robert Fox or to his heirs under Ohio law. The plaintiffs’ interests, if they exist at all, arise
under the Trust rather than through any decedent’s estate. The parties to this controversy
were the proper ones: the trustee and the putative beneficiaries. Thus, the trial court
rightly denied Avery’s requests that the lawsuit be dismissed.
{¶17} The first, third, and seventh assignments of error are overruled.
The Plaintiffs Had Standing to Sue and Did Not Violate the Trust’s No- Contest Clause
{¶18} Avery’s fourth and fifth assignments of error focus on the plaintiffs’ alleged
lack of standing and on what Avery claims was the plaintiffs’ violation of the Trust’s no-
contest clause. To review the trial court’s ruling on the latter issue, we of course look with
fresh eyes at the Trust document containing the no-contest clause, while a party’s
standing to sue is likewise a question of law that we review de novo. Moore v.
Middletown, 2012-Ohio-3897, ¶ 20.
{¶19} R.C. 2721.05 — the statutory provision that we quoted above in paragraph
14 — confers standing on the plaintiffs, who are distant relatives of Phyllis Fox (and who
are also, therefore, distant relatives of Phyllis’s late son Gregory Fox, who was the last-to-
die beneficiary of the Trust). The plaintiffs certainly had a direct pecuniary interest in any
legal determination about the proper construction of the Trust. They are precisely the
“persons interested” that the statute envisions. State ex rel. Abraitis v. Gallagher, 2015-
Ohio-2312, ¶ 13.
{¶20} Avery’s argument that the plaintiffs lacked standing because they
themselves did not claim beneficiary status conflates standing with the resolution of the
question they presented. (And the plaintiffs did in fact allege in the amended complaint that they were entitled to a portion of the Trust’s assets, though they are no longer
pursuing that claim.) Whatever the plaintiffs’ views were or became about their right to
some of the Trust’s assets, they at all times wanted an answer from the trial court. The
very purpose of the declaratory-judgment action was, after all, to determine who the
rightful beneficiaries were.
{¶21} Avery’s reliance on the Trust’s no-contest provision fares no better when we,
as we must, “look at the language used in the trust” and “examine its plain and ordinary
meaning.” Apple-Chamberlain v. Apple, 2025-Ohio-5388, ¶ 48 (6th Dist.).
{¶22} Article XIV of the Trust forbids any beneficiary from either contesting the
validity of the Trust or seeking to “void, nullify, or set aside this trust or any of its
provisions.” Yet, participation in a lawsuit asking a court to construe a trust’s terms does
not run afoul of that type of no-contest language, even where the parties advance
competing contentions about the meaning or applicability of particular clauses. Natl. City
Bank v. de Laville, 2009-Ohio-5725, ¶ 20 (6th Dist.).
{¶23} No party sought in the trial court to invalidate the Trust. The plaintiffs
instead sought its interpretation and asked that the document be enforced. And certainly
no action on the part of any of the five defendants who were found by the trial court to be
the Trust’s rightful beneficiaries can be said to have run counter to the no-contest clause.
{¶24} The fourth and fifth assignments of error are overruled.
Neither the Statute of Limitations nor the Doctrine of Claim Preclusion Barred the Plaintiffs’ Suit
{¶25} Avery’s sixth assignment of error contends that the plaintiffs’ lawsuit was
barred by the statute of limitations and by the doctrine of claim preclusion. We review
these issues with fresh eyes. See Gauthier v. Gauthier, 2025-Ohio-501, ¶ 34 (12th Dist.) (“A determination of when a cause of action accrues is a matter of law” that is reviewed
“de novo”); AJZ’s Hauling, LLC v. TruNorth Warranty Programs of North America,
2023-Ohio-3097, ¶ 16 (“We review de novo the question whether res judicata applies to a
claim or issue”).
{¶26} Avery argues that any claim under the Trust accrued at Robert’s death in
2003 and that the ten-year limitations period in R.C. 2305.14 — Ohio’s general statutory
limitations period for actions not governed by other limitations provisions — expired long
before the plaintiffs filed suit in 2024.
{¶27} But no justiciable controversy arose in 2003 when Robert Fox died.
Robert’s two surviving sons took no steps to dissolve the Trust then, and one of them
functioned as the trustee until he himself died in 2022. Only then, when Avery was named
as the trustee, and in the following year, when Avery disputed the family members’ right
to receive the Trust’s assets, did a dispute arise. We believe it was then that any
limitations period began to run. See Cundall v. U.S. Bank, 2009-Ohio-2523, ¶ 27 (“Until
the trustee repudiates his trust obligation, to the knowledge of the . . . [trust beneficiary],
no cause of action exists against which a statute of limitation [for claims of fraud, self-
dealing, and other breaches of a trustee’s fiduciary duties] could operate”); Corron v.
Corron, 40 Ohio St.3d 75, 79 (1988) (“In order for a party to seek a declaratory
determination under R.C. 2721.03 or 2721.05, there must be an actual controversy, the
resolution of which will confer certain rights or status upon the litigants”).
{¶28} The controversy here arose, at the earliest, in 2022, when both named
beneficiaries had died without issue. Assuming, as Avery claims, that the ten-year
limitations period in R.C. 2305.14 governs this controversy, the plaintiffs’ action in 2024
was timely filed. {¶29} Avery’s reliance on the claim-preclusion doctrine is likewise a nonstarter.
Under that doctrine, “[a] valid, final judgment rendered upon the merits bars all
subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that
was the subject matter of the previous action.” Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d
379 (1995), paragraph one of the syllabus. And that doctrine provides, too, that a final
judgment between parties to litigation is “conclusive as to all claims which were or might
have been litigated in a first lawsuit.” Rogers v. Whitehall, 25 Ohio St.3d 67, 69 (1986).
{¶30} Claim preclusion is marked by four key elements: “‘(1) a prior final, valid
decision on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) a second action involving
the same parties, or their privies, as the first; (3) a second action raising claims that were
or could have been litigated in the first action; and (4) a second action arising out of the
transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action.’” Lycan v.
Cleveland, 2022-Ohio-4676, ¶ 23, quoting Hapgood v. Warren, 127 F.3d 490, 493 (6th
Cir. 1997).
{¶31} Avery contends that a 2003 trial-court order closing Robert’s estate and
transferring its remaining assets to the Trust now bars the plaintiffs from seeking the
dissolution of the Trust and the distribution of its assets. But the Trust document itself
was not even before the probate court in 2003. The question of who would receive the
Trust’s assets upon the deaths of Robert’s sons if they were to die without issue was
neither litigated nor decided in 2003, so claim preclusion does not bar the resolution of
those issues now.
{¶32} The sixth assignment of error is overruled.
The Trial Court Had No Obligation to Hold an Evidentiary Hearing {¶33} In his second assignment of error, Avery contends that the trial court should
have held an evidentiary hearing before resolving any ownership questions surrounding
the Trust’s assets. Whether to hold such a hearing in connection with a dispositive
motion, though, is committed to the trial court’s discretion. BancOhio Natl. Bank v.
Dixon, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 4838, *2 (5th Dist. Oct. 3, 1991).
{¶34} All of the family members involved in the case — including all plaintiffs as
well as all defendants except Avery — agreed that they had no personal knowledge of
Robert’s intent in creating the Trust and that they knew of no witnesses who could testify
about the Trust’s terms. Avery did not embrace that view, but he stood in no better
position to offer insights about the Trust document’s origin or meaning. He was, after all,
a stranger to the Fox family, was appointed as trustee nearly two decades after Robert’s
death, and had no personal knowledge to offer. The only “evidence” he purported to rely
on — Robert’s written will — was attached to Avery’s summary-judgment motion and was
therefore available for the trial court’s review.
{¶35} In these circumstances, we see no abuse of discretion by the trial court in its
decision to act on the parties’ dueling motions without holding an evidentiary hearing.
{¶36} And Avery’s invocation of due process adds nothing. Due process at the
summary-judgment stage “requires . . . sufficient notice and an opportunity to respond,”
Ameritech Publishing, Inc. v. Matejkovic, 2008-Ohio-2112, ¶ 9 (12th Dist.), but “a trial
court is not required to schedule an oral hearing on every motion for summary judgment,”
and “[w]hether to grant a party’s request for oral hearing is a decision within the trial
court’s discretion.” Hooten v. Safe Auto Ins. Co., 2003-Ohio-4829, ¶ 14. {¶37} Avery had a full opportunity to brief the issues, attach documentary
evidence, and be heard before the trial court ruled, and he availed himself of those
opportunities. The second assignment of error is overruled.
The Trial Court Correctly Interpreted the Trust Document
{¶38} We turn, then, to Avery’s eighth and final assignment of error, in which he
claims that the trial court misinterpreted the Trust document.
{¶39} Interpretation of a trust agreement is a question of law that we review de
novo. Nichols v. Bixler, 2021-Ohio-129, ¶ 14 (5th Dist.). The court’s task is to ascertain
the settlor’s intent from the language of the instrument as a whole, considered alongside
applicable law. Domo v. McCarthy, 66 Ohio St.3d 312, 318 (1993).
{¶40} The Trust’s distributive scheme is straightforward at the start and less so at
the end. Article IV, Section D directs that upon Robert’s death, the Trust’s assets were to
be divided equally between his surviving sons: Gregory and Jeffrey. Section E of that
same article provides that if either of those named beneficiaries died before Robert did —
an event that did not occur — that beneficiary’s share was to pass to that son’s surviving
children. Section F(4) addresses the death of a beneficiary “who is survived by issue,”
which again did not occur. And Section F(7) — the residuary clause that governs the
circumstances presented here — provides that “[i]n the event that there shall be no
surviving named beneficiaries, including issue as set forth herein, the trust shall
terminate and the proceeds shall be distributed to the then surviving Trustor, as
determined by the laws of intestate succession then existing in the State of Ohio.”
{¶41} Neither Gregory nor Jeffrey fathered any children, and they also both died
without leaving behind a valid will. Section F(7) in Article IV of the Trust document is the
only provision that addresses the situation, though it appears to direct, rather oddly, that the trust’s assets should go to the “then surviving” creator of the Trust if no beneficiary
survives. We look to the surrounding provisions and applicable law to understand the
drafter’s intent. In re Estate of Taris, 2005-Ohio-1516, ¶ 29 (10th Dist.).
{¶42} Three features of the Trust document, read together, resolve the issue. First,
Section F(7) directs that any distribution be made “as determined by the laws of intestate
succession.” Intestate succession of course “arises by operation of law, not through a
testamentary document,” Clark v. Beyoglides, 2021-Ohio-4588, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.), and
Ohio’s descent-and-distribution provision in R.C. 2105.06 “provides a default
distribution scheme to resolve the uncertainty created by intestacy.” Stevens v. Radey,
2008-Ohio-291, ¶ 8.
{¶43} The reference in the Trust document’s Section F(7) to intestacy law would
be meaningless if the clause required an actual living trustor. Instead, that clause makes
sense only if it directs the distribution of the Trust’s assets to those who would take from
the trustor by intestate succession: Robert’s heirs.
{¶44} Second, the simultaneous-death provision in Article V, Section D calls for
Robert to be viewed as the survivor if he were to die simultaneously with either
beneficiary, confirming that the Trust’s default distributive scheme channels assets back
through Robert’s family line.
{¶45} And third, we see in Article VI, Section J express language directing that any
beneficiary’s “accumulated income” that has not yet been paid to that beneficiary at the
time of that person’s death is to go not to the estate of the beneficiary but instead to that
beneficiary’s “successors or successor in interest in the trust,” foreclosing the construction
initially advanced by at least some of the distant heirs and reinforcing the view that the
Trust’s funds should flow to Robert’s heirs. {¶46} Our reading of the document also tracks R.C. 5804.09(C), which provides
that, absent contrary language in a trust created for a noncharitable purpose, any property
not needed for the use established by the trust’s creator is to be distributed to that settlor
if living or to that settlor’s successors in interest. That statute and the Trust document
itself point us in the same direction.
{¶47} Avery’s competing interpretation — that the reference to “Trustor” in Article
IV, Section 7(F) is a scrivener’s error that should be read as “Trustee” — is a bridge too
far. (Were he correct, he himself would be entitled to the Trust’s assets.) Avery is a court-
appointed successor trustee and a stranger to the Fox family. No provision of the Trust
contemplates distribution to any trustee who is not also a beneficiary, and intestate
succession directs assets to decedents, not to court-appointed fiduciaries.
{¶48} Avery argues, finally, that Robert’s will — executed the same day as the Trust
document — disinherits Robert’s heirs because it contains language indicating that
Robert had (in the words of the will itself) “intentionally and with full knowledge omitted
to provide for [his] heirs at the time of [his] death.” Yet, that argument inverts the will’s
function. The will disposed of Robert’s testamentary assets, which were poured into the
Trust. The will provided that Robert’s heirs were not to inherit from him under the will
but rather under the Trust. The Trust was the vehicle through which Robert provided for
his family: first his sons, then their issue, and, failing those, his own family line through
Section F(7). Reading the will’s disinheriting clause as also disinheriting Robert’s heirs
under the Trust would render Section F(7) a nullity and leave the Trust’s assets with no
rightful owner. We decline to adopt a construction that defeats the only provision of the
Trust — Article IV, Section F(7) — that the parties agree controls. {¶49} Taking the entire language of the Trust document into consideration, we
find that the trial court correctly concluded that the Trust should be terminated and that
its assets should be given to Robert’s heirs in the proportions spelled out in the trial
court’s order: 25% to Rodney Allen Fox, 25% to Vicki Papazian, 25% to Richard Fox, 12.5%
to Tangela Taylor, and 12.5% to Mikayla Taylor. The eighth assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶50} For the reasons explained above, the judgment of the Probate Division of
the Court of Common Pleas of Richland County is affirmed. Costs are to be paid by
appellant Darin Avery.
By: Gormley, J.;
Baldwin, P.J. and
Montgomery, J. concur.