Barnhill, J.
Tbe original opinion herein decides three questions: (1) that the motion for judgment as of nonsuit was properly overruled; (2) that certain testimony as to agency was properly admitted in evidence; and (3) that it was error for the court to permit the voluntary judgment of nonsuit as to the defendant Kappas after an amended answer was filed by the defendant in which allegations of joint tort-feasorship and liability for contribution were made. A new trial was ordered for error on the third question.
The plaintiff now petitions for a rehearing for that the record does not sustain the statement in the original opinion that “in the original answer in the present action no demand was made for affirmative relief, but before the trial an amended answer was filed by the Straus Company, Inc., which we think sufficient to have Kappas held as a party defendant under N. C. Code, 1939 (Miehie), under sec. 618.” A careful examination of the record discloses that this statement was due to an inadvertence. The petition is meritorious. The defendant did not tender its proposed amended answer and move that it be permitted to file the same until after verdict. Nor did it request that Kappas be made a party defendant, as a joint tort-feasor, prior to verdict. This, we understand, the defendant concedes.
Having decided that the plaintiff is entitled to the correction prayed in her petition for a rehearing, this question is presented: Is the record otherwise free of harmful error so that we should rescind the order for a new trial?
During the trial the defendant noted a number of exceptions. On its appeal it presents several assignments of error, among which are assignments bottomed on C. S., 564. These exceptions are brought forward and duly preserved in its brief. In the original opinion these assignments were not discussed or decided. As to them no opportunity for concurrence or dissent was afforded. Hence, the questions thus presented remain open for decision.
[852]*852We are constrained to bold that tbe court below failed to comply witb the requirements of 0. S., 564. In its charge it outlined the evidence, quoted the issues, defined negligence and proximate cause in general terms, explained the liability of a corporation for the acts of its agents and employees, gave the contention of the parties and then charged the jury as follows: “Now, gentlemen, if you answer this issue No, that is, Issue No. 1, that this plaintiff was not injured and hurt by the negligence of the defendant company and the agents and servants of the company, then that ends this case, but if you answer it Yes, that the plaintiff was hurt by the negligence of the defendant, then you will proceed to Issue No. 2, which is:” This charge was later repeated in substantially the same language.
What is the proper construction, scope and meaning of the written contract between the original defendants herein and what was the defendant’s duty thereunder? As to this there was a serious controversy. What was the duty of the defendant under the various aspects of the evidence and in what respect does the testimony tend to show that it breached such duty? The court, inadvertently, failed to advise the jury on these questions. Its failure so to do constitutes prejudicial error.
“The authorities are at one in holding that, both in criminal and civil causes, a judge in his charge to the jury should present every substantial and essential feature of the case embraced within the issue and arising on the evidence, and this without any special prayer for instruction to that effect.” S. v. Merrick, 171 N. C., 788, 88 S. E., 501; Hauser v. Furniture Co., 174 N. C., 463, 93 S. E., 961; School District v. Alamance County, 211 N. C., 213; Wilson v. Wilson, 190 N. C., 819.
The requirements of C. S., 564, “are not met by a general statement of legal principles which bear more or less directly, but not with absolute directness upon the issues made by the evidence. While the manner in which the law shall be applied to the evidence must to an extent be left to the discretion of the judge, he does not perform his duty if he fails to instruct the jury on the different aspects of the evidence and give the law which is applicable to them, or if he omits from his charge an essential principle of law, Blake v. Smith, 163 N. C., 274; Bowen v. Schnibben, 184 N. C., 248, . . . His Honor did not declare and explain the duties which the law imposed upon defendant as employer . . . with respect to any of the matters involved in the allegations of negligence. Nor did he instruct the jury as to the law with respect to the breach of any of these duties and the relation of such breach to the injuries as the proximate or concurrent cause thereof. The statement of general principles of law, without an application to the specific facts involved in the issue, is not a compliance with the provisions of the statute. Hauser v. Furniture Co., 174 N. C., 463; S. v. Merrick, [853]*853supra,. . . . It is of course elementary that while tbe jury must determine tbe facts from tbe evidence, it is both tbe function and duty of tbe judge to instruct them as to tbe law applicable to tbe facts. Tbe answers to tbe issues submitted in tbis case are not to be determined altogether by tbe facts; each issue involved matters of law, and tbe jury should have been instructed by tbe judge as to tbe law.” Williams v. Coach Co., 197 N. C., 12, 147 S. E., 435; Comr. of Banks v. Mills, 202 N. C., 509, 163 S. E., 598.
“What is said in Williams v. Coach Co., 197 N. C., 12, is peculiarly applicable in tbe instant case: ‘Watson v. Tanning Co., 190 N. C., 840, also, is directly in point. There tbe trial court defined actionable negligence, gave tbe rule as to tbe burden of proof, fully stated tbe contentions of tbe parties, and instructed tbe jury to answer tbe issue of negligence in tbe affirmative if tbe plaintiff bad satisfied them by tbe greater weight of evidence that be bad been injured by tbe negligence of tbe defendant as alleged, and if not, to return a negative answer’ . . . When tbe evidence is susceptible of several interpretations a failure to give instructions which declare and explain tbe law in its application to tbe several phases of tbe evidence is held for reversible error.” Schenck, J., in Mack v. Marshall Field & Co., 218 N. C., 697, 12 S. E. (2d), 235; Ryals v. Contracting Co., ante, 479.
Speaking to tbe subject in Smith v. Bus Co., 216 N. C., 22, 3 S. E. (2d), 362, Seawell, J., says: “Tbe trial court, with admirable precision and with apt illustration, defined and explained negligence, which proximately resulting in injury, is compensable at law. Tbe defendant objects that these definitions are entirely abstract and that they do not comply with tbe requirements of C. S., 564, that tbe law be applied to tbe evidence.
“Tbe courts have been rather meticulous, especially in tbe matter of negligence, in requiring that tbe law be explained in its connection with tbe facts in evidence. We feel that tbe court was inadvertent to tbis necessity and tbe fact that perhaps tbe jury, being laymen, would not be so apt to see tbe connection between tbe principles of law laid down and tbe facts in tbe case which so clearly appears to an experienced lawyer or judge. We understand tbe requirement of tbe statute to be based upon tbis reasoning.
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Barnhill, J.
Tbe original opinion herein decides three questions: (1) that the motion for judgment as of nonsuit was properly overruled; (2) that certain testimony as to agency was properly admitted in evidence; and (3) that it was error for the court to permit the voluntary judgment of nonsuit as to the defendant Kappas after an amended answer was filed by the defendant in which allegations of joint tort-feasorship and liability for contribution were made. A new trial was ordered for error on the third question.
The plaintiff now petitions for a rehearing for that the record does not sustain the statement in the original opinion that “in the original answer in the present action no demand was made for affirmative relief, but before the trial an amended answer was filed by the Straus Company, Inc., which we think sufficient to have Kappas held as a party defendant under N. C. Code, 1939 (Miehie), under sec. 618.” A careful examination of the record discloses that this statement was due to an inadvertence. The petition is meritorious. The defendant did not tender its proposed amended answer and move that it be permitted to file the same until after verdict. Nor did it request that Kappas be made a party defendant, as a joint tort-feasor, prior to verdict. This, we understand, the defendant concedes.
Having decided that the plaintiff is entitled to the correction prayed in her petition for a rehearing, this question is presented: Is the record otherwise free of harmful error so that we should rescind the order for a new trial?
During the trial the defendant noted a number of exceptions. On its appeal it presents several assignments of error, among which are assignments bottomed on C. S., 564. These exceptions are brought forward and duly preserved in its brief. In the original opinion these assignments were not discussed or decided. As to them no opportunity for concurrence or dissent was afforded. Hence, the questions thus presented remain open for decision.
[852]*852We are constrained to bold that tbe court below failed to comply witb the requirements of 0. S., 564. In its charge it outlined the evidence, quoted the issues, defined negligence and proximate cause in general terms, explained the liability of a corporation for the acts of its agents and employees, gave the contention of the parties and then charged the jury as follows: “Now, gentlemen, if you answer this issue No, that is, Issue No. 1, that this plaintiff was not injured and hurt by the negligence of the defendant company and the agents and servants of the company, then that ends this case, but if you answer it Yes, that the plaintiff was hurt by the negligence of the defendant, then you will proceed to Issue No. 2, which is:” This charge was later repeated in substantially the same language.
What is the proper construction, scope and meaning of the written contract between the original defendants herein and what was the defendant’s duty thereunder? As to this there was a serious controversy. What was the duty of the defendant under the various aspects of the evidence and in what respect does the testimony tend to show that it breached such duty? The court, inadvertently, failed to advise the jury on these questions. Its failure so to do constitutes prejudicial error.
“The authorities are at one in holding that, both in criminal and civil causes, a judge in his charge to the jury should present every substantial and essential feature of the case embraced within the issue and arising on the evidence, and this without any special prayer for instruction to that effect.” S. v. Merrick, 171 N. C., 788, 88 S. E., 501; Hauser v. Furniture Co., 174 N. C., 463, 93 S. E., 961; School District v. Alamance County, 211 N. C., 213; Wilson v. Wilson, 190 N. C., 819.
The requirements of C. S., 564, “are not met by a general statement of legal principles which bear more or less directly, but not with absolute directness upon the issues made by the evidence. While the manner in which the law shall be applied to the evidence must to an extent be left to the discretion of the judge, he does not perform his duty if he fails to instruct the jury on the different aspects of the evidence and give the law which is applicable to them, or if he omits from his charge an essential principle of law, Blake v. Smith, 163 N. C., 274; Bowen v. Schnibben, 184 N. C., 248, . . . His Honor did not declare and explain the duties which the law imposed upon defendant as employer . . . with respect to any of the matters involved in the allegations of negligence. Nor did he instruct the jury as to the law with respect to the breach of any of these duties and the relation of such breach to the injuries as the proximate or concurrent cause thereof. The statement of general principles of law, without an application to the specific facts involved in the issue, is not a compliance with the provisions of the statute. Hauser v. Furniture Co., 174 N. C., 463; S. v. Merrick, [853]*853supra,. . . . It is of course elementary that while tbe jury must determine tbe facts from tbe evidence, it is both tbe function and duty of tbe judge to instruct them as to tbe law applicable to tbe facts. Tbe answers to tbe issues submitted in tbis case are not to be determined altogether by tbe facts; each issue involved matters of law, and tbe jury should have been instructed by tbe judge as to tbe law.” Williams v. Coach Co., 197 N. C., 12, 147 S. E., 435; Comr. of Banks v. Mills, 202 N. C., 509, 163 S. E., 598.
“What is said in Williams v. Coach Co., 197 N. C., 12, is peculiarly applicable in tbe instant case: ‘Watson v. Tanning Co., 190 N. C., 840, also, is directly in point. There tbe trial court defined actionable negligence, gave tbe rule as to tbe burden of proof, fully stated tbe contentions of tbe parties, and instructed tbe jury to answer tbe issue of negligence in tbe affirmative if tbe plaintiff bad satisfied them by tbe greater weight of evidence that be bad been injured by tbe negligence of tbe defendant as alleged, and if not, to return a negative answer’ . . . When tbe evidence is susceptible of several interpretations a failure to give instructions which declare and explain tbe law in its application to tbe several phases of tbe evidence is held for reversible error.” Schenck, J., in Mack v. Marshall Field & Co., 218 N. C., 697, 12 S. E. (2d), 235; Ryals v. Contracting Co., ante, 479.
Speaking to tbe subject in Smith v. Bus Co., 216 N. C., 22, 3 S. E. (2d), 362, Seawell, J., says: “Tbe trial court, with admirable precision and with apt illustration, defined and explained negligence, which proximately resulting in injury, is compensable at law. Tbe defendant objects that these definitions are entirely abstract and that they do not comply with tbe requirements of C. S., 564, that tbe law be applied to tbe evidence.
“Tbe courts have been rather meticulous, especially in tbe matter of negligence, in requiring that tbe law be explained in its connection with tbe facts in evidence. We feel that tbe court was inadvertent to tbis necessity and tbe fact that perhaps tbe jury, being laymen, would not be so apt to see tbe connection between tbe principles of law laid down and tbe facts in tbe case which so clearly appears to an experienced lawyer or judge. We understand tbe requirement of tbe statute to be based upon tbis reasoning. We do not regard tbe instruction as adequately meeting tbe requirements of tbe statute, and in tbis respect there is error entitling defendant to a new trial.” See also Spencer v. Brown, 214 N. C., 114, 198 S. E., 630; Kolman v. Silbert, ante, 134; Barnes v. Teer, ante, 823.
Tbe provisions of tbis statute confer a substantial legal right. Williams v. Coach Co., supra; Wilson v. Wilson, 190 N. C., 819, 130 S. E., 834; S. v. O’Neal, 187 N. C., 22, 120 S. E., 817; Nichols v. Fibre Co., [854]*854190 N. C., 1, 128 S. E., 471. A failure to comply therewith, without prayer for special instruction, is error. Spencer v. Brown, supra; Hauser v. Furniture Co., supra.
Trial by jury which is vouchsafed in the Constitution means more than a mere trial by jurors. It implies a trial by a jury in the presence of a judge empowered to supervise and instruct. The duty of guidance perforce devolves upon the judge — a duty incident to the high office which he holds and made imperative with us by statute. McIntosh on Procedure, 584. The feature of the statute here invoked is declaratory of this constitutional right. To emasculate the one is to impinge upon the other. Capital Traction Co. v. Hof., 174 U. S., 1 (13) ; 43 L. Ed., 873 (877).
To declare and explain the law arising upon the evidence in a case means to declare and explain it as it relates to the various aspects of the testimony offered. While no general formula is or should be prescribed, something substantially more than a general definition or an abstract discussion is required. The judge should at least give a resume of the facts upon which plaintiff relies, and as to which she has offered evidence, and instruct them as to the law arising thereon. He should do likewise as to the evidence offered by the defendant. That is, it is the duty of the judge to instruct the jury as to the circumstances under which the issue should be answered in the affirmative and under which it should be answered in the negative.
When the law is thus explained and applied it can be followed with intelligent understanding. On the other hand, a general definition or an abstract discussion of the law, and nothing more, leaves the jurors to grope in the dark for a fair and righteous answer to the issue. It is for this reason that the court has been somewhat meticulous in insisting upon a substantial compliance with its requirements. Without it there can be no assurance that the verdict represents a finding by the jury under the law and on the evidence presented.
That is the state of the instant case. The court made no reference to the duties imposed upon the defendant under the contract and the evidence. Nor did it undertake to apply the law to the conflicting testimony. The verdict, therefore, is not the result of that type of trial required by law and to which defendant was entitled.
The former opinion is modified in accord with the petition to rehear. At the same time, for error in the charge, the order directing a new trial is approved.
As the defendant may now move for permission to amend and also to have Kappas made a party defendant under C. S., 618, prior to trial, we need not discuss the assignments of error in respect to the voluntary judgment of nonsuit and as to the refusal of the court to permit the [855]*855defendant to amend after verdict. Likewise, as the case goes back for a new trial for the error stated, other exceptions will not be considered.
Petition allowed.