Simmons, Kaylen Dewayne

• Court: Texas Supreme Court
• Decided: January 20, 2015
• Docket: PD-0053-15
• Status: Published

Opinion

PD-0053-15 JANUARY 20, 2015

No.__________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS ______________________________________________________________________________

KAYLEN DeWAYNE SIMMONS, Petitioner,

vs.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Respondent. ______________________________________________________________________________

Petition in Cause No. 12-CR-2519 from the 212th Judicial District Court of Galveston County, Texas and the Court of Appeals for the First Supreme Judicial District of Texas ______________________________________________________________________________

PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW ______________________________________________________________________________

WILLIE & ASSOCIATES, P.C.

Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D. 4151 Southwest Freeway, Suite 490 Houston, Texas 77027 (713) 659-7330 (713) 599-1659 (FAX) SBOT# 21633500 attyjrwii@wisamlawyers.com

ATTORNEY FOR PETITIONER KAYLEN DeWAYNE SIMMONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

STATEMENT OF THE CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

GROUND FOR REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Court of Appeals erred in affirming the judgment of the trial court on the basis that the State could argue the issue of standing for the first time on appeal even though it did not raise the issue in the trial court below.

REASON FOR REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PRAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 – Opinion of the Court of Appeals rendered on October 30, 2014.

Appendix 2 – State v. Rhinehart, 333 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

ii INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Page(s)

CASES:

Keehn v. State, 233 S.W.3d 348 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

State v. Rhinehart, 333 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Steagold v. United States, 451 U.S. 204 (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Wright v. State, No. 811-03, 2003 WL 22909085 (Tex. Crim. App. Dec. 10, 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

CONSTITUTIONS:

U.S. CONST. Art. VI, § 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

U.S. CONST. amend. XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

TEX. CONST. art. I, § 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

RULES AND STATUTES:

TEX. R. APP. P. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

iii STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

Due to the fact that this Court has not addressed the issue of the State having waived the

issue of standing of a passenger challenging the search of an automobile by not presenting the

issue in the trial court below since this Court’s holding in State v. Rhinehart, 333 S.W.3d 154

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011), and due to the fact that the Court of Appeals’ opinion directly conflicts

with the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States on this very same issue as announced

in Steagold v. United States, 451 U.S. 204 (1981), the Petitioner, Kaylen DeWayne Simmons,

requests oral argument in this case.

iv STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the Case: This is a burglary of a habitation prosecution brought by the State of Texas, by and through the Galveston County District Attorney’s Office.

Trial Court: The Honorable Susan Criss, 212th Judicial District Court, Galveston County, Texas.

Parties in the Court of Appeals: Kaylen DeWayne Simmons – Appellant; The State of Texas – Appellee.

Court of Appeals: Court of Appeals for the First Supreme Judicial District of Texas; Opinion by Justice Huddle joined by Justices Massengale and Brown; Simmons v. State, No. 01-13-00930- CR (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 30, 2014, pet. filed) (Opinion attached, Appendix 1).

Court of Appeals’ Disposition: Judgment of the trial court affirmed.

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Court of Appeals rendered its decision affirming the judgment of the trial court on

October 30, 2014. The Petitioner filed his Motion for Rehearing En Banc on November 5, 2014.

The Court of Appeals denied the Motion for Rehearing En Banc on December 18, 2014. The

Petition for Discretionary Review was filed with the Clerk if this Court on January 13, 2015, by

e-filing.

v GROUND FOR REVIEW

THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN AFFIRMING THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT ON THE BASIS THAT THE STATE COULD ARGUE THE ISSUE OF STANDING FOR THE FIRST TIME ON APPEAL EVEN THOUGH IT DID NOT RAISE THE ISSUE IN THE TRIAL COURT BELOW. (1 C.R.R. 1-73.)

REASON FOR REVIEW

The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of federal and state law in a way that conflicts with the applicable decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.

The Court of Appeals held that the State could raise the issue of standing for

the first time on appeal even though the issue was not raised by the State in the trial

court below. Slip Op. at 3-6. The Petitioner contends that this is no longer the

jurisprudence of the United States and the State of Texas and that the Court of

Appeals should have addressed the merits asserted by the Petitioner in this appeal.

The Supreme Court of the United States in Steagald v. United States, 451

U.S. 204, 209-211 (1981), held that if the government did not challenge an

appellant’s Fourth Amendment standing to assert a legitimate expectation of

privacy in the trial court, it cannot raise the issue of standing for the first time on

appeal. That holding has been incorporated into the jurisprudence of the State of

Texas by the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas in State v. Rhinehart, 333

S.W.3d 154, 161-162 & n.13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Since the State did not raise

the issue of standing at trial, it is deemed to have waived the issue. See Rhinehart,

1 333 S.W.3d at 162. None of the standing cases cited by the Court of Appeals and

the State are applicable to the facts of this appeal.

The doctrine of stare decisis and the Supremacy Clause of the United States

Constitution required the Court of Appeals to adhere to the holdings promulgated

by the Supreme Court of the United States and the doctrine of stare decisis

required the Court of Appeals to adhere to the holdings of the Court of Criminal

Appeals of Texas when they are not in conflict with Supreme Court of the United

States precedent. The Court of Appeals had the absolute obligation to address the

merits of this appeal pursuant to the mandates of TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. The Court of

Appeals impermissibly abdicated its duty and by so doing violated the Equal

Protection and Due Process Rights of the Petitioner guaranteed by the Fourteenth

Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, §§ 3 and 19 of the

Texas Constitution. See also Keehn v. State, 233 S.W.3d 348, 349 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007); Wright v. State, No. 811-03, 2003 WL 22909085, at *1 (Tex. Crim.

App. Dec. 10, 2003). The opinion and judgment of the Court of Appeals should be

reversed and this Court should address the merits of this appeal or, in the

alternative, the Court should remand the case to the Court of Appeals to address

the merits of the appeal.

2 PRAYER

For the foregoing reasons, Petitioner, Kaylen DeWayne Simmons, requests

that the Court reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and enter judgment of

acquittal in Cause No. 12-CR-2519 or, in the alternative, reverse the judgment of

the Court of Appeals and remand the case to the Court of Appeals to address the

merits of the issues presented in this appeal.

Respectfully submitted,

By:/s/ Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D. Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D. 4151 Southwest Freeway, Suite 490 Houston, Texas 77027 (713) 659-7330 (713) 599-1659 (FAX) SBOT# 21633500 attyjrwii@wisamlawyers.com

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT KAYLEN DeWAYNE SIMMONS

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing document was served via e-service to Allison Lindblade, Assistant Galveston County District Attorney, 600 59th Street, Suite 1001, Galveston, Texas 77551 and the State Prosecuting Attorney, P.O. Box 12405, Capitol Station, Austin, Texas 78711, on the 13th day of January, 2015.

/s/ Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D. Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D. 3 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I certify that the Petition for Discretionary Review submitted complies with TEX. R. APP. P. 9 and the word count of this document is 583. The word processing software used to prepare the document and to calculate the word count is Windows 7.

/s/ Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D. Joseph R. Willie, II, D.D.S., J.D.

4 APPENDIX Appendix 1 Opinion issued October 30, 2014

In The

Court of Appeals For The

First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-13-00930-CR ——————————— KAYLEN DEWAYNE SIMMONS, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 212th District Court Galveston County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 12-CR-2519

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Kaylen Dewayne Simmons pleaded guilty to the felony offense of burglary

of a habitation, and the trial court deferred adjudication and placed Simmons on

community supervision for six years. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02 (West

2011). On appeal, Simmons contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized in the search of a car in which he was a

passenger. We affirm.

Background

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer L. De la Garza testified

that while on patrol one morning around 3:00 a.m., a car with no taillights passed

him. He followed the car to a gas station and activated his overhead lights as he

was entering the parking lot behind the car. One of the occupants started walking

towards the gas station store, while the driver and another passenger remained in

the car, acting “fidgety.” De la Garza told the man who left the car to come back.

De la Garza testified that he approached the car, identified the driver as Rudy

Ortiz, made Ortiz step out and put his hands behind his back, handcuffed him, and

advised him that he was under arrest for the traffic offense of having a defective

taillight.

While De la Garza was continuing with the traffic stop investigation, another

officer arrived with his K-9 partner and conducted a drug sniff of the car. The dog

“alerted” for the presence of narcotics. Subsequently, De la Garza searched the car

and found a number of items, including a pillowcase containing a Coach purse and

several electronics in the car’s trunk. It was later determined that the items in the

pillowcase were stolen during a recent burglary.

2 Simmons also testified at the hearing. He testified that he was riding in the

back seat of the car, was asked to exit the car, and was handcuffed.

Discussion

In two issues, Simmons contends that the trial court erred in denying the

motion to suppress because Officer De la Garza had no basis to search the car and

the State did not offer evidence that the K-9 was properly certified. The State

responds, arguing for the first time on appeal that Simmons does not have standing

to contest the search because he was merely a passenger in the car.

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

A defendant who asserts a Fourth Amendment claim has the initial burden to

establish, as an element of that claim, that he has standing. State v. Klima, 934

S.W.2d 109, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). To demonstrate standing to challenge

the search of another person’s vehicle, the defendant must show that he personally

has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the searched vehicle. See Klima, 934

S.W.2d at 111; see also Matthews v. State, 431 S.W.3d 596, 606 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014) (The accused “must show (1) that he exhibited an actual subjective

expectation of privacy in the place invaded (i.e., a genuine intention to preserve

something as private) and (2) that society is prepared to recognize that expectation

of privacy as objectively reasonable.”) (internal quotations omitted). The State

may raise the issue of standing for the first time on appeal. Klima, 934 S.W.2d at

3 110. We review standing de novo, as it is a question of law. State v. Allen, 53

S.W.3d 731, 732 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.).

Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights that may not be vicariously

asserted. Pham v. State, 324 S.W.3d 869, 874 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 133–34, 99 S. Ct. 421, 426

(1979)); see also Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). “‘A

person who is aggrieved by an illegal search and seizure only through the

introduction of damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person’s premises

or property has not had any of his Fourth Amendment rights infringed.’” Pham,

324 S.W.3d at 874 (quoting Rakas, 439 U.S. at 134, 99 S. Ct. at 425). A passenger

has no standing to contest the search of the vehicle without evidence showing a

legitimate expectation of privacy in the vehicle or a possessory interest in the

property seized. See Flores v. State, 871 S.W.2d 714, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993);

Meeks v. State, 692 S.W.2d 504, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); see also Allen, 53

S.W.3d at 732 (“[A] nonowner passenger does not have standing to challenge a

search of a car’s trunk.”).

B. Analysis

We agree with the State that Simmons did not meet his burden to show that

he had standing to challenge the search of the car’s trunk. The evidence presented

at the hearing conclusively showed that Simmons was a passenger in the back seat

4 of the car. Although it was his burden to do so, Simmons offered no evidence

regarding any expectation of privacy in the car or any possessory interest in any of

the items seized. See Klima, 934 S.W.2d at 111; see also Rakas, 439 U.S. at 148–

49, 99 S. Ct. at 433; Pham, 324 S.W.3d at 875–76.

Simmons relies on a single case in support of his argument that he has

standing to challenge the search, Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 127 S. Ct.

2400 (2007). Simmons argues that Brendlin “unambiguously” holds that a vehicle

passenger “has a basis for challenging a search of the vehicle.” But Brendlin does

not support Simmons’s argument that he has standing here.

As the Fifth Circuit recently explained, “[i]n Brendlin, the [Supreme] Court

held that when the police stop a car, passengers in the car are ‘seized’ under the

Fourth Amendment to the same extent as a driver and thus have individual

standing to challenge the stop’s constitutionality.” U.S. v. Powell, 732 F.3d 361,

375 (5th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1326 (2014). But “Brendlin [was]

clearly focused on the Fourth Amendment implications of a police stop on an

individual’s person and freedom of movement—the seizure of the person.” Id.

“Nothing in the [Supreme] Court’s opinion alters the standing analysis for

searching an area of a vehicle or an item found in a vehicle.” Id. “To gain Fourth

Amendment standing to challenge the validity of a search—not the validity of the

underlying seizure—passengers must continue to show a ‘legitimate expectation of

5 privacy’ in the area or item searched.” Id. (quoting Rakas, 439 U.S. at 148, 99 S.

Ct. at 433).

Since he did not own the vehicle, Simmons bore the burden to show that he

had an actual subjective expectation of privacy in the car’s trunk and that “society

is prepared to recognize that expectation of privacy as objectively reasonable,” but

he presented no evidence of either. See Matthews, 431 S.W.3d at 606.

Accordingly, we hold that Simmons failed to establish that he had standing to

challenge the search. See Rakas, 439 U.S. at 148–49, 99 S. Ct. at 433 (passengers

who asserted neither property nor possessory interest in vehicle or items found

during search, and who made no showing of any legitimate expectation of privacy

in areas of vehicle where seized items were found, were not entitled to suppression

of seized items in their subsequent robbery prosecution); Hughes v. State, 24

S.W.3d 833, 838 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (passenger appellant showing no

possessory interest in vehicle or items seized from within it endured no

infringement of any right ensuring freedom from unreasonable searches and

seizures).

Because we have concluded that Simmons did not establish standing to

challenge the search of the car, we need not address the two grounds on which

Simmons challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. See Wilson

v. State, 692 S.W.2d 661, 671 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g) (reviewing

6 court may affirm trial court’s denial of motion to suppress on the ground that the

defendant failed to establish standing, even if standing was not raised in trial

court).

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Rebeca Huddle Justice

Panel consists of Justices Massengale, Brown, and Huddle.

Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).

7 JUDGMENT

Court of Appeals First District of Texas NO. 01-13-00930-CR

KAYLEN DEWAYNE SIMMONS, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Appeal from the 212th District Court of Galveston County. (Tr. Ct. No. 12-CR-2519).

This case is an appeal from the final judgment signed by the trial court on September 25, 2013. After submitting the case on the appellate record and the arguments properly raised by the parties, the Court holds that the trial court’s judgment contains no reversible error. Accordingly, the Court affirms the trial court’s judgment.

The Court orders that this decision be certified below for observance.

Judgment rendered October 30, 2014.

Panel consists of Justices Massengale, Brown, and Huddle. Opinion delivered by Justice Huddle. Appendix 2 Page I 333 S.W.3d 154 (Cite as: 333 S.W.3d 154)

H Womack, J., joined.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas. West Headnotes The STATE of Texas v. III Criminal Law 110 €:=1032(1) Kenton Jerrod RHINEHART, Appellee. 110 Criminal Law No. PD-0002- 1O. IIOXXIV Review March 9, 2011. IIOXXIV(E) Presentation and Reservation in Lower Court of Grounds of Review Background: Defendant was charged in juvenile 1l0XXIV(E)l ln General court with committing an aggravated robbery 44 I 10k I 032 Indictment or Information days before his 17th birthday. The juvenile court 110kI032(1) k. In general. Most waived its jurisdiction and transferred defendant to Cited Cases criminal district court. Defendant was indicted for aggravated robbery. The Criminal District Court Infants 211 €:=3071 No. 2,Dallas County, Don Adams, J., granted de- 211 Infants fendant's motion to quash. State appealed. The Dal- 211XVI Rights and Privileges as to Adult Pro- las Court of Appeals, 2009 WL 3248270, reversed secutions and remanded. Discretionary review was granted. 211 XVI(E) Appeal and Review Holding: The Court of Criminal Appeals, Hervey, 211k3071 k. Preservation of grounds for J. , held that State, as losing party in criminal dis- review. Most Cited Cases trict court with respect to granting of defendant's (Formerly 211 k68.8) motion to quash the indictment, which quashing State, as losing party in criminal district court was based on State's lack of due diligence in pro- with respect to granting of defendant's motion to ceeding with case in juvenile court before defend- quash the indictment, which indictment had oc- ant's 18th birthday, could not raise for first time on curred after juvenile court had waived its jurisdic- appea l to court of appeals claims that criminal dis- tion, and which quashing was based on State's lack trict court was without jurisdiction to review evid- of due diligence in proceeding with case in juvenile ence underlying juvenile court's decision to transfer court before defendant's 18th birthday, could not the case and that insufficiency of evidence support- raise for first time on appeal to court of appeals ing juvenile court's order to transfer the case to claims that criminal district court was without juris- criminal district court was not valid ground for diction to review evidence underlying juvenile granting motion to quash indictment as a matter of court's decision to transfer the case and that insuffi- statutory law. ciency of evidence supporting juvenile court's order to transfer the case to criminal district court was not Court of Appeals reversed; Criminal District valid ground for granting motion to quash indict- Court affirmed. ment as a matter of statutory law. Vernon's Ann.Texas C.c.P. art. 44.47 ; V.T.C.A., Family Code § 54.02 . Keller, P.l. , filed a dissenting opinion. 121 Criminal Law 110 €:=1031(1) Price, J. , filed a dissenting opinion in which 110 Criminal Law

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Ii0XXIV Review district court may set aside a juvenile court's order II0XXIV(E) Presentation and Reservation in waiving its jurisdiction and transferring the case to Lower Court of Grounds of Review the criminal district court under Section 54.02 of II0XXIV(E)1 In General the Family Code (ground three of appellee's discre- Il0kl031 In Preliminary Proceedings tionary-review petition). However, with the crimin- 1l0kl031(l) k. In general. Most al district court not having set aside the juvenile Cited Cases court's transfer order, we decide that this issue is The rationale for the rule that the State can usu- not presented in this case, and we, therefore, de- ally raise for the first time on appeal the issue of a cline to address it. We do find it necessary to sus- defendant's standing to challenge a search or tain another ground for review (ground one) in ap- seizure on Fourth Amendment grounds is that pellee1s discretionary-review petition, thus requir- standing is an element of tbe defendant's Fourth ing this Court to reverse the judgment of the court Amendment claim and thus the defendant cannol of appeals. complain that he is surprised on appea l by a final decision in the appellate court of issues upon which Appellee was born on April 13, 1989. He was be bas had no opportunity to introduce evidence. charged in juvenile court with an aggravated rob- U.S.C.A . Const.Amend. 4. bery that was committed on February 28, 2006, forty-four days before appe llee's seventeenth birth- [31 Criminal Law 110 €:=J031(1) day. On April 16, 2007, three days after appellee's eighteenth birthday , the State filed a petition in the 110 Criminal Law juvenile court to transfer appellee's case to a crim- Ii0XXIV Review inal district court where appellee would be tried as II0XXIV(E) Presentation and Reservation in an adult. Appellee claimed at an April 30, 2007 Lower Court of Grounds of Review transfer hearing that the juvenile court should deny 11 OXXIV(E) 1 In General this petition because tbe State did not use *156 due 11 Ok I 031 In Preliminary Proceedings diligence in proceeding with his case in ~ uvenile 110k 103 I (l) k. In general. Most court before appellee's eigbteenth birthday. N 1 The Cited Cases State claimed at this bearing that it had used due di- The rule that the State can usually raise for the ligence. On May 2, 2007, the juvenile court signed first time on appea l the iss ue of a defendant's stand- an order waiving its jurisdiction and transferring ing to challenge a search or seizure on Fourth appell ee to criminal district court, after which ap- Amendment grounds is not absolute. U.S.C.A. pellee was indicted for aggravated robbery. FN2 Const.Amend. 4. FNI. See, e.g., Matter of J.c.c., 952 *155 John H. Hagler, Dallas, for Appellant. S.W.2d 47, 49- 50 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1997, no writ) Guvenile court abused its Patricia Poppoff Noble, Asst. D.A., Dallas, Jeffrey discretion in certifying J.c.c. as an adult L. Van Horn, State's Atty., Austin, for State. and transferring the case to tbe district court because the State failed to show due OPINION dili gence "in not prosecuting him in HERVEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in [juvenile court] before his eighteenth birth- which MEYERS, JOHNSON, KEASLER and CO- day"). CHRAN, JJ., joined. We granted discretionary review in this case to FN2. The State presented three witnesses, address, among other things, whether a criminal and appellee presented one witness at the April 30, 2007 transfer hearing in the ju-

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venile court. The evidence presented at this that covered matters that were covered at the trans- hearing shows that the police developed fer hearing in the juvenile court. One of these ex- appellee as a suspect in the aggravated rob- hibits (Defendant's Exhibit 5) is the reporter's re- bery on June 27, 2006 (about four months cord of the transfer hearing in the juvenile court. after it was committed). The aggravated-rob- The criminal district court "Granted" appellee's bery case was filed in the juvenile court on "MOTION TO QUASH INDICTMENT." July 26, 2006. Appellee was not arrested for this offense until April 6, 2007. The The State appealed to the court of appeals, State seemed to take tbe position at the claiming for the first time on appeal that: (I) the April 30th transfer hearing that it was not criminal court was without jurisdiction to review able to locate appellee until his arrest on "the evidence underlying the juvenile court's de- April 6th even though during this period of cision to transfer thi s case" because appellee "had time appellee had been in and out of jail on no statutory right to appeal the sufficiency of the several occasions on various other crim inal evidence in th e juvenile court's transfer proceedings charges that had been filed against him in p prior to beio finally conv icted in the criminal dis- adult criminal court. In its May 2, 2007 or- trict court" N3 (emphasis supplied), and (2) the der, waiving its jurisdiction and transfer- criminal district court erred to grant appell ee's mo- ring appellee to the criminal court, the ju- tion to quash the indictment on a ground not author- veni le court made a finding that "it was not ized by law because the sufficiency of the evidence practicable to proceed in Juvenile Court supporting a juvenile court's order to transfer a case before the eighteenth birthday of [appellee] to criminal district court is not a valid ground for because [appellee] could not be found." granting a motion to quash an indictment as a mat- See § 54.02G)( 4)(B)(ii), TEX. FAM.CODE ter of statutory law. *157 Appellee responded by Uuvenile court may waive its exclusive arguing, among other things, that the State had original jurisdiction and transfer a person waived these issues by failing to raise them in the . . I d"Istnct court FN4 and that he did not crumna to the appropriate district court or criminal district court for criminal proceedings if, "appeal" but only "challenged" the juvenile court's among other things, the juvenile court transfer order (as opposed to the indictment) in the finds from a preponderance of the evidence crim inal district court. that "after due diligence of the state it was FN3. See Article 44.47(b) , TEX.CODE not practicable to proceed in juvenile court CRIM. PROC. (defendant may appeal a before the 18th birthday of tbe person be- transfer under Section 54.02 of the Family cause the person could not be found"). Code "only in conjunction with the appeal Appellee raised the due-diligence issue again in of a conviction of ... the offense for which the criminal district court in a motion that he the defendant was transferred to criminal labeled a "MOTION TO QUASH INDICTMENT." court"). A ttached to this motion was a proposed order indic- FN4. Appellee argued that the State, as the ating that the motion was either "Granted" or lo sing party in the criminal district court , "Denied." The criminal district court held a hearing could not present new theories on appea1 on this motion, during which the parties relitigated for reversing the criminal district court's the due-diligence issue that had been litigated in the decision. See Hailey v. State, 87 S.W.3d juvenile court. The State's only argument at the 118, 121 - 22 (Tex.Cr.App.2002) (ordinary hearing in the criminal district court was that it had notions of procedural default generally used due diligence. Appellee relied on six exhibits prohibit an appellate court from reversing

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a trial court's decision on a theory not in sists the statute does not res trict a defendant's presented to the trial court); State v. Mer- rights to challenge a transfer order. Although we cado, 972 S.W.2d 7S, 77- 78 note that the construction appellee seeks to ad- (Tex.Cr.App. 1998). vance would effectively allow a defendant two bites at the proverbial app le, we need not decide The court of appeals sustained the State's the issue here. Appellee's motion did not seek to second issue, found it unnecessary to address its set aside the transfer order; it sought to quash the first issue, reversed the criminal district court's or- indictment. Moreover, even if the statute afforded der quashing the indictment, and remanded the case different treatment for a "challenge" than an to the criminal district court for further proceedings "appeal," the distinction is without a difference in . consIstent . h It Wit .. FN S Th e cour t 0 f ap- . s opmlOn. the present case. Appellee's motion concerned tbe peals further stated that "issues relating to the sufficiency of the evidence in the transfer pro- [juvenile-court] transfer proceedings are properly ceeding. And in the absence of a conviction or raised in an appeal from a conviction after trans- other order of deferred adjudication, we have no fer." See Rhinehart, slip op. at 4. It also stated: jurisdiction to determine the propriety of a trans- fer. See TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. Art. FNS. See State v. Rhinehart, No. 44.47(b) (Vernon 2006). OS- 09- 00 ISS- CR, slip op. at 3-4, 2009 See Rhinehart, slip op. at 5. WL 3248270 (Tex.App .-Dallas, delivered October 12, 2009) (not designated for pub- We granted appellee's discretionary-review pe- lication) (appellee's "MOTION TO tilion to review the court of appeals's decision. The QUASH INDICTMENT" did not assert grounds upon which we granted rev iew are: any of the statutory grounds in Articles 27.03, 27. 08 and 27 .09, TEX.CODE 1. The court of appeals erred in failing to address CRIM . PROC. for setting aside an indict- the "waiver" issue. ment; instead, "the motion asserted that the indictment should be quashed because the 2. The court of appeals erred in re-framing the is- elements requisite to transfer a case from sue and failing to address the true issue at hand, juvenile court to district court had not been namely: whether the Criminal District Court had met") and slip op. at 5 ("Because there is the authority to set aside the transfer order. nothing before us to demonstrate that the 3. The [court of appeals] erred in implicitly rul- indictment was not valid, we conclude the ing that the trial court lacked *158 the authority trial court erred in quashing the indi ctment. to set aside the transfer order. The State's second issue is sustained. OUf resolution of this issue obviates the need to (Emphasis in original). address the State's first issue. We reverse the trial court's order and remand the case Appellee asserts that the criminal district court for further proceedings consistent with this "set aside the transfer order because the State failed opinion."). (Citation to authority omitted). to proceed in the juvenile court with due diligence before Rhinehart's eighteenth birthday" and that the Appellee acknowledges that a party may only ap- "issue in this case is whether the [criminal district] peal a transfer order in conjunction with a con- court had the judicial authority to set aside a trans- viction or an order of deferred adjudication. See fer order." And, in suppo rt of his second ground for TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. Art. 44 .47(b) rev iew , appellee argues, "Some of the confusion in (Vernon 2006). Nonetheless, appellee contends this case apparently has resu lted from the fact that that an "appeal" differs from a "challenge," and

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Rhinehart mislabeled the motion as being a 'Motion the court, upon motion of the State's attor- to Quash Indictment.' The motion was, in fact , a ney or without motion; and proceedings motion challenging the validity of the transfer or- may afterward be had against him as if no der. A review of the contents of the motion itself prosecution had ever been commenced"); and the arguments made during the pre-trial hearing Article 28.08, TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. clearly established that fact." (if a motion to set aside an indictment is sustained, "but the court refuses to dis- Though the record does reflect that the basis of charge the defendant, then at the expiration appellee's "MOTION TO QUASH INDICTMENT" of ten days from the order sustaining such was the validity of the juvenile court's transfer or- motion[ ]," the defendant shall be dis- der, we must disagree with appellee that the effect charged. "unless in the meanwhile com- of the criminal district court granting this motion to plaint has been made before a magistrate quash was to set aside the transfer order. Appellee's charging him with an offense, or unless an- motion requested that the indictment be § uashed, other indictment has been presented FN not that the transfer order be set aside On the against him for such offense"). record presented to the court of appeals, the proced- ural posture of this case was that the juvenile We also understand appell ee to argue that a ju- court's transfer order was still in force and that, in venile court's erroneous transfer order does not di- granting appellee's "MOTION TO QUASH IN- vest the juvenile court of its exclusive jurisdiction DICTMENT," the criminal district court had over the case, thus permitting the criminal district merely set aside the indictment. See State v. Eaves, court to review the validity of the transfer order to 800 S.W.2d 220, 221-22 n. 5 (Tex.Cr.A?~.1990) determine whether it has jurisdiction over the case. ("quash" and "set aside" are synonymous). 7 We, Appellee argues, "Accordingly, Rhinehart would therefore, disagree with the claim in appellee's urge that, without a valid transfer proceeding, the second ground for review that the court of appeals [criminal district] court would not have acquired re-framed the issue and failed to address the true is- jurisdiction. Consequently, the validity of the trans- sue, namely : whether the criminal district court fer order is and must be subject to judicial review in "had the authority to set aside the transfer order." the [criminal district] court." We do not believe that This issue is not presented in this case since the the criminal*159 district court's quashing of ap- criminal di strict court did not set aside the juvenile pellee's indictment, based on the State's lack of court's transfer order, and the court of appeals "due diligence," is necessarily a determination by would have erred even to address this issue. the criminal district court that it lacks jurisdiction over the case. In addition , the legislative provision FN6. The relief requested in the prayer in in Article 44.47(b) that a defendant may appeal a appellee's motion was that "upon hearing juvenile court's transfer order "only in conjunction and presentation of evidence that the in- with the appeal of a conviction ... for which the de- dictmen t in this cause be quashed and held fendant was transferred to criminal court" is some for naught." (Emphasis supplied). indication that a juvenile court's erroneous transfer order does not divest the criminal district court of FN7 . Under these circumstances, the State jurisdiction over the case. We do not believe that can obtain another indictment against ap- the issue of whether the criminal district court pellee. See Article 28.05, TEX.CODE could set aside the juvenile court's transfer order CRIM. PROC. (if a motion to set aside an wou ld be presented in this case unless the criminal indictment is sustained, "the defendant district court set aside the transfer order and at- shall not therefor be discharged, but may tempted to remand the case to the juvenile court. immediately be recommitted by order of

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Judge Price's dissenting opinion would decide court's transfer order based on its ruling on that "the trial court necessarily ruled that the the due-diligence question. [juvenile court's] transfer order was invalid and that the lack of a valid transfer order deprived it of jur- And, it is not so clear to us that, in granting ap- isdiction over the matter." See Dissenting op. at 164 pellee's motion to quash, the criminal district court (Price, 1.) (emphasis in original). This dissenting implicitly or even necessarily ruled that the juvenile opinion would then remand the case to the court of court's ruling on the due-diligence issue deprived appeals to consider, "in the first instance: 1) wheth- the criminal district court "of jurisdiction over the er the trial court had the authority to make such an matter." It is not apparent to us that a juvenile implicit ruling on the validity of the transfer order; court's erroneous ruling on a due-diligence issue and/or, in the event that it should find that the trial deprives the criminal district court "of jurisdiction court did have that authority (or, possibly, as an al- over the matter." See, e.g., Article 44.47(b) ternative to deciding whether the trial court had that (defendant may appeal a transfer under Section authority), then 2) whether the State procedurally 54.02 of the Family Code "only in conjunction with defaulted any complaint about the trial court's au- the appeal of a conviction of ... the offense for thority by failing specifically to question its author- which the defendant was transferred to criminal ity during the proceedings at the motion to quash court"). hearing." See Dissenting op. at 166 (Price, 1.) In addition, even if one could read these impli- (emphasis in original). cit rulings into the criminal district court's granting There would, however, be no point in doing of appellee's motion to quash, this motion to quash this unless the Court were also to decide that, in still requested only that the indictment be quashed. quashing the indictment, the criminal district court Notwithstanding*160 what the criminal district also implicitly or necessarily set aside the juvenile court may have implicitly decided, appellee's mo- court's transfer order. FN8 The juvenile court and tion to quash may not have been clear and specific the parties would, thus, have to read at least two enough to put the State on notice that appellee implicit or necessarily implied rulings in the crim- might also have been seeking to set aside the juven- inal district court's order granting appellee's motion ile court's transfer order so that the State would to quash to learn that the juvenile court had juris- have an opportunity to challenge the criminal dis- diction over the case again. trict court's authority to do this. The dissenting opinion apparently would leave open the possibility FN8. The dissenting opinion states that that the State procedurally defaulted this issue on "our original purpose in granting the ap- appeal even though appellee's motion to quash may pellee's petition for discretionary review not have been specific enough to put the State on was to address the trial court's authority to notice that it needed to raise this issue in the crim- declare ... the [juvenile court's] transfer or- inal district court. der invalid .... " See Dissenting op. at 165 (Price, 1.). However, we granted discre- At least in this case, we believe that appellee tionary review on the related but neverthe- should have labeled his motion something other less different question of whether the court than a motion to quash (e.g., a motion to set aside of appeals "erred in implicitly ruling that the juvenile court's transfer order) if his intention the trial court lacked the authority to set was, as he claimed on appeal, to challenge the aside the transfer order." We have declined validity of the transfer order. Appellee has even ac- to address this question since the criminal knowledged in this proceeding that "[slome of the district court did not set aside the juvenile confusion in this case apparently has resulted from the fact that Rhinehart mislabeled the motion as be-

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ing a ' Motion to Quash Indictment. ' " In this partic- appe llee's reply that the afd'ellant's point was not ular case, we believe it appropriate to put appellee preserved fo r review"). FN back in the position that he was in after the juvenile court waived its jurisdiction and transferred his FNIO. We also ex press no opinion on case to the criminal district court and before ap- whether the court of appeals correctly de- pellee filed his mislabeled motion to quash that cided that the criminal district court erro- may have confused the other party on exactly what neously granted appellee's motion to quash it was that appe llee was attempting to accomplish. the indictment. See generally State v. ~~~e ll eets second ground for review is overruled. Rosenbaum, 910 S.W.2d 934, 942-48 (opinion of Clinton, J.), adopted by the Court, 910 S.W.2d at 948 (opinion on FN9 . Our disposition of appellee's second reh'g) (Tex.Cr.App.1995) ("An indictment ground for rev iew makes it unnecessary to must be facially tested by itself under the address appellee's third ground for review, law as a pleading; it can neither be suppor- which we dismiss. We express no opinion ted nor defeated as such by what evidence on the question presented in ground three: is presented at trial.. .. A fortiori, it can not whether the court of appeal s erred in impli- be supported or defeated by evidence citly deciding that the criminal district presented at pretri al. "); Eaves, 800 S.W.2d court "lacked the authority to set aside the at 221- 23 . [juvenile court's] transfer order. " *161 In arguing that the State, as the losing [1] This also means that, with the criminal dis- party in the criminal district court, should be per- trict court having only set aside the indictment, mitted to argue for the first time on appeal that which it clearly had the subject-matter jurisdiction there was no valid bas is for the criminal district and authority to do, the State, as the losing party in court to have quashed the indictment, Presiding the trial court, failed to preserve the claims that it Judge Keller's dissenting opinion relies on this presented for the first time on appeal in the court of Court's prior decisions bolding that the State can appeals. Compare Sanchez v. State, 120 S.W.3d usually ra ise the issue of a defendant's standing to 359, 366- 67 (Tex.Cr.App.2003) (right to be challenge a search or a seizure on Fourth Amend- charged by an instrument that is free of defects, er- ment grounds for the first time on appeal. See Dis- rors, and omissions is neither a "systemic" require- senting op. at 163 (Keller, P.J.) (citing State v. ment nor a "waivable" right, and any error in the Klima, 934 S.W.2d 109, III (Tex .Cr.App.1996)); charging instrument must be objected to in a timely see generally Wilson v. State, 692 S.W.2d 661, and specific manner); Hailey, 87 S.W.3d at 121 - 22 ; 666-71 (Tex.Cr.App.1984) (op. on reh'g) State v. Boado, 55 S.W.3d 621 , 622- 24 (discussing when State may raise issue of standing . FN ll (Tex.Cr.App.2001) (Johnson, J., dissenting to dis- for the first I1me on appeal). We do not be- missing discretionary-review petition as improvid- lieve that these cases apply here since there is no ently granted) (court of appeals should not have re- question that appellee has standing to quash the in- versed trial court' s decision quashing indictmen t on dictment in this case. There is no claim in this case theory not raised by the State in either tbe trial that appellee attempted to quas h an indictment court or on appeal) . Tbe court of appeals, therefore, charging someone else with aggravated robbery. erred in not considering and sustaining appell ee's Nor does the di ssent point to any case law that waiver argument. See Kombudo v. State, 17 1 equates allowi ng the State to rai se standing for the S.W.3d 888, 889 (Tex.Cr.App.2005) (TEX.R.APP. first time on appeal to allowing the State to ignore P. 47 . 1 "requires a court of appeals to address an ordinary rules for preserving error.

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FN II. We disagree with the statement in 209- 11, 101 S.C!. 1642, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 this dissenting opinion that our majority (1981) (government "throu gh its asser- opinion holds that there was no valid basis tions, concessions, and acquiescence" lost for quashing the indictment. See Dissent- right to challenge defendant's assertion that ing op. at 163 (Keller. P.J.) (noting that the he possessed legitimate expectation of pri- "Court appears to agree" that the trial court vacy in the searched home). Our decision should not have granted appellee's motion on rehearing in Wilson, upon which our de- to quash because there was nothing to in- cision in Klima heavily relied, also pointed dicate that the indictment was invalid) ; and out that "the prosecution may forfeit re- at 2 (stating, "[n this case, as the Court view of the [standing] issue through its as- holds, there was no valid basis for quash- sertions, concessions, and acquiescence in ing the indictment."). We have expressed the course of the litigation." See Wilson, no opinion on this issue. 692 S.W.2d at 668 (op. on reh'g) (internal quotes omitted). That arguably happened [2][3] [n addition, our decisions in Klima and in this case when the State claimed at the Wilson primarily relied on the Supreme Court's de- hearing on appellee's motion to quash only .. . Ra k CI810n In asIv.l l znOIS ' . FN 12 lor C th e proposlllOD .. that it had used due diligence. See id. that the State can usually raise the issue of a de- fendant's standing to challenge a search or seizure FNI4. Compare State v. Terrazas, 4 on Fourth Amendment grounds for the first time on S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex.Cr.App.1999) FNI3 appeal. We do note, however, that the prosec- (prosecution not put to it s burden to prove ution in Rakas did raise the standing is sue in the tri- voluntariness unless a defendant presents al court which, the Supreme Court stated, "gave pe- evidence that raises a voluntariness ques- titioners notice that they were put to their proof on tion). any iss ue as to which they had the burden .... " See FNI4 We also do not agree with the broad assertion Rokos, 439 U.S. at 132 n. 1,99 S.C!. 421. Ro- kos, therefore, would not clearly support a decision in the Presiding Judge's dissenting* 162 opinion that here that the State should be permitted to argue for "the State need not preserve a complaint if the issue the first time on appeal that there was no valid basis is one which the defendant had the burden to prove for the criminal district court to have quashed the in order to obtain relief." In State v. Steelman, for indictment. example, the State was not permitted to raise for the first time on appeal a claim that a search was valid FNI2. 439 U.S. 128, 99 S.C!. 421, 58 pursuant to a warrant even though the defendant L.Ed.2d 387 (1979). had the burden on the motion to suppress. See State v. Steelman, 93 S. W.3d 102, 107 FNI3. The rationale for this rule is that (Tex.Cr.App.2002) ("At the suppression hearing, standing is an element of the defendant's the State specifically limited its argument to one Fourth Amendment claim and thus the de- theory of law: that there was probable cause to jus- fendant "cannot comp lain that he is sur- tify a warrantless arrest and warrantless search. prised on appeal by final decision (here) of Because the State did not present its other theory issues upon which (he has) had no oppor- (that even if the warrantless arrest was illegal, it did tunity to introduce evidence." See United not taint the search pursuant to the warrant) to the States v. Hansen, 652 F.2d 1374, 1381 - 82 trial court, the State cannot rely on that theory on (10th Cir.1981) (internal quotes omitted). appeaL") (emphasis in original). This rule, however, is not absolute. See Steogold v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, This dissenting opinion claims that we misread

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Steelman because " it was the State that had tbe bur- the State. If the State produces evidence of den to prove the propriety of the warrantless police a warrant, the burden of proof is shifted activity in that case. " See Dissenting op. at 164 back to the defendant to show the invalid- (Keller, P.J.) (emphasis supplied). There is no dis- ity of the warrant. If the State is unable to agreement or mi sunderstanding as to when the bur- produce evidence of a warrant, then it must den shifts on a motion to suppress. The point is prove the reasonableness of the search or that, in Steelman, the State was not permitted to seizure.") (footnotes and citation to author- raise for the first time on appeal the theory that the ities omitted). search was justified pursuant to a warrant, an issue upon which the defendant had the initial burden of To summarize, in thi s case , we apply ordinary FN rules of procedural default to decide that the State, production 15 And the crucial focus is on the losing party's requirement to preserve error for pur- as the losing party in the criminal di s trict court, poses of appeal. could not raise for the first time on appeal a claim that there was no valid basis for the criminal district FNI5 . See Steelman, 93 S.W.3d at 106- 07; court to have quashed the indictment. We decline to see also Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, apply, in this case, the Fourth Amendment standing 492 (Tex.Cr.App.2005) ("To suppress rule of Rokas which , in any event, does not clearly evidence on an alleged Fourth Amendment support the proposition that the State should be per- violation, the defendant bears the initial mitted to raise this claim for the first time on ap- burden of producing evidence that rebuts peal, particularly since the State chose to litigate the presumption of proper police conduct. only the due-diligence issue in the criminal district A defendant satisfies this burden by estab- court thus, in effect, conceding that this m\&ht be a F lishing that a search or seizure occurred valid basis for quashing the indictment 16 See without a warrant. Once the defendant has *163Steagald, 451 U.S. at 209- 11, 101 S.C!. 1642. made this showing, the burden of proof Appellee's first ground for review is sustained. shifts to the State where it is required to establish that the search or seizure was FN 16. Our decision in this case should not conducted pursuant to a warrant or was be read to mean that the State could not at reasonable.") (footnotes omitted); Russell a later time claim that any defect in this v. State, 717 S.W.2d 7, 9- 10 transfer order is not a valid basis for grant- (Tex .Cr.App .1986) ("When a defendant ing a motion to quash. seeks to suppress evidence on the basis of We reverse the judgment of the court of ap- a Fourth Amendment violation , this Court peals and affirm the criminal district court's ruling has placed the burden of proof initially · th' quas hmg e III d'lctmenL FN 17 upon the defendant. As the movant in a motion to su ppress evidence, a defendant FN 17. If the State chooses, it may reindict. must produce evidence that defeats the pre- sumption of proper police conduct and KELLER, P.J ., filed a dissenting opinion. therefore shifts the burden of proof to the PRlCE, 1., fi led a dissenting opmion in which State. A defendant meets his initial burden WOMACK, 1., joined. of proof by establishing that a search or seizure occurred without a warrant. Once a KELLER, P.J., dissenting. defendant has established I) that a search The court of appeals held that the trial court or seizure occurred and 2) that no warrant should not have granted appellee's motion to quash was obtained, the burden of proof shifts to because there was nothing to indicate that the in-

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FN dictment was invalid 1 The Court appears to FN5 . Jd. (citations omitted). FN2 agree, and 1 do too. The Court nevertheless re- verses the court of appeals's judgment on the basis Similarly, a defendant who seeks to quash an that the State failed to preserve for review its com- indictment has the burden to establish a valid basis plaint that there was no valid ground for quashing for doing so. In this case, there was no valid basis the indictment. It is with this holding that I dis- for quashing the indictment. In pointing this Qut, agree. the State has not raised a new issue; it has merely challenged the trial court's holding that appellee FN 1. State v. Rhinehart, No. met his burden in the first place. 05 ~09~00155 ~CR, slip op. at 5, 2009 WL 3248270 (Tex.App .-DalJas October 12, The Court contends that Klima does not apply 2009) (not designated for publication). here for two reasons. First, the Court says that the present case does not involve the issue of standing. FN2 . Court's op. at 158. I agree, but there was nothing talismanic about the fact that the issue in Klima was "standing." The To say that the State failed to preserve its com- point of Klima was that the State did not have to plaint for review, one must first conclude that it preserve an issue on which the defendant had the needed to preserve the complaint. But the State burden of proof; "standing" was simply one ex- need not preserve a complaint if the issue is one ample of that type of issue. which the defendant had the burden to prove in or- FN3 der to obtain relief In State v. Klima, the trial Second, the Court contends that, under Steel- court granted the defendant's motion to suppress, man, the State may be required to preserve a com- and the State raised the defendant's standin~to con- plaint about an issue on which the defendant has the test the search for the first time on appeal. N4 We burden. I believe that the Court misreads Steelman. explained: In Steelman, the defendant did not have the burden on the issue in question. The *164 State did. FN6 In FN3 . State v. Klima, 934 S. W .2d 109, III Steelman, the State urged the trial court to analyze (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). the issue as one involving a warrantless arrest and search: FN4 . Jd. FN6 . State v. Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102, In the instant case appelJee, by bringing the mo- 104~05 (Tex.Crim.App.2002). tion to suppress, bore the burden of establishing all of the elements of her Fourth Amendment COURT: You're proceeding under [the sub- claim. Part of that proof included establishing her sequently issued] search warrant here, aren't you? own privacy interest in the premises searched. PROSECUTOR: No, sir, this is a warrantless *** search.

By raising the issue of standing for the first time •** on appeal, the State did not raise a new issue. Rather, it challenged the trial court's holding that COURT: Do you think [based on] the facts of appellee met her burden of establishing that the this case they had to get a search warrant? government violated her reasonable expectation · FN5 PROSECUTOR: Your Honor, I haven't thought of pnvacy. about it in that light, I'll be honest with the Court. I'm going on the basis that they went inside the

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residence based upon the probable cause of fender from juvenile court to an adult trial court smelling the marijuana. And I'll be honest, I had not been met. The appellee articulated no other haven't thought about it in the light that you are. basis fo r quashing the indictment either in his mo- tion to quash or during the brief hearing that was COURT: That's the way I understand your argu- held on that motion. The trial court could on ly have ment that they didn't even need a search warrant predicated its ruling on this claim. Indeed, although FN7 once they're there and smelled the marijuana it is not made explicit in the trial court's boilerplate order granting the motion to quash, the trial court FN7 . 1d. at 105. necessarily ruled that the transfer order was invalid and that the lack of a valid transfer order deprived This Court explained: it of jurisdiction over the matter.

[T]he State contended that the evidence should The court of appeals, and now this Court, not be suppressed solely because the warrantless however, do not construe the trial court's order arrest and warrantless search were legal. The granting the motion to quash to entail any ruling State, for whatever reason, choose [sic] not to whatsoever with regard to the validity of the juven- FN8 rely upon the search warrant. ile court's transfer order- it was, in the view of both courts, simply and exclusively a ruling on the facial validity of the indictment. The court of ap- FN8.1d. peals went on to hold that, because there is no stat- Once a defendant has made an initial showing utory basis for setting aside an indictment based that a search or se izure was without a warrant, the upon the *165 invalidity of a transfer order, and the FN9 appellee asserted no other ground for setting aside burden of proof shifts to the State Because the . d·lctment, th e tna t h e III . FNI · I court erre d to quas I1 It. Court in Steelman ana lyzed the search and seizure as warran tl ess, due to the State's own exp lic it con- The court of appeals declined to reach the question cession, it was the State that had the burden to whether the trial cOllrt had authority to second- prove th e propriety of the warrantless police activ- guess the validity of the transfer order because the . . h FN10 trial court did not e)!lressly purport to set aside the tty III t at case. transfer order itself. N2 The Court today takes the FN9. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 same tack, refusing even to comment on the trial (Tex .Crim.App.2005). court's authority to rule, if only implicitly, on the FN3 validity of the juvenile court's transfer order FN I O. Or to show attenuation of the taint. FN 1. See State v. Rhinehart, No. Because I would affirm the judgment of the 05- 09- 00155- CR, 2009 VVL 3248270 court of appeals, I respectfully dissent. (Tex .App.-Dallas, delivered October 12, 2009) (not designated for publication) , at PRICE, J., dissenting in which WOMACK, J. , *2 ("Here, the motion to quash does not joined. assert any of the statutory grounds for set- It is true that, nominally, the only order that the ting aside an ind ictment, nor does it chal- trial court issued in this cause was the order grant- lenge the indictment based on form or sub- ing the appellee's motion to quash th e indictment. stance."). But the only argument that the appellee made in his motion to quash to justify setting aside the indict- FN2. See id. , at *3 ("[W]e need not decide ment was that the Family Code provisions for trans- the issue here. Appellee's motion did not ferring the exclusive jurisdiction over a juvenile of- seek to set aside the transfer order; it

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sought to quash the indictment. "). Procedure; thi s Court has historically re- cognized constitutional bases, FN3. The Court says it "do[es] not believe "independent of statutory grounds," in- that the criminal district court' s quashing cluding "jeopardy and want of jurisdic- appellee's indictment based on the State's tion"; and, since Article 27.03 was lack of 'due diligence' is necessarily a de- amended in the 1965 Code of Criminal tennination by the criminal district court Procedure, it now embraces these that it lacks jurisdiction over the case." formerly "i ndependent" grounds, by au- Majority op., at 158- 59. But the Court sug- thorizing pre-trial motion to set aside in- gests no other plausible basis for the trial dictment on "any other grounds author- court's order, and I can think of none. The ized by law"); Siale v. Rosenbaum, 910 Court also asserts that the question of the S. W.2d 934, 944-45 trial court's authority to grant a motion to (Tex.Crim.App.1994) (Clinton, J., dis- quash based upon the validity, veillon, of senting), adopted as majority opinion on the juveni le court's transfer order would State's motion for rehearing , id. at 948 not become an issue "unless the criminal (same). Given the particular motion to district court set aside the tran sfer order quash in this record, the tri al court could and attempted to remand the case to the ju- only have doubted its own jurisdiction venile courl." [d. (emphasis supplied). But based upon the appellee's challenge to the fact that the trial court did not attempt the juvenile court's transfer order, and to remand the case to juvenile court does granting the motion to quash can reason- not mean that it could not have believed ably be construed on this record only as that it lacked jurisdiction because of an in- a ruling on the validity of that transfer valid transfer order. The trial court might order. The trial court may have erred (if have believed that it was powerless to re- in no other respect) by hearing evidence mand the case to the juvenile court, not- to resolve the appellee's motion to quash. wi thstanding an invalid transfer order, in See Siale v. Rosenbaum, supra, at 946 light of Section 54.02(i) of the Family (even constitutional challenge to indict- Code, which provides that "the criminal ment that implicates trial court's jurisdic- court may not remand the child to the jur- tion must be determined from the face of isdiction of the juveni le court." TEX. the indictment and not by extrinsic evid- FAM.CODE § 54.02(i). ence). But it remain s evident to me that the trial court actually granted the ap- Still, though it may not have been au- pellee's motion to quash the indict- thorized to remand the appellee to the ment-rightly or wrongly- because of a jurisdiction of the juvenile court, the tri- fatal flaw it perceived in the juvenile al court had the authority to determine court's transfer order. its own jurisdiction by way of a motion to set aside the indictment- essentially, And yet, it was my impression that our original a motion to quash. See State v. Eaves, purpose in granting the appellee's petition for dis- 800 S.W.2d 220, 222 & n. 6 cret ionary review was to address the trial court's (Tex.Crim.App.1990) (bases for motion authority to declare (implicitly, but necessarily, to set aside indi ctment not necessarily given the state of the record) the transfer order in- limited to grounds explicitly enumerated valid-or, more accurately, to remand the cause to in Article 27.03 of Code of Criminal the court of appeals for that court to address this

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question in the first * 166 in stance, since it did not refrain from any opinion of our own w ith respect to do so on original submission. Now, ins tead of re- e ither of these issues un less and until we have the mand ing tb e cause, th e Court decides the merits of benefit of an opinion from the court of appeals that a different question altogether- one that the court has decided them in the fi rst instance. of appeals has also yet to address- namely, wheth- er the State may have procedurally defaulted any Because the Court declines to follow this argument on appeal that the trial court lacked au- course, I respectfully dissent. thority to invalidate the transfer order. I am unsure Tex.Crim.App. ,20 II. why the Court feels compelled to follow this State v. Rhinehart course , since the co url of appea ls rendered no 333 S.W.3 d 154 "decision" o n th e procedural defau lt issue, and th ere is, therefore, nOlle for us to examine in our END OF DOCUM ENT · . . . FN4 d lscrehonary reVIew capacity.

FN4. See, e.g., Stringer v. State, 241 S.W.3d 52, 59 (Tex.Crim.App.2007) (State's alternative argument in the co urt of appeals that the appe llant procedurally de- faulted his Confrontation Clause claim was never resolved by the court of appeals and therefore "not ripe" for our consideration on discretionary review, since in th at capa- ci ty "we review 'decis io ns' of the courts of appeals"; the court of appeals could con- sider the procedural default argument m the first in stance, however, on remand).

It is clear enough to me on thi s record that the trial court's ruling on the appellee's motion to quash necessarily amou nted to a rulin g on the validity of the juvenile court's transfer o rder, and I would simply hold that the court of appeals erred to the extent that it concluded otherwise. I would then re- mand the cause to the court of appeals for further consideration. I wo uld direct that co urt to consider, in the first instance: 1) whether the trial court had the authority to make such an implic it ruling on the va lidity of the transfer o rder; and/or, in the event that it should find that the trial court did have that authority (or, possibly, as an alternative to deciding whether the trial court had that authority), then 2) whether the State procedurally defaulted any com- plaint about the trial court's authority by failing specifically to question its authority during the pro- ceedings at the motion to quash hearing. We should

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