1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CHARLES SIMON, individually and Case No.: 3:21-cv-1488-LL-MSB behalf of all others similarly situated, 12 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S Plaintiffs, 13 MOTION TO DISMISS v. 14 [ECF No. 16] SEAWORLD PARKS & 15 ENTERTAINMENT, INC., a Delaware 16 Corporation, 17 Defendants. 18 19 Pending before the Court is Defendant SeaWorld’s (“SeaWorld”) Motion to Dismiss 20 the First, Second, Third, Fifth, and Sixth causes of action in Plaintiff’s Second Amended 21 Complaint (“SAC”). ECF No. 16. The Motion has been fully briefed and is suitable for 22 submission without oral argument. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is 23 GRANTED. 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff Charles Simon filed this putative consumer class action complaint on 26 August 20, 2021. ECF No. 1. The operative SAC was filed on September 28, 2021. ECF 27 No. 15. The SAC asserts the following claims: (1) violation of California’s Consumers 28 Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1750, et seq.; (2) violation of 1 California’s False Advertising Law (“FAL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17500, et seq.; (3) 2 violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 3 17200, et seq.; (4) breach of contract; (5) negligent misrepresentation; (6) intentional 4 misrepresentation and fraud; and (7) unjust enrichment. Id. 5 SeaWorld operates multiple amusement parks within the United States, including 6 SeaWorld San Diego, Sea World San Antonio, and SeaWorld Orlando. SAC ¶ 4. Plaintiff 7 alleges that SeaWorld offers various choices when consumers purchase tickets to SeaWorld 8 San Diego. Id. ¶ 6. Plaintiff also alleges that once a consumer selects their tickets online, 9 they are presented with the option to purchase the “All-Day Dining Deal” (“ADDD”) for 10 an additional $44.99 per person. Id. ¶ 7. On July 10, 2021, Plaintiff purchased four tickets 11 for Sea World’s San Diego location with the ADDD. Id. ¶ 24. Plaintiff received an email 12 “[o]n or about July 10” that contained certain details about his ticket purchase, such as the 13 total cost and the billing and shipping address for the ticket purchase. Id. ¶ 28. Plaintiff 14 further alleges that Defendant “advertised participating restaurants listed on the 15 electronically provided tickets.” Id. ¶ 32. Plaintiff alleges that “[u]pon reviewing 16 information on Defendant’s website about the ‘All-Day Dining Deal,’ [he] was led to 17 believe that he, and each of the family members for whom he purchased a ticket with the 18 ‘All-Day Dining Deal,’ would receive one meal per hour at the theme park at no additional 19 charge at any of Defendant’s advertised participating restaurants.” Id. ¶ 30. Plaintiff alleges 20 that while visiting SeaWorld San Diego, he was denied the benefits of the ADDD when he 21 sought to redeem the voucher at two restaurants. Id. ¶ 33-35, 39. Plaintiff further alleges 22 that he would not have purchased or paid for the ADDD upgrade had he known that he 23 would not receive the benefits as advertised. Id. ¶ 88, 125, 128. 24 Plaintiff seeks to represent a nationwide class and a California class of all persons 25 who purchased an ADDD upgrade with their tickets for a four-year period where one or 26 more of the allegedly participating restaurants either did not participate in or honor the 27 ADDD voucher. SAC ¶¶ 47-48. SeaWorld moved to dismiss the complaint on October 12, 28 2021. ECF No. 16. Plaintiff filed a Response in Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss 1 (“Oppo.”) on November 24, 2021. ECF No. 17. Defendant filed a Reply in support of its 2 Motion on December 3, 2021. ECF No. 18. On December 6, 2021, Judge Sabraw vacated 3 the hearing on the Motion, finding the matter suitable for decision without oral argument. 4 ECF No. 19. This matter was transferred from the calendar of Judge Sabraw to the below 5 signed Judge on January 7, 2022. ECF No. 20. 6 II. LEGAL STANDARD 7 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the 8 defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” 9 generally referred to as a motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether a complaint states 10 a cognizable legal theory and sufficient facts in light of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 8(a), which requires a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 12 entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’” it does 13 require “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” 14 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 15 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” is 16 insufficient. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it 17 tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (alteration in 18 original) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 19 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a party may move to dismiss based 20 on the court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Plaintiff has the burden of establishing 21 that a court has subject matter jurisdiction. Assoc. of Med. Colls. v. U.S., 217 F.3d 770, 22 778-79 (9th Cir. 2000). Article III standing requirements must be met by at least one of the 23 named plaintiffs in a class action. Bates v. United Parcel Servs., Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 24 (9th Cir. 2007). Standing requires that: “(1) at least one named plaintiff suffered an injury 25 in fact, (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct, and (3) the injury is 26 likely to be redressed by a favorable decision.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 27 555, 560-61 (1992) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 28 1 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in the 2 complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 3 party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 4 Nonetheless, courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, 5 unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 6 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 7 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). The Court also need not accept as true allegations that 8 contradict matter properly subject to judicial notice or allegations contradicting the exhibits 9 attached to the complaint. Sprewell, 266 F.3d at 988. 10 To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 11 accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. 12 at 570. A claim is facially plausible when the facts pleaded “allow[] the court to draw the 13 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 14 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). That is not to say that the claim must be 15 probable, but there must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 16 unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). 17 When a motion to dismiss is granted, “leave to amend should be granted ‘unless the 18 court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading 19 could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 20 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 21 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). The Court may deny leave to amend where an 22 amendment would be futile. Desoto, 957 F.2d at 658 (citation omitted). 23 Because Plaintiff’s claims are grounded in fraud, the complaint must satisfy the 24 heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Kearns v. Ford 25 Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir. 2009) (applying Rule 9 to false advertising claims 26 brought under the UCL and CLRA). Rule 9(b) requires a plaintiff “alleging fraud or 27 mistake . . . [to] state with particularity the circumstances concerning the fraud or mistake.” 28 Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 SeaWorld moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, Fifth, and Sixth causes 3 of action as set forth below. 4 A. Standing 5 SeaWorld argues that Plaintiff fails, “to allege a specific statement or omission by 6 SeaWorld on which the claims are based.” Motion at 14. Specifically, SeaWorld argues 7 that “Plaintiff fails to adequately allege (under the heightened pleading standard of Rule 8 9(b) or otherwise) that he actually saw and relied on any statement by SeaWorld, an 9 element required to prove standing to pursue his CLRA, UCL, and FAL claims.” Id. In 10 response, Plaintiff points to his allegation “that he reviewed information on Defendant’s 11 website about the ‘All-Day Dining Deal’ and that, in reliance, he ‘was led to believe that 12 he, and each of [his family members]’ would receive its benefits.” Oppo. at 19 (citing SAC 13 ¶ 30). Plaintiff further argues that “[he] included in the SAC the particular website and 14 webpage he and other similarly situated consumers visited before purchasing the ‘All-Day 15 Dining Deal.’” Oppo. at 20 (citing SAC, n.3). 16 Plaintiff must allege reliance on the specific marketing materials claimed to 17 misleading in order to establish standing to bring claims under the UCL, FAL, or CLRA. 18 See Bronson v. Johnson & Johnson, Inc., No. C 12-04184 CRB, 2013 WL 1629191, at * 2 19 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 2013) (finding that plaintiffs did not have standing because they had 20 not adequately alleged that they relied on defendant’s internet and print advertising before 21 making their purchase); see also Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., No. C 14-1783 PJH, 22 2014 WL 3919857, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2014) (“To maintain a claim under the FAL 23 and CLRA, as well as under any UCL premised on fraud or misrepresentation, a plaintiff 24 must plead facts showing that she relied on the defendant’s misrepresentation.”). “[I]n a 25 false advertising case, plaintiffs meet this requirement if they show that, by relying on a 26 misrepresentation … they ‘paid more than they otherwise would have paid, or bought it 27 when they otherwise would not have done so.’” Reid v. Johnson & Johnson, 780 F.3d 952, 28 958 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Hinojos v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1104 n.3, 1108 (9th 1 Cir. 2013)). “Actual reliance in the context of CLRA, UCL and FAL claims requires a 2 plaintiff allege that she (1) was exposed to (e.g., heard, read or saw) a defendant’s 3 representation, (2) that was false and/or misleading, (3) to which a reasonable person would 4 attach importance (materiality), and (4) incurred economic injury as a result (e.g., by 5 purchasing a product for more money the plaintiff would have (or not purchasing a product 6 at all) but for the misrepresentation.” Stewart v. Electrolux Home Prods., Inc., 1:17-cv- 7 01213-LJO-SKO, 2018 WL 1784273, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2008) (internal citation 8 omitted). To establish standing in a UCL case, “a party must … (1) establish a loss or 9 deprivation of money or property sufficient to qualify as injury in fact, i.e., economic 10 injury, and (2) show that that economic injury was the result of, i.e., caused by, the unfair 11 business practice or false advertising that is the gravamen of the claim.” Kwikset Corp. v. 12 Superior Ct., 51 Cal.4th 310, 322 (2011) (emphasis in original). 13 1. Affirmative Misrepresentations 14 Plaintiff argues that the SAC not only “cites to the particular website [Plaintiff] 15 visited in purchasing the ‘All-Day Dining Deal’ voucher, but [] also quotes the particular 16 language and affirmative representations Defendant made on that website.” Oppo. at 15 17 (citing SAC ¶¶ 8-10). Plaintiff also points to the copy of the issued ticket which is attached 18 as Exhibit B to the SAC. Oppo. at 15-16 (citing SAC ¶¶ 12-13). Plaintiff argues that, 19 “unlike in Hall, the SAC here provides the specific date on which SeaWorld made the 20 alleged statements.” Oppo. at 16 (citing SAC ¶¶ 24, 30) (Hall v. SeaWorld Ent’mt, Inc., 21 No. 3:15-cv-660-CAB-RBB, 2015 WL 9659911 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 23, 2015)). However, 22 Plaintiff’s allegations fail to identify whether Plaintiff actually visited the website detailing 23 the ADDD upgrade, and if so, when he visited the website in relation to buying the tickets 24 on his smartphone. Plaintiff also fails to identify which statements he claims to have relied 25 on that led him to believe that “he, and each of the family members for whom he purchased 26 a ticket with the ‘All-Day Dining Deal,’ would receive one meal per hour at the theme park 27 at no additional charge at any of Defendant’s advertised participating restaurants.” SAC ¶ 28 30. Instead, Plaintiff admits that he “cannot physically go back in time to copy the 1 particular language he saw on Defendant’s website at the time of purchase.” Oppo. at 17- 2 18, n. 2. 3 Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient under the heightened pleading standard of Rule 4 9(b) to allege actual reliance on an affirmative misrepresentation. See Stewart, 2018 WL 5 1784273. In Stewart, the court found that the allegation that plaintiffs “researched various 6 ovens online prior to purchase absent any allegations they reviewed product materials that 7 included the identified alleged misrepresentations about the functionality of the self- 8 cleaning oven, is insufficient to plead actual reliance under the heightened pleading 9 requirement of Rule 9(b).” Id. at *5 (citing Hall, 2015 WL 96559911, at *5 (“Because the 10 complaint does not allege (let alone with any specificity) that any of the named plaintiffs 11 saw and relied on SeaWorld’s statements about its treatment of whales when purchasing 12 their tickets the named San Diego Plaintiffs lack standing to bring claims on behalf of the 13 putative San Diego Class.”). Here, Plaintiff provides vague and general allegations about 14 the website and language on the ticket that Plaintiff claims led him to have certain beliefs 15 about the ADDD. However, the SAC fails to identify when Plaintiff claims to have visited 16 the website detailing the ADDD upgrade in relation to buying his tickets, what statements 17 he saw there, and which of those statements he relied upon in making his purchase. 18 Plaintiff’s argument that he relied on the language on his issued ticket(s) for the terms of 19 the ADDD, also fails because based on the allegations in the SAC, it appears that he 20 received the tickets as a confirmation of his purchase, after he decided to upgrade to the 21 ADDD. SAC ¶ 28 (“On or about July 10, 2021, Mr. Simon received an email from 22 Defendant confirming his purchase.”). Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff’s CLRA, UCL, 23 and FAL claims are based on affirmative misrepresentations by SeaWorld, Plaintiff’s 24 claims are DISMISSED without prejudice for lack of standing. 25 2. Omissions 26 Under California law, “[a]n essential element for a fraudulent omission claim is 27 actual reliance.” Daniel v. Ford Motor Co., 2015 WL 7740646, at *6 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing 28 In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal. 4th 298 (2009)). “To prove reliance on an omission, a 1 plaintiff must show that the defendant’s nondisclosure was an immediate cause of 2 plaintiff’s injury-producing conduct.” Id. “A plaintiff may do so by simply proving ‘that, 3 had the omitted information been disclosed, one would have been aware of it and behaved 4 differently.’” Id. 5 As set forth above, Plaintiff’s vague and general allegations about the website and 6 language on the ticket that Plaintiff claims led him to have certain beliefs about the ADDD 7 do not suffice. Plaintiff’s argument in the Opposition that he adequately set forth an 8 explanation as to why the omission complained of was false and misleading is without 9 merit. Oppo. at 18 (internal citation omitted). Plaintiff fails to identify with sufficient detail 10 under Rule 9(b) when Plaintiff claims to have visited the website detailing the ADDD 11 upgrade in relation to buying his tickets, what statements he saw there, and which of those 12 statements (or purported omissions) he relied upon in making his purchase. See generally 13 Seldin v. HSN, Inc., et al., 2018 WL 3570308, at *4 (S.D. Cal. July 25, 2018) (Where a 14 plaintiff has not alleged that he was exposed to any representation by the defendant, he “is 15 unable to adequately plead [his] ability to have seen any material information that would 16 have affected [his] purchase decision.”). Accordingly, to the extent that Plaintiff alleges 17 that certain information about the ADDD was omitted from SeaWorld’s advertisements or 18 representations, the SAC fails to identify what representations Plaintiff reviewed and relied 19 on in making his decision to upgrade his ticket. The SAC also fails to identify when 20 Plaintiff claims to have viewed these representations (or related omissions) in relation to 21 when he bought his ticket(s). Therefore, to the extent Plaintiff’s CLRA, UCL, and FAL 22 claims are based on nondisclosure or omission, Plaintiff’s claims are DISMISSED 23 without prejudice for lack of standing. 24 In addition to the SAC’s deficiencies with respect to standing, SeaWorld also argues 25 that Plaintiff’s CLRA, UCL and FAL claims fail because “Plaintiff does not allege a duty 26 to disclose any purported omission.” Motion at 17. In response, Plaintiff argues that the 27 SAC alleges, with particularity, that “(i) Defendant ‘has exclusive knowledge of material 28 facts not known or reasonably accessible’ to Plaintiff (see, e.g., SAC 101, 103-04, 153); 1 (ii) Defendant ‘actively conceals a material fact from’ Plaintiff (see, e.g., id. 37-39, 80); 2 and (iii) Defendant makes partial representations that are misleading because some other 3 material fact has not been disclosed (see, e.g., id. 8-10, 37-39, 57).’” Oppo. at 23 (internal 4 citations omitted). 5 “The elements of a cause of action for fraud in California are: (1) a misrepresentation 6 (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or 7 ‘scienter’); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) 8 resulting damage.” Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1126 (emphasis in original) (internal citation and 9 quotation marks omitted). Under California law, an allegedly fraudulent omission is 10 actionable only if the omission is “contrary to a representation made by the defendant, or 11 an omission of a fact the defendant was obliged to disclose.” Daugherty v. Am. Honda 12 Motor Co., 144 Cal. App. 4th 824 (2006). “California courts have generally rejected a 13 broad obligation to disclose, adopting instead the standard as enumerated by the California 14 Court of Appeal in Daugherty.” Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th 15 Cir. 2012). “‘[U]nder the CLRA, plaintiffs must sufficiently allege that a defendant was 16 aware of a defect at the time of sale to survive a motion to dismiss.’” Kouball v. SeaWorld 17 Parks & Entertainment, Inc., 2020 WL 5408918, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2020) (citing 18 Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1145). “The same is true for a claim under the UCL.” Kouball, 2020 19 WL 5408918, at *4 (citing Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1145) (allegation of knowledge at the time 20 of sale required). “Similarly, a plaintiff bringing a claim under the FAL must allege 21 sufficient facts to show that a defendant knew, or should reasonably have known, the false 22 or misleading statements were false when they were made. Kouball, at *4 (citing Punian 23 v. Gillette, No. 14-cv-528-LHK, 2015 WL 4967535, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 20, 2015)). 24 Here, Plaintiff argues that SeaWorld had knowledge of a material fact that it actively 25 concealed from Plaintiff and that partial representations that were misleading were made 26 because some other material fact had not been disclosed. Oppo. at 23. In support thereof, 27 Plaintiff points to the SAC’s allegations that SeaWorld “knew or should have known 28 through the exercise of reasonable care, that its advertising of the [ADDD] upgrade is false 1 and misleading because not all of the restaurants that Defendant represented were 2 participating in the [ADDD] were in fact participating in that program at SeaWorld San 3 Diego.” SAC ¶ 103. The SAC further alleges that “[a]n employee [] informed Plaintiff that 4 Defendant had been previously told that the particular restaurant did not participate in the 5 [ADDD] program” and that “Defendant knowingly misrepresented to Plaintiff and others 6 similarly situated that various restaurants participated in the [ADDD] program when that 7 was not true.” Id. ¶ 37. The SAC further alleges that “Defendant represented on their 8 attraction webpages and tickets in standardized uniform language that purchasers of the 9 [ADDD] could redeem one meal per hour at any of its participating restaurants at no 10 additional charge,” and they “were denied access to meals.” Id. ¶ 11. 11 The SAC fails to explicitly identify the ground upon which Defendant’s 12 nondisclosure was based. As an initial matter, it is not clear what “material facts” Plaintiff 13 alleges SeaWorld failed to disclose. Even if Plaintiff adequately pleaded materiality, 14 Plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged that Defendant was aware and actively concealed this 15 information at the time of Plaintiff’s purchase of the ADDD. See Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1145- 16 1146 n.5 (“The failure to disclose a fact that a manufacturer does not have a duty to 17 disclose, i.e., a defect of which it was not aware, does not constitute an unfair or fraudulent 18 practice [under the UCL].”); see also Kent v. Hewlett-Packard Co., No. 09-5341 JF (PVT), 19 2010 WL 2681767, at *10 (N.D. Cal. July 6, 2010) (“Plaintiffs have not alleged with 20 specificity any other facts that could support a claim that HP knew the computers in suit 21 were defective at the time of sale or that HP actively concealed a defect at the time of 22 sale.”); Taragon v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 2013 WL 3157918, at *7 (N.D. Cal. June 20, 2013) 23 (“An allegation of active concealment must plead more than an omission; rather a plaintiff 24 must assert affirmative acts of concealment; e.g., that the defendant sought to suppress 25 information in the public domain or obscure the consumers’ ability to discover it.”). 26 Although the SAC alleges that an employee of the Orca West Market & Pretzel Shop told 27 Plaintiff that Defendant had previously been told that it did not participate in the ADDD 28 program, this allegation is insufficient to show Defendant’s knowledge at the time of 1 Plaintiff’s purchase or that such information was actively concealed from Plaintiff. 2 Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff’s CLRA, UCL, and FAL claims are based on an 3 omission by SeaWorld, Plaintiff’s claims are DISMISSED without prejudice for lack of 4 standing and failure to allege a duty to disclose any purported omission. 5 B. Specific Statement under CLRA, UCL, and FAL Claims 6 In addition to the deficiencies addressed above, SeaWorld contends Plaintiff fails to 7 “identify the specific statement (or purported omission) by SeaWorld on which the claims 8 are based.” Motion at 11-12. SeaWorld argues that Plaintiff fails to fully articulate the 9 “who, what, when, where, and how” of any alleged statement by SeaWorld, thereby falling 10 short of the heightened specificity required by Rule 9(b). Id. at 12 (citing Kearns, 567 F.3d 11 at 1124). Plaintiff opposes on the grounds that (1) “Plaintiff alleges valid claims under the 12 ‘fraudulent’ prong of the UCL”; (2) “Plaintiff also properly alleges the unlawful prong of 13 the UCL”; and (3) “the SAC clearly demonstrates that the conduct at issue does offend 14 public policy, is immoral, unethical, oppressive, and unscrupulous” and that Defendant 15 “knew that these statements were unauthorized, inaccurate, and misleading.” Oppo. at 24- 16 26. 17 As discussed above, Plaintiff fails to identify the exact statement he claims to have 18 relied on and when he allegedly relied on this statement(s) in connection with the purchase 19 of the tickets. This severely undermines Plaintiff’s claims. See Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1126 20 (holding that the plaintiff failed to allege the particular circumstances surrounding 21 representation in part because they did not identify what was “specifically stated”); see 22 also Kouball, 2020 WL 5408918, at *3 (explaining the plaintiff needed to allege “what 23 specific statements SeaWorld made” for the complaint to be sufficient under Rule 9(b)); 24 see also Wenger v. Lumisys, Inc., 2 F. Supp. 2d 1231, 1246-47 (N.D. Cal. 1998) (explaining 25 that Rule 9(b) demands direct quotations). Although Plaintiff attempts in his Opposition to 26 point to the language from SeaWorld’s website, Plaintiff does not identify what specific 27 language on the website he relied on; additionally, the SAC indicates that the restaurants 28 1 listed on the website were “as of August 11, 2021,” which is after the date of Plaintiff’s 2 visit to SeaWorld San Diego. SAC ¶¶ 8-10, 24. 3 Therefore, because Plaintiff does not “state with particularity the circumstances 4 constituting fraud or mistake,” [Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b)] Plaintiff’s UCL, CLRA, and FAL 5 claims based on affirmative misrepresentation (or purported omission) are DISMISSED 6 without prejudice for failure to state a claim. 7 C. Application of the CLRA 8 Defendant argues that “the upgraded tickets to SeaWorld with the add-on [ADDD] 9 pass (which allow guests to enter the park, visit exhibits, attend shows, and eat at certain 10 restaurants) do not qualify as a service under the CLRA as this District has already held.” 11 Motion at 21 (citing Hall, 2015 WL 9659911, at *15 and Kouball, 2020 WL 5408918, *5). 12 In response, Plaintiff argues that “this Court should instead follow the reasoning set forth 13 in Anderson v. SeaWorld Parks & Entm’t, Inc., because that case is factually very similar 14 to the present action because it deals with services purchased in connection with an 15 admission ticket.” Oppo. at 28 (citing Anderson v. SeaWorld Parks & Entm’t, Inc., 2016 16 WL 8929295 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2016) (unpublished)). 17 The CLRA prohibits “unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or 18 practices undertaken by any person in a transaction intended to result or which results in 19 the sale or lease of goods or services to any consumer.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1770(a). However, 20 it is not “an otherwise applicable general law” as the CLRA “applies only to transactions 21 for the sale or lease of consumer ‘goods’ or ‘services’ as those terms are defined in the 22 act.” Fairbanks v. Superior Court, 46 Cal. 4th 56, 60-61 (2009) (holding life insurance is 23 not a “service under the CLRA”). A “consumer” is defined as “an individual who seeks or 24 acquires, by purchase or lease, any goods or services for personal, family, or household 25 purposes.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1761(d). “Services” are defined as “work, labor, and services 26 for other than a commercial or business use, including services furnished in connection 27 with the sale or repair of goods.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1761(b). “Goods” are defined as 28 “tangible chattels.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1761(a). 1 As both parties acknowledge, one judge in this district has already found that “to 2 hold that the tickets, or more specifically the admission to the parks that the tickets provide, 3 constitute a service requires a strained and unnatural construction of the term” services. 4 Hall, WL 9659911 at * 14; see Motion at 21; see also Oppo. at 28, n. 7. Most recently, 5 Judge Bencivengo again declined to construe the term in that way, explaining that her court 6 would “continue to follow the reasoning by the California Supreme Court in Fairbanks.” 7 Kouball, 2020 WL 5408918 at * 6. That is, “[r]ather than applying to all businesses, or to 8 business transactions in general, the Consumers Legal Remedies Act applies only to 9 transactions for the sale or lease of consumer ‘goods’ or ‘services’ as those terms are 10 defined in the act.” Fairbanks, 46 Cal. 4th at 65. 11 This Court agrees with Judge Bencivengo’s decisions in Kouball and Hall that the 12 tickets with the ADDD upgrade purchased by Plaintiff “merely allow access to SeaWorld’s 13 parks, and do not qualify as ‘services[.]’” Kouball, 2020 WL 5408918, at *6. A ticket to 14 SeaWorld with the ADDD upgrade is not “work or labor, nor is it related to the sale or 15 repair of any tangible chattel.” Fairbanks, 46 Cal. 4th at 65. Plaintiff’s attempts to liken 16 the facts in this case to those in Anderson and the other cases cited in the Opposition fail. 17 For example, Plaintiff argues that in Anderson, “the tickets were used to purchase express 18 educational and entertainment services.” Oppo. at 29. Plaintiff argues that in the instant 19 case, “Plaintiff did not merely purchase a license to access SeaWorld or a license to access 20 its restaurants,” but rather “Plaintiff expressly purchased an All-Day Dining Deal, which 21 was to include specific food and beverage items that were advertised by Defendant as being 22 the basis of the purchase.” Id. at 29-30. Plaintiff tries, unsuccessfully, to argue that the 23 Court should follow the reasoning in Anderson because “that case is factually very similar 24 to the present action because it deals with services purchased in connection with an 25 admission ticket.” Id. at 28. However, Plaintiff does not adequately explain why the 26 reasoning in Kouball and Hall would not apply in this case as they also involved admission 27 28 1 tickets to SeaWorld. Plaintiff concedes that the “explicit meal purchases [purchased as 2 part of the ADDD]” were “bundled with the purchase of an admission ticket,” but fails to 3 cite to any controlling authority in support of why this would qualify as a service under the 4 CLRA. Oppo. at 28. 5 Plaintiff’s alternative argument that an upgraded ticket is “at minimum” a “good” 6 under the CLRA is also without merit. Oppo. at 32. “Goods” under the CLRA must be 7 “tangible chattels” and an upgraded ticket is not a tangible chattel because it has no intrinsic 8 value. Cal. Civ. Code § 1761(a). See generally Berry v. American Express Publishing, Inc., 9 147 Cal. App. 4th 224, 229 (2007). In Berry, the court found that Plaintiff’s credit card was 10 not a “good” under CLRA and reasoned that although “a plastic credit card is tangible . . . 11 the card has no intrinsic value and exists only as indicia of the credit extended to the card 12 holder.” Id. at 229; see also Fairbanks, 46 Cal. App. at 65 (“using the existence of these 13 ancillary services to bring intangible goods within the coverage of the Consumer Legal 14 Remedies Act would defeat the apparent legislative intent in limiting the definition of 15 ‘goods’ to include only ‘tangible chattels.’”) (citing Civ. Code, § 1761, subd. (a)). 16 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s CLRA claims are DISMISSED with prejudice. 17 Additionally, Plaintiff’s UCL claims, insofar that they are premised on a violation of the 18 CLRA, are also DISMISSED with prejudice. See Smith v. State Farm Mutual Automobile 19 Ins. Co., 93 Cal. App. 4th 700, 718 (2001) (Where a plaintiff cannot state a claim under 20 the “borrowed” law, she cannot state a UCL claim either). 21 D. Negligent Misrepresentation and Intentional Misrepresentation and Fraud Claims 22 23 The elements of a claim for intentional misrepresentation are: “(1) a 24 misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of 25 26 27 1 In light of the Court’s finding that Kouball and Hall are both applicable to the facts in this case, the Court declines to address the parties’ arguments about whether Anderson, 2016 WL 8929295, is appropriately 28 1 falsity (or scienter); (3) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (4) justifiable reliance; 2 and (5) resulting damage.” Robinson Helicopter Co. v. Dana Corp., 34 Cal.4th 979, 22 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 352, 102 P.3d 268, 274 (2004) (citing Lazar v. Superior Court, 12 Cal.4th 631, 4 638, 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 377, 909 P.2d 981 (1996)). To allege a claim for negligent 5 misrepresentation, a plaintiff must plead: “(1) the misrepresentation of a past or existing 6 material fact, (2) without reasonable ground for believing it to be true, (3) with intent to 7 induce another's reliance on the fact misrepresented, (4) justifiable reliance on the 8 misrepresentation, and (5) resulting damage.” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. FSI, Fin. 9 Solutions, Inc., 196 Cal.App.4th 1559, 1573, 127 Cal.Rptr.3d 589 (2011) (citation and 10 internal quotation marks omitted). Because a claim for misrepresentation sounds in fraud, 11 the heightened pleading standards of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) apply. 12 As explained above, Plaintiff fails to fully articulate the “who, what, when, where, 13 and how” of the alleged statement by SeaWorld. In particular, Plaintiff has not provided 14 the specific statement he alleges to be a misrepresentation, when it was stated, and where 15 Plaintiff was exposed to the alleged statement. Accordingly, he has failed to plead reliance 16 for either claim. See e.g., Challenge Printing Co. v. Electronics for Imaging Inc., 500 17 F.Supp.3d 952, 965-66 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (dismissing claims for negligent 18 misrepresentation, intentional misrepresentation, and fraudulent deceit where plaintiff 19 failed to plead the who, what, where, when, and how of the misrepresentation). 20 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims for negligent misrepresentation and intentional 21 misrepresentation and fraud are DISMISSED without prejudice. 22 IV. CONCLUSION 23 For the reasons discussed above, SeaWorld’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. 24 Plaintiff’s claims are dismissed as follows: 25 1. Plaintiff’s CLRA claims are DISMISSED with prejudice. Additionally, 26 Plaintiff’s UCL claims, insofar they are premised on a violation of the CLRA, 27 are also DISMISSED with prejudice. 28 1 2. Plaintiffs UCL and FAL claims based on an omission by SeaWorld are 2 DISMISSED without prejudice. 3 3. Plaintiffs UCL and FAL claims based on an affirmative representation by 4 SeaWorld are DISMISSED without prejudice. 5 4. Plaintiffs claims for negligent misrepresentation and _ intentional 6 misrepresentation and fraud are DISMISSED without prejudice. 7 Plaintiff may file an amended complaint by June 3, 2022. Failure to do so will result 8 a final judgment of dismissal of these claims. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 || Dated: May 19, 2022 NO No) 12 Honorable Linda Lopez 3 United States District Judge 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28