Bushnell, J.
This is an appeal from an order dismissing plaintiffs ’ hill of complaint. June 21,1934, the city commission of Grand Rapids passed a resolution authorizing the employment of taxpayers, who were delinquent in their 1929 and 1930 tax. This work was conducted under the supervision of the city manager and Louis Boynton, his assistant, was put in charge of the problem. A rate of $.387 per hour was fixed for this labor, but only as a credit upon delinquent taxes.
Plaintiff performed sufficient- labor to offset his unpaid 1930 tax and received therefor a quitclaim deed from the city in satisfaction of this tax on his Duiker avenue property. He also owned property on Fourth street upon which defendant State Savings Association held a defaulted mortgage and the association was the owner of other properties upon which the 1930 tax was unpaid.
Plaintiff conceived the idea that by working out some of the association’s unpaid taxes he could secure substantial credits from it npon his past-due mortgage. It is his claim that these facts were disclosed to Boynton, who suggested that the association make application to the city for such purpose, and that such an arrangement was entered into by the parties hereto.
The record shows that plaintiff then employed men to do this work for him; the association received credit therefor upon its unpaid taxes and in turn credited Skutt in the same amount upon his mortgage indebtedness. These men were paid by plain
tiff at the rate of about $9 per week, $3 in cash and $6 in trade allowance at Ms second-band store. The labor consisted of trimming trees, mowing lawns and other work for the city’s park department, the city’s allowance upon unpaid taxes for the work of one-man for an entire week amounting to $18.55.
An injury to one of the workmen so employed raised the question of the liability of the city and the necessity of indemnification. The city attorney participated in this discussion and subsequently the city manager directed his assistant to ‘ ‘ stop the men that were working out their taxes.”
The testimony is in dispute as to whether the entire facts pertaining to this unusual arrangement were fully disclosed to the proper city officials before their approval of the plan. For the purpose of this appeal, however, we must assume the allegations of the bill and the testimony of plaintiffs to be true.
Skutt claims that there is still due him the sum of $1,030.58 and he prays that a decree be entered requiring the city to allow this credit to the' association upon its unpaid taxes and that defendant association be required to give plaintiff credit in an equal amount on his mortgage.
The trial judge was of the opinion that the case involved a question of public policy and embodied his conclusions in these words in the decree:
“It appearing to this court that the alleged arrangement made by plaintiff with one Louis Boynton was not authorized by the city commission of the city of Grand Rapids; that no authority was delegated to said Boynton to make the arrangement, and that the same was contrary to action theretofore had by the city commission, and the charter of said city, and it appearing further that said Skutt had no con
tractual relations with said city, and further that the carrying out of said arrangement with said Slcutt would be an appropriation of public money for the benefit of said Skutt and contrary to public policy.
“And it further appearing that plaintiffs have not made out a case against the said defendants or any of them, now therefore, ’ ’ etc.
The decree dismissed the bill of complaint.
The quitclaim deeds from the city were given in the following manner. The city comptroller issued a request to the city commission in this form:
“This department respectfully recommends that quitclaim deeds be issued to the following parties, who are owners of the properties hereinafter described, which were sold for taxes as specified. The full amount of taxes, including interest and penalties in each case has been paid. ’ ’
The commission then voted on the question and when its affirmative action was properly authentic cated by the city clerk the deed issued.
The relief sought by plaintiff is confined to amounts which he claims are due from the city because of work performed by the men whom he employed. No questions as to plaintiff’s own services are involved. He has been paid for his work or has received credits therefor.
We might dispose of the matter by merely concurring in the observation of the trial judge that:
“Even if Mr. Boynton did advise plaintiff that he could hire men to work out taxes, no such authority was delegated to Mr. Boynton or to the city manager by the city commission and the assumption of such power conferred no legal rights upon the plaintiff.”
Municipal corporations “ ‘have no inherent jurisdiction to make laws or adopt regulations of government ; they are governments of enumerated powers, acting by a delegated authority; so that while the State legislature may exercise such powers of government coming’ within a proper designation of the legislative power as are not expressly or impliedly prohibited, the local authorities can exercise those only which are expressly or impliedly conferred, and subject to such regulations or restrictions as are annexed to the grant.’ 1 Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations (7th Ed.), p. 266.”
City of Kalamazoo
v.
Titus,
208 Mich. 252, 262.
We neither find any statutory authority for the arrangement in question nor does the city of Grand Eapids claim that its law-making body possesses authority to make or perform such a contract.
Appellants say, however, that:
“The trial court bases its conclusion solely upon the fact that the arrangement made was contrary to public policy and that public funds could not be used to carry out this purpose because the plaintiff would be enriched at the expense of the taxpayers.”
We have considered the arguments in support of appellants’ statement that “this holding on the part of the court is ridiculous and entirely unfounded.”
The rule of public policy as enunciated by Mr. W. W. Story was adopted by this court in
McNamara
v.
Gargett,
68 Mich. 454 (13 Am. St. Rep. 355). He said:
“Public policy is in its nature so uncertain and fluctuating, varying with the habits and fashions of the day, with the growth of commerce and the usages of trade, that it is difficult to determine its limits with any degree of exactness. It has never been defined by the courts, but has been left loose and free of definition in the same manner as fraud. This
rule may, however, be safely laid down, that where-ever any contract conflicts with the morals of the time, and contravenes any established interest of society, it is void, as being against public policy.” W. W. Story, Contracts (5th Ed.), § 675.
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Bushnell, J.
This is an appeal from an order dismissing plaintiffs ’ hill of complaint. June 21,1934, the city commission of Grand Rapids passed a resolution authorizing the employment of taxpayers, who were delinquent in their 1929 and 1930 tax. This work was conducted under the supervision of the city manager and Louis Boynton, his assistant, was put in charge of the problem. A rate of $.387 per hour was fixed for this labor, but only as a credit upon delinquent taxes.
Plaintiff performed sufficient- labor to offset his unpaid 1930 tax and received therefor a quitclaim deed from the city in satisfaction of this tax on his Duiker avenue property. He also owned property on Fourth street upon which defendant State Savings Association held a defaulted mortgage and the association was the owner of other properties upon which the 1930 tax was unpaid.
Plaintiff conceived the idea that by working out some of the association’s unpaid taxes he could secure substantial credits from it npon his past-due mortgage. It is his claim that these facts were disclosed to Boynton, who suggested that the association make application to the city for such purpose, and that such an arrangement was entered into by the parties hereto.
The record shows that plaintiff then employed men to do this work for him; the association received credit therefor upon its unpaid taxes and in turn credited Skutt in the same amount upon his mortgage indebtedness. These men were paid by plain
tiff at the rate of about $9 per week, $3 in cash and $6 in trade allowance at Ms second-band store. The labor consisted of trimming trees, mowing lawns and other work for the city’s park department, the city’s allowance upon unpaid taxes for the work of one-man for an entire week amounting to $18.55.
An injury to one of the workmen so employed raised the question of the liability of the city and the necessity of indemnification. The city attorney participated in this discussion and subsequently the city manager directed his assistant to ‘ ‘ stop the men that were working out their taxes.”
The testimony is in dispute as to whether the entire facts pertaining to this unusual arrangement were fully disclosed to the proper city officials before their approval of the plan. For the purpose of this appeal, however, we must assume the allegations of the bill and the testimony of plaintiffs to be true.
Skutt claims that there is still due him the sum of $1,030.58 and he prays that a decree be entered requiring the city to allow this credit to the' association upon its unpaid taxes and that defendant association be required to give plaintiff credit in an equal amount on his mortgage.
The trial judge was of the opinion that the case involved a question of public policy and embodied his conclusions in these words in the decree:
“It appearing to this court that the alleged arrangement made by plaintiff with one Louis Boynton was not authorized by the city commission of the city of Grand Rapids; that no authority was delegated to said Boynton to make the arrangement, and that the same was contrary to action theretofore had by the city commission, and the charter of said city, and it appearing further that said Skutt had no con
tractual relations with said city, and further that the carrying out of said arrangement with said Slcutt would be an appropriation of public money for the benefit of said Skutt and contrary to public policy.
“And it further appearing that plaintiffs have not made out a case against the said defendants or any of them, now therefore, ’ ’ etc.
The decree dismissed the bill of complaint.
The quitclaim deeds from the city were given in the following manner. The city comptroller issued a request to the city commission in this form:
“This department respectfully recommends that quitclaim deeds be issued to the following parties, who are owners of the properties hereinafter described, which were sold for taxes as specified. The full amount of taxes, including interest and penalties in each case has been paid. ’ ’
The commission then voted on the question and when its affirmative action was properly authentic cated by the city clerk the deed issued.
The relief sought by plaintiff is confined to amounts which he claims are due from the city because of work performed by the men whom he employed. No questions as to plaintiff’s own services are involved. He has been paid for his work or has received credits therefor.
We might dispose of the matter by merely concurring in the observation of the trial judge that:
“Even if Mr. Boynton did advise plaintiff that he could hire men to work out taxes, no such authority was delegated to Mr. Boynton or to the city manager by the city commission and the assumption of such power conferred no legal rights upon the plaintiff.”
Municipal corporations “ ‘have no inherent jurisdiction to make laws or adopt regulations of government ; they are governments of enumerated powers, acting by a delegated authority; so that while the State legislature may exercise such powers of government coming’ within a proper designation of the legislative power as are not expressly or impliedly prohibited, the local authorities can exercise those only which are expressly or impliedly conferred, and subject to such regulations or restrictions as are annexed to the grant.’ 1 Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations (7th Ed.), p. 266.”
City of Kalamazoo
v.
Titus,
208 Mich. 252, 262.
We neither find any statutory authority for the arrangement in question nor does the city of Grand Eapids claim that its law-making body possesses authority to make or perform such a contract.
Appellants say, however, that:
“The trial court bases its conclusion solely upon the fact that the arrangement made was contrary to public policy and that public funds could not be used to carry out this purpose because the plaintiff would be enriched at the expense of the taxpayers.”
We have considered the arguments in support of appellants’ statement that “this holding on the part of the court is ridiculous and entirely unfounded.”
The rule of public policy as enunciated by Mr. W. W. Story was adopted by this court in
McNamara
v.
Gargett,
68 Mich. 454 (13 Am. St. Rep. 355). He said:
“Public policy is in its nature so uncertain and fluctuating, varying with the habits and fashions of the day, with the growth of commerce and the usages of trade, that it is difficult to determine its limits with any degree of exactness. It has never been defined by the courts, but has been left loose and free of definition in the same manner as fraud. This
rule may, however, be safely laid down, that where-ever any contract conflicts with the morals of the time, and contravenes any established interest of society, it is void, as being against public policy.” W. W. Story, Contracts (5th Ed.), § 675.
“The principle that contracts in contravention of public policy are not enforceable should be applied with caution and only in cases plainly within the reasons on which that doctrine rests.”
Twin City Pipe Line Co.
v.
Harding Glass Co.,
283 U. S. 353 (51 Sup. Ct. 476, 83 A. L. R. 1168) ;6 R. C. L. p. 710.
We adopt as did the trial judge the following from
Pittsburg, C. C. & St. L. R. Co.
v.
Kinney,
95 Ohio St. 64 (115 N. E. 505, L. R. A. 1917 D, 641, 643, Ann. Cas. 1918 B, 286):
“What is the meaning of ‘public policy?’ A correct definition, at once concise and comprehensive, of the words ‘public policy,’ has not yet been formulated by our courts. Indeed, the term is as difficult to define with accuracy as the word ‘fraud’ or the term ‘public welfare.’ In substance, it may be said to be the community common sense and common conscience, extended and applied throughout the State to matters of public morals, public health, public safety, public welfare, and the like. It is that general and well-settled public opinion relating to man’s plain, palpable duty to his fellow men, having due regard to all the circumstances of each particular relation and situation.
“Sometimes such public policy is declared by Constitution; sometimes by statute; sometimes by judicial decision. .More often, however, it abides only in the customs and conventions of the people, — in their clear consciousness and conviction of what is naturally and inherently just and right between man and man. It regards the primary principles of equity and justice and is sometimes expressed under the title of social and industrial justice, as it is conceived by our body politic. When a course of con
duct is cruel or shocking to the average man’s conception of justice, such course of conduct must be held to be obviously contrary to public policy, though such policy has never been so written in the bond, whether it be Constitution, statute or decree of court. It has frequently been said that such public policy is a composite of constitutional provisions, statutes and judicial decisions, and some courts have gone so far as to hold that it is limited to these. The obvious 'fallacy of such a conclusion is quite apparent from the most superficial examination. When a contract is contrary to some provision of the Constitution, we say it is prohibited by the Constitution, not by public policy. When a contract is contrary to statute, we say it is prohibited by a statute, not by a public policy. When a contract is contrary to a settled line of judicial decisions, we say it is prohibited by the law of the land, but we do not say it is contrary to public policy. Public policy is the cornerstone — the foundation — of all' Constitutions, statutes, and judicial decisions, and its latitude and longitude, its height and its depth, greater than any or all of them. If this be not true, whence came the first judicial decision on matter of public policy? There was no precedent for it, else it would not have been the first.”
“The public policy of the government is to be found in its statutes and when they have not directly spoken, then in the decisions of the courts and the constant practice of the government officials.”
United States
v.
Trans-Missouri Freight Ass’n,
166 U. S. 290 (17 Sup. Ct. 540).
So tested, the arrangement in question is contrary to public policy because it is manifestly against the public interest for plaintiff to profit by the labor of the unemployed in order to satisfy directly or indirectly the delinquent taxes upon the property of another and thereby secure credits upon his own mort
gage indebtedness. Such an arrangement would be an appropriation of public money for the benefit of plaintiff:
Contracts which involve an attempt to use public money for the furtherance of a private enterprise are void. 3 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations (2d Ed.), § 1270. See Constitution of 1908, art. 10, § 12, art. 8, § 25, and title 5, § 21, of the city charter of Grand Rapids. See, also,
McManus
v.
City of Petoskey,
164 Mich. 390, and
Freeland
v.
City of Sturgis,
248 Mich. 190.
Furthermore, taxes are designed and collected for the purpose of supporting government and maintaining its activities and functions. Taxes are levied to raise money for specific purposes. Unless qualified in the context, the term “taxes” or “tax” is used in the sense of money — an exaction to be discharged in money. Money is always understood in the tax laws when nothing else is mentioned.
People, ex rel. Jones,
v.
Wright,
34 Mich. 371;
People
v.
Seeley,
117 Mich. 263; and 3 Cooley’s Taxation (4th Ed.), § 1252. The only qualification found in the statutes is Act No. 228, Pub. Acts 1899 (1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 339), allowing payment by check for purposes of convenience.
The decree dismissing plaintiffs’ bill of complaint is affirmed, but because of the public nature of the question involved, it is without costs.
North, C. J., and Butzel, Edward M. Sharpe and Toy, JJ., concurred with Bushnell, J.