2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11
12 JASWINDER SINGH, Case No. 1:23-cv-00222-SKO
13 Plaintiff, ORDER VACATING HEARING AND GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ 14 v. UNOPPOSED MOTION TO DISMISS
15 UR M. JADDOU, Director, United States (Doc. 6) Citizenship & Immigration Services, et al. 16 Defendants. 17 _____________________________________/ 18 19 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 20 Procedure 12(b)(1) on the grounds of mootness (the “Motion”). (Doc. 6.) Plaintiff has not filed any 21 opposition to the Motion, and therefore it is deemed unopposed. See E.D. Cal. L.R. 230(c). For the 22 reasons that follow, the Court hereby vacates the hearing set for May 24, 2023, and grants the 23 Motion.1 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff Jaswinder Singh is a citizen of India who entered the United States without 26 inspection on or about January 25, 2016, at or near Douglas, Arizona. (Doc. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 7; Doc. 27 1-1 at 5.) He was placed in removal proceedings and issued a notice to appear before an immigration 28 1 judge in San Francisco, California, on February 4, 2016. (Doc. 1 ¶ 8; Doc. 1-1 at 2.) On August 8, 2 2016, Plaintiff filed a “Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal.” 3 (Compl. ¶ 9; Doc. 1-1 at 5–17.) Plaintiff currently resides in Fresno, California. (Compl. ¶ 10.) 4 According to Plaintiff, he submitted biometrics processing request letters to the United 5 States Citizenship & Immigration Services (“USCIS”) center located in Nebraska on July 26, 2017, 6 and again on October 5, 2017. (Compl. ¶ 11; Doc. 1-1 at 19–20.) No response was received to 7 either request. (Compl. ¶ 11.) A hearing before an immigration judge is currently set for September 8 5, 2023, in San Francisco. (Compl. ¶ 12; Doc. 1-1 at 22.) 9 Plaintiff filed this action on February 14, 2023, seeking an order “[c]ompelling defendants . 10 . . to issue a biometrics receipt notice and/or biometrics appointment notice.” (Compl. ¶¶ 2, 16.) 11 The action is brought pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1447; the 12 Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361; the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 and 13 704; and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201.2 (Compl. ¶ 1.) 14 Defendants contend in their Motion that, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of 15 Civil Procedure, dismissal is proper because the USCIS’s voluntary issuance of the requested 16 biometrics appointment notice has mooted the action. (See Doc. 6 at 2.) Plaintiff has not filed any 17 opposition to the Motion, and therefore it is deemed unopposed. See E.D. Cal. L.R. 230(c); Doc. 18 10. 19 II. ANALYSIS 20 Defendants assert that the USCIS has issued the requested biometrics appointment notice 21 and, therefore, this action is moot. (See Doc. 6. at 2.) The Court agrees. 22 A. Rule 12(b)(1) 23 A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss challenges the court’s subject matter jurisdiction to hear 24 the claims at issue. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” 25 and may only hear cases falling within that jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 26 2 The complaint also indicates is it brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (Compl. ¶ 1), but that is a “pure jurisdictional 27 statute that does not, on its own, create a private right of action.” White v. Paulsen, 997 F. Supp. 1380, 1382–83 (E.D. Wash. 1998). See also Montana–Dakota Util. Co. v. Northwestern Pub. Serv. Co., 341 U.S. 246, 249, (1951) (“The 28 Judicial Code, in vesting jurisdiction in the District Courts, does not create causes of action, but only confers jurisdiction 1 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). “Subject matter jurisdiction ‘can never be forfeited or waived’ and federal 2 courts have a ‘continuing independent obligation to determine whether subject-matter jurisdiction 3 exists.’” Leeson v. Transamerica Disability Income Plan, 671 F.3d 969, 975 n.12 (9th Cir. 2012) 4 (quoting Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006)). 5 An attack on subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) may be facial or factual. Edison 6 v. United States, 822 F.3d 510, 517 (9th Cir. 2016). In a facial attack, “the challenger asserts that 7 the allegations contained in a complaint are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction,” 8 but in a factual attack, “the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would 9 otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th 10 Cir. 2004). In a factual attack specifically, “the district court is not confined by the facts contained 11 in the four corners of the complaint,” “need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff[‘s] 12 allegations,” and may look beyond the pleadings. Americopters, LLC v. FAA, 441 F.3d 726, 732 13 n.4 (9th Cir. 2006); White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000); Edison, 822 F.3d at 517. 14 Once the moving party has provided “affidavits or any other evidence” supporting its motion, the 15 burden shifts to the opposing party to present its own “affidavits or any other evidence necessary to 16 satisfy its burden of establishing that the court, in fact, possesses subject matter jurisdiction.” St. 17 Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989). 18 B. Mootness 19 Article III of the United States Constitution requires that a live case or controversy must 20 continue to exist at the time that a federal court decides the case, not just at the time the lawsuit was 21 filed. California Association of Rural Health Clinics v. Douglas, 738 F.3d 1007, 1017 (9th Cir. 22 2013). “If an action or a claim loses its character as a live controversy, then the action or claim 23 becomes ‘moot,’ and [the federal courts] lack jurisdiction to resolve the underlying dispute.” Id. 24 (quoting Doe v. Madison Sch. Dist. No. 321, 177 F.3d 789, 797–98 (9th Cir. 1999)). The court is 25 thereby divested of jurisdiction to consider the merits of the action. Independent Living Center of 26 Southern California, Inc. v. Maxwell–Jolly, 590 F .3d 725, 727 (9th Cir. 2009). A moot action must 27 be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Foster v. Carson, 347 F.3d 742
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11
12 JASWINDER SINGH, Case No. 1:23-cv-00222-SKO
13 Plaintiff, ORDER VACATING HEARING AND GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ 14 v. UNOPPOSED MOTION TO DISMISS
15 UR M. JADDOU, Director, United States (Doc. 6) Citizenship & Immigration Services, et al. 16 Defendants. 17 _____________________________________/ 18 19 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 20 Procedure 12(b)(1) on the grounds of mootness (the “Motion”). (Doc. 6.) Plaintiff has not filed any 21 opposition to the Motion, and therefore it is deemed unopposed. See E.D. Cal. L.R. 230(c). For the 22 reasons that follow, the Court hereby vacates the hearing set for May 24, 2023, and grants the 23 Motion.1 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff Jaswinder Singh is a citizen of India who entered the United States without 26 inspection on or about January 25, 2016, at or near Douglas, Arizona. (Doc. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 7; Doc. 27 1-1 at 5.) He was placed in removal proceedings and issued a notice to appear before an immigration 28 1 judge in San Francisco, California, on February 4, 2016. (Doc. 1 ¶ 8; Doc. 1-1 at 2.) On August 8, 2 2016, Plaintiff filed a “Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal.” 3 (Compl. ¶ 9; Doc. 1-1 at 5–17.) Plaintiff currently resides in Fresno, California. (Compl. ¶ 10.) 4 According to Plaintiff, he submitted biometrics processing request letters to the United 5 States Citizenship & Immigration Services (“USCIS”) center located in Nebraska on July 26, 2017, 6 and again on October 5, 2017. (Compl. ¶ 11; Doc. 1-1 at 19–20.) No response was received to 7 either request. (Compl. ¶ 11.) A hearing before an immigration judge is currently set for September 8 5, 2023, in San Francisco. (Compl. ¶ 12; Doc. 1-1 at 22.) 9 Plaintiff filed this action on February 14, 2023, seeking an order “[c]ompelling defendants . 10 . . to issue a biometrics receipt notice and/or biometrics appointment notice.” (Compl. ¶¶ 2, 16.) 11 The action is brought pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1447; the 12 Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361; the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 and 13 704; and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201.2 (Compl. ¶ 1.) 14 Defendants contend in their Motion that, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of 15 Civil Procedure, dismissal is proper because the USCIS’s voluntary issuance of the requested 16 biometrics appointment notice has mooted the action. (See Doc. 6 at 2.) Plaintiff has not filed any 17 opposition to the Motion, and therefore it is deemed unopposed. See E.D. Cal. L.R. 230(c); Doc. 18 10. 19 II. ANALYSIS 20 Defendants assert that the USCIS has issued the requested biometrics appointment notice 21 and, therefore, this action is moot. (See Doc. 6. at 2.) The Court agrees. 22 A. Rule 12(b)(1) 23 A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss challenges the court’s subject matter jurisdiction to hear 24 the claims at issue. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” 25 and may only hear cases falling within that jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 26 2 The complaint also indicates is it brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (Compl. ¶ 1), but that is a “pure jurisdictional 27 statute that does not, on its own, create a private right of action.” White v. Paulsen, 997 F. Supp. 1380, 1382–83 (E.D. Wash. 1998). See also Montana–Dakota Util. Co. v. Northwestern Pub. Serv. Co., 341 U.S. 246, 249, (1951) (“The 28 Judicial Code, in vesting jurisdiction in the District Courts, does not create causes of action, but only confers jurisdiction 1 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). “Subject matter jurisdiction ‘can never be forfeited or waived’ and federal 2 courts have a ‘continuing independent obligation to determine whether subject-matter jurisdiction 3 exists.’” Leeson v. Transamerica Disability Income Plan, 671 F.3d 969, 975 n.12 (9th Cir. 2012) 4 (quoting Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006)). 5 An attack on subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) may be facial or factual. Edison 6 v. United States, 822 F.3d 510, 517 (9th Cir. 2016). In a facial attack, “the challenger asserts that 7 the allegations contained in a complaint are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction,” 8 but in a factual attack, “the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would 9 otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th 10 Cir. 2004). In a factual attack specifically, “the district court is not confined by the facts contained 11 in the four corners of the complaint,” “need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff[‘s] 12 allegations,” and may look beyond the pleadings. Americopters, LLC v. FAA, 441 F.3d 726, 732 13 n.4 (9th Cir. 2006); White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000); Edison, 822 F.3d at 517. 14 Once the moving party has provided “affidavits or any other evidence” supporting its motion, the 15 burden shifts to the opposing party to present its own “affidavits or any other evidence necessary to 16 satisfy its burden of establishing that the court, in fact, possesses subject matter jurisdiction.” St. 17 Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989). 18 B. Mootness 19 Article III of the United States Constitution requires that a live case or controversy must 20 continue to exist at the time that a federal court decides the case, not just at the time the lawsuit was 21 filed. California Association of Rural Health Clinics v. Douglas, 738 F.3d 1007, 1017 (9th Cir. 22 2013). “If an action or a claim loses its character as a live controversy, then the action or claim 23 becomes ‘moot,’ and [the federal courts] lack jurisdiction to resolve the underlying dispute.” Id. 24 (quoting Doe v. Madison Sch. Dist. No. 321, 177 F.3d 789, 797–98 (9th Cir. 1999)). The court is 25 thereby divested of jurisdiction to consider the merits of the action. Independent Living Center of 26 Southern California, Inc. v. Maxwell–Jolly, 590 F .3d 725, 727 (9th Cir. 2009). A moot action must 27 be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Foster v. Carson, 347 F.3d 742, 745 (9th Cir. 28 2003) (citations omitted). 1 Defendants represent that on March 17, 2023, the USCIS issued a biometrics appointment 2 notice to Plaintiff at his address of record. (Doc. 6-1 at 1.) Review of the exhibits attached to the 3 Motion show that the USCIS Application Support Center in Fresno, California, issued a notice 4 Plaintiff on March 17, 2023, directing him to appear at the Center on April 6, 2023, at 3:00 P.M. for 5 a “biometrics submission.” (See Doc. 6-1 at 3–4.) As Plaintiff has not filed an opposition to the 6 Motion, he does not dispute the issuance of the biometrics appointment notice to him by the USCIS 7 on March 17, 2023. 8 Based on the foregoing, there no longer exists a live case or controversy with respect to 9 Plaintiff’s action to compel the USCIS to issue a biometrics appointment notice, which is the only 10 relief sought by his Immigration and Nationality Act, Mandamus Act, APA, and declaratory 11 judgment claims. (See Compl. ¶¶ 2, 16.) The Court concludes this action is moot and subject to 12 dismissal for lack of jurisdiction.3 See Kuzova v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 686 F. App’x 506, 13 508 (9th Cir. 2017) (affirming dismissal on mootness grounds of claims for injunctive and 14 declaratory relief based on actions in violation of the APA) (citing Nome Eskimo Community v. 15 Babbitt, 67 F.3d 813, 815 (9th Cir. 1995)); Throw v. Mayorkas, No. 3:22-CV-05699-DGE, 2023 16 WL 2787222, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 5, 2023) (“Where an agency has already provided the specific 17 relief requested by a plaintiff, a claim for a writ of mandamus is moot.”); Allen v. Garland, No. 21- 18 CV-09941-JCS, 2023 WL 2457407, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 10, 2023) (“Plaintiff received what her 19 complaint requested when USCIS made its decision, and she no longer suffers the injury she 20 complained of. Therefore, her case became moot and ‘must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.’”) 21 (quoting Ruvalcaba v. City of L.A., 167 F.3d 514, 521 (9th Cir. 1999)). See also Pitts v. Terrible 22 Herbst, Inc., 653 F.3d 1081, 1087 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[I]f events subsequent to the filing of the case 23 resolve the parties’ dispute, we must dismiss the [claims] as moot[.]”). 24 25 26
27 3 Plaintiff’s claims do not appear to meet any of the exceptions to the mootness doctrine. See Biodiversity Legal Found. v. Badgley, 309 F.3d 1166, 1173–74 (9th Cir. 2002). These claims are not “capable of repetition.” Id. Nor is “voluntary 28 cessation” applicable, because the USCIS did not change any policy in response to litigation. See Rosebrock v. Mathis, 1 III. ORDER 2 For the reasons stated above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT: 3 1. The hearing set for May 24, 2023, is VACATED; 4 2. Defendants’ unopposed motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 5 Procedure 12(b)(1) (Doc. 6) is GRANTED; and 6 3. This action is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE for lack of jurisdiction as 7 moot.4 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9
10 Dated: April 14, 2023 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto . UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 4 “[A] dismissal for mootness is a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction.” Tur v. YouTube, Inc., 562 F.3d 1212, 1214 (9th 28 Cir. 2009); see also Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. 66, 78–79 (2013). Dismissals for lack of jurisdiction