[Cite as Silvey v. Washington Square Chiropractic Clinic, 2012-Ohio-6214.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO
BETH SILVEY, : OPINION
Plaintiff, : CASE NO. 2011-G-3047 AMY SCHUDEL, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
- vs - :
WASHINGTON SQUARE : CHIROPRACTIC CLINIC, et al., : Defendants-Appellees.
Civil Appeal from the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 10M000204.
Judgment: Reversed and remanded.
Andrew L. Margolius and Emily E. Warren-Gilbert, Margolius, Margolius and Associates, 55 Public Square, Suite 1100, Cleveland, OH 44113-1901 (For Plaintiff- Appellant).
Mitchell L. Alperin and Mark W. Biggerman, 29325 Chagrin Boulevard, Suite 305, Pepper Pike, OH 44122; and Steven W. Tater, Law Office of Steven W. Tater, 5031 Turney Road, Garfield Heights, OH 44125-2967 (For Defendants-Appellees).
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.
{¶1} The instant appeal is from two final judgments of the Geauga County
Court of Common Pleas. Pursuant to the two entries, the trial court entered summary
judgment in favor of appellees, Dr. Robert Cohen, Dr. Rick Tangerman, MidStates Chiropractic of Willoughby, Ltd., and Washington Square Chiropractic Clinic, on all
pending claims relating to appellant, Amy Schudel. Before this court, appellant asserts
that summary judgment should not have been granted as to any of her five claims
because her evidentiary materials were sufficient to raise genuine factual disputes
regarding material facts.
{¶2} Dr. Robert Cohen is the part-owner and managing partner of a number of
chiropractic clinics in Ohio. Two of these offices are Washington Square Chiropractic
Clinic and MidStates Chiropractic, both of which are located in Geauga County. Each of
the foregoing Geauga County clinics is a separate corporate entity for which separate
corporate books are maintained. However, the employees of the two offices are often
interchangeable; i.e., Dr. Cohen will move employees between the offices, depending
upon where the need is.
{¶3} At some point prior to 2006, Dr. Cohen hired Dr. Rick Tangerman to work
as a chiropractor at both Washington Square and MidStates. While Dr. Tangerman was
seeing patients at the Washington Square office, Beth Silvey was hired to work primarily
at that office. Subsequently, Ms. Silvey became the office manager of the Washington
Square clinic. As part of her compensation, she was entitled to receive free treatments
from any of the chiropractors associated with the two offices. At first, Ms. Silvey asked
to receive treatments from Dr. Tangerman.
{¶4} Within a short period of the outset of her employment, Ms. Silvey informed
Dr. Cohen that Dr. Tangerman was making inappropriate sexual statements in front of
her. After formally asserting her initial complaint, Ms. Silvey attempted to overlook Dr.
Tangerman’s offensive comments and continued to work with him for approximately six
2 months. But, in late 2007, she felt compelled to register a second complaint regarding
the nature of Dr. Tangerman’s language around her, especially when he gave her the
free treatments in accordance with the corporate policy. Upon conducting a truncated
investigation into the new complaint, Dr. Cohen terminated Tangerman’s employment at
the Washington Square office on the basis that he had engaged in inappropriate acts.
Within one month, though, Dr. Cohen re-hired him to work solely at the MidStates office,
so that his contact with Ms. Silvey would be limited.
{¶5} In late 2008, Dr. Cohen approached Ms. Silvey about the possibility that
Dr. Tangerman could return to work again at the Washington Square office. Ms. Silvey
agreed with this new arrangement, and she and Tangerman were able to work together
for a period of four months. However, in April 2009, Ms. Silvey began to notice that Dr.
Tangerman was starting to make the same type of sexual comments to which she had
previously taken offense. Ultimately, this caused her to submit to Dr. Cohen a new oral
and written complaint about the situation. Furthermore, during this same time period, a
female massage therapist at the Washington Square office began to have trouble with
Tangerman’s language and actions, and these problems later led to her resignation as
an employee.
{¶6} In June 2009, Dr. Cohen hired appellant as a receptionist/secretary for the
Washington Square office. Almost immediately after starting her employment, appellant
began to receive treatments from Dr. Tangerman as part of her compensation. After a
few treatments, though, appellant ended her treatment sessions with him because she
thought that he was making inappropriate comments. According to appellant, whenever
her body appeared to be tight, Tangerman would ask her what she had been doing the
3 night before. On the other hand, if she appeared to be more flexible, Tangerman would
comment that her boyfriend must be “happy” with her.
{¶7} Appellant also thought that Dr. Tangerman was making improper sexual
statements to her while they were working. According to her, Tangerman would often
ask her questions about her boyfriend, would routinely try to talk to her about going to a
nudist camp, and once told her that he loved her long hair because it was something he
could “hold onto.” In addition, appellant took offense to the fact that Tangerman would
sometimes massage her neck in the office without seeking her permission first.
{¶8} Within two months of beginning her job at the Washington Square clinic,
appellant formally complained to Dr. Cohen about Dr. Tangerman’s behavior. Since the
office manager, Ms. Silvey, had recently submitted her third complaint of inappropriate
comments by Tangerman, Dr. Cohen again conducted an abbreviated investigation into
the situation. At the end of August 2009, Dr. Cohen informed appellant and Ms. Silvey
that he would remove Tangerman from their office, but he could not do so until he was
able to hire a replacement doctor. As a result, Tangerman was allowed to continue to
work at the Washington Square office until October 2009.
{¶9} At that time, Dr. Cohen again terminated Dr. Tangerman’s employment at
the Washington Square clinic, but immediately permitted him to start working again full-
time at the MidStates clinic. Even though both Ms. Silvey and appellant had previously
worked at the MidStates office on some occasions, they only performed their duties at
the Washington Square office following Tangerman’s “transfer.” While Dr. Cohen was
finally able to hire a new doctor for the Washington Square office, he did not give that
doctor the same salary as Tangerman. Moreover, since the new doctor was only a part-
4 time employee, the amount of work for appellant and Ms. Silvey decreased; as a result,
they were not able to work as many hours as they had previously. Then, in December
2009, the new doctor resigned his position at the clinic.
{¶10} During the weeks after the new doctor’s resignation, Dr. Cohen told both
appellant and Ms. Silvey that he was attempting to locate a new chiropractor to work at
the Washington Square office. However, by mid-January 2010, Cohen had not hired a
new doctor, and there was no further work for appellant and Ms. Silvey to perform at the
Washington Square office. Hence, both of them ended their employment with Cohen’s
two companies. Despite this, approximately one week after they had left, Cohen chose
to reopen the Washington Square office and see patients himself, acting in virtually the
same capacity as Tangerman.
{¶11} Within one month of the termination of their employment, appellant and
Ms. Silvey initiated the underlying civil action against Tangerman, Cohen, and the two
companies. In their amended complaint, appellant and Ms. Silvey asserted five claims
sounding in sexual harassment/hostile work environment, retaliation with constructive
discharge, retaliatory harassment, negligent hiring and retention, and violation of public
policy against sexual harassment and retaliation. For their relief, both plaintiffs sought
primarily compensatory and punitive damages.
{¶12} Once the four defendants had answered the amended complaint, the two
sides engaged in considerable discovery. After the case had been pending for 15
months, Dr. Cohen and his two companies moved for summary judgment regarding all
pending claims asserted by both plaintiffs. Soon thereafter, Dr. Tangerman submitted a
similar motion under Civ.R. 56(C). As part of their response to the defendants’ motions,
5 the two plaintiffs also moved for partial summary judgment.
{¶13} The trial court issued separate written decisions on the respective motions
of Cohen and Tangerman; however, the wording of the two decisions was identical. In
regard to appellant, the trial court granted summary judgment on all five claims in favor
of all four defendants. In its discussion of each claim, the court did not analyze every
element. Instead, the court cited specific elements for each claim, and then found that
the defendants were entitled to prevail on those elements under the summary judgment
standard.
{¶14} In appealing the summary judgment ruling, appellant has advanced four
assignments of error for review:
{¶15} “[1.] The Court erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of
Defendants on the negligent retention and hiring claim.
{¶16} “[2.] The Court erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of
Defendants on the Retaliation claims.
{¶17} “[3.] The Court erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of
Defendants regarding the harassment claims.
{¶18} “[4.] The Court erred when it dismissed the public policy cause of action;
joint liability exists.”
{¶19} As noted above, none of appellant’s five claims proceeded to trial; rather,
each of her claims was disposed in summary judgment. Thus, in reviewing all four of
appellant’s assignments, this court must follow the general standard under Civ.R. 56(C):
{¶20} “In reviewing an award of summary judgment, we apply a de novo
standard of review. * * *. As such, summary judgment is appropriate when: (1) there is
6 no genuine issue as to any material fact; (2) the nonmoving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law; and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that
conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party, who is entitled to have the evidence
construed most strongly in her favor. * * *.” (Citations omitted.) Arp v. Geauga Cty.
Commrs, 11th Dist. No. 2002-G-2474, 2003-Ohio-2837, ¶21.
{¶21} “The Supreme Court stated in Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 296
(1996) * * *, that:
{¶22} “‘(* * *) the moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial
court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record which
demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the
nonmoving party’s claim. The “portions of the record” to which we refer are those
evidentiary materials listed in Civ.R. 56(C), such as the pleadings, depositions, answers
to interrogatories, etc., that have been filed in the case. (* * *)’ (Emphasis sic.)
{¶23} “If the moving party satisfies this burden, then the nonmoving party has
the burden pursuant to Civ.R. 56(E) to provide evidence demonstrating a genuine issue
of material fact. If the nonmoving party does not satisfy this burden, then summary
judgment is appropriate. Civ.R. 56(E). Appellate courts review a trial court’s granting of
summary judgment de novo. Brown v. Scioto Cty. Bd. of Commrs. (1993), 87 Ohio App.
3d 704, 711, * * *. The Brown court stated that ‘we review the judgment independently
and without deference to the trial court’s determination.’ Id. An appellate court must
evaluate the record ‘in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party.’ Link v.
Leadworks Corp. (1992), 79 Ohio App.3d 735, 741, * * *. Furthermore, a motion for
summary judgment must be overruled if reasonable minds could find for the party
7 opposing the motion. Id.” Paugh v. P.J. Snappers, 11th Dist. No. 2004-T-0029, 2005-
Ohio-701, ¶15-17.
{¶24} Under her first assignment, appellant challenges the trial court’s summary
judgment analysis as to her claim of negligent hiring and retention of Dr. Tangerman by
Dr. Cohen and the two companies. However, our review of the elements of that claim
demonstrates that there must be a preliminary showing of harassment before a finding
of negligent hiring and retention can be made; accordingly, the substance of appellant’s
sexual harassment claim will be addressed first. Under her third assignment, appellant
contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to that claim
because her evidentiary materials were sufficient to raise a factual dispute concerning
whether she had been subject to a hostile work environment.
{¶25} “R.C. 4112.02(A) prohibits an employer from engaging in sexual
discrimination against an employee. Case law interpreting and applying Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, [Section] 701 et seq., as amended, 42 U.S.C.A. [Section]
2000e et seq. (‘Title VII’) is generally applicable to cases involving R.C. Chapter 4112.
Genaro v. Cent. Transport, Inc. (1999), 64 Ohio St.3d 293, * * *. Sexual harassment
that constitutes discrimination on the basis of sex and violates Title VII is generally
categorized as either a quid pro quo claim or a hostile work environment claim. The
terms ‘quid pro quo’ and ‘hostile work environment’ serve to distinguish roughly between
cases in which threats are carried out, quid pro quo, and cases in which threats are not
carried out or are absent altogether, hostile work environment. Burlington Ind., Inc. v.
Ellerth (1998), 524 U.S. 742, * * *.” Peterson v. Buckeye Steel Casings, 133 Ohio
App.3d 715, 722-723 (10th Dist.1999).
8 {¶26} In her amended complaint in the instant case, appellant based her claim of
sexual discrimination upon an assertion of a hostile work environment. To prevail of this
type of discrimination claim, the employee must demonstrate: “(1) that the harassment
was unwelcome; (2) that the harassment was based on sex; (3) that the harassing
conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to affect the ‘terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to employment,’ and
(4) that either (a) the harassment was committed by a supervisor, or (b) the employer,
through its agents or supervisory personnel, knew or should have known of the
harassment and failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action.” Hampel v.
Food Ingredient Specialties, 89 Ohio St.3d 169, 176-177 (2000).
{¶27} As a general proposition, a hostile work environment cannot be proven
solely by the fact that the alleged harasser has acted in an offensive manner. Peterson,
133 Ohio App.3d at 723. Instead, the behavior must be so severe or pervasive that a
reasonable person would conclude that the working environment was abusive. Id.
{¶28} In rejecting appellant’s hostile work environment claim, the trial court held
that she had failed to create a factual dispute as to the second element; i.e., she did not
show that the harassment by Tangerman had been based on sex. In essence, the trial
court concluded that the actions of Tangerman were not of such a nature that it could be
said that he had directed the acts toward appellant solely because she was a female.
{¶29} As to some of Tangerman’s alleged comments, the trial court’s analysis
would appear to be appropriate. For example, in relation to the comments about going
to a nudist camp, it cannot be said that Tangerman would have had this type of general
conversation with appellant only because she was a female. However, this analysis
9 would not apply to the majority of Tangerman’s other statements, including his
reference to her long hair and his assertions concerning her flexibility and the supposed
cause of her inflexibility. Appellant produced evidence from which reasonable minds
could conclude that the comments would not have been made unless appellant were a
female. Furthermore, the act of massaging appellant’s neck without permission was an
act that reasonable minds could conclude were based upon appellant’s sex.
{¶30} Pursuant to the parties’ evidentiary materials, there was no dispute that
Dr. Tangerman behaved in the manner alleged by appellant. Thus, given the nature of
the majority of those acts, appellant produced evidence supporting a hostile work
environment and an issue for trial.
{¶31} Under the third element of her harassment claim, appellant was required
to prove that the sexual harassment was so severe or pervasive that it had an adverse
affect upon the working environment in the office. Given the trial court’s holding as to
the second element, it is apparent that the trial court never ruled upon the third element.
Nevertheless, in light of the fact that appellant’s claim was predicated upon comments
or acts which occurred on multiple occasions, her evidentiary materials were sufficient
to create a factual dispute as to whether her working conditions were abusive.
{¶32} Under the last element for a claim of hostile work environment, appellant
had to demonstrate that her employer, Dr. Cohen and the two companies, were aware
of the harassment and failed to take immediate and appropriate steps to alleviate the
problem. As to the “awareness” requirement, a review of the evidentiary items indicates
that there was no dispute that appellant registered a complaint about Dr. Tangerman’s
behavior, and that Cohen had previously received at least two other complaints about
10 his inappropriate behavior. Regarding the “corrective action” requirement, appellant’s
materials were sufficient to demonstrate that, even though Dr. Cohen had already been
required to transfer Tangerman to the MidStates office on one prior occasion, no steps
had been taken to ensure that he would not engaged in the same behavior again. Plus,
when appellant registered her complaint in August 2009, Cohen waited for two months
to remove him from the Washington Square office.
{¶33} When construed in a manner most favorable to appellant, the evidentiary
materials were readily sufficient to create a factual dispute as to all four elements of her
hostile work environment claim. Thus, because the four defendants were not entitled to
summary judgment of that claim, appellant’s third assignment has merit.
{¶34} Having disposed of the sexual harassment claim, the merits of appellant’s
claim of negligent hiring and retention can now be addressed. In ruling upon this claim,
the trial court held that summary judgment was warranted because there had been no
sexually harassing behavior and there was no casual link between Dr. Cohen’s alleged
negligence and the injury to appellant. Under her first assignment, appellant contends
that the trial court erred in construing her evidentiary material.
{¶35} “The elements of a claim for relief for negligent hiring or negligent
retention are: (1) the existence of an employment relationship; (2) the employee’s
incompetence; (3) the employer’s actual or constructive knowledge of such
incompetence; (4) the employee’s act or omission causing the plaintiff’s injuries; and (5)
the employer’s negligence in hiring or retaining the employee as the proximate cause of
plaintiff’s injuries.” Arp, 2003-Ohio-2837, at ¶45.
{¶36} In regard to the fifth of the foregoing elements, it has been indicated: “If
11 the employer had prior knowledge of the alleged harasser’s incompetence, that is, his
subjecting fellow employees to sexual harassment, and despite this knowledge failed to
intervene to prevent a recurrence of the behavior in the work place, then the employer
would be [liable for] negligent retention.” Payton v. Receivables Outsourcing, Inc., 163
Ohio App.3d 722, 2005-Ohio-4978, ¶45 (8th Dist.).
{¶37} As to the trial court’s holding that there were no sexually harassing acts by
Dr. Tangerman, this court’s legal analysis readily establishes that holding was not
justified in light of appellant’s evidentiary materials. That is, the materials were sufficient
to raise a factual dispute regarding whether Tangerman was viewed as “incompetent”
because he had previously engaged in sexual harassment. Moreover, there was also a
factual dispute as to whether Dr. Cohen had actual knowledge of Tangerman’s previous
behavior with Ms. Silvey.
{¶38} In relation to the “proximate cause” element, when construed in a manner
most favorable to her, appellant’s evidentiary items tended to show that, despite two
serious complaints that had already been registered by Ms. Silvey, Cohen chose to
retain Tangerman and return him to the Washington Square office. As a result of this
decision, appellant produced evidence supporting her claim that she was subjected to
an environment of sexual harassment. Furthermore, if the foregoing facts were found
by a jury, then a reasonable person could conclude that Cohen’s negligence in retaining
Tangerman was the proximate cause of any harm sustained by appellant due to the
harassment.
{¶39} Again, the trial record before this court supports the holding that appellant
presented sufficient evidence which, if believed, could warrant findings in her favor as to
12 each element of her claim of negligent hiring or retention. Therefore, because summary
judgment should not have been granted, her first assignment also has merit.
{¶40} Appellant’s second assignment of error pertains to the merits of her claim
for retaliation, under which she maintained that her position at the Washington Square
office was constructively terminated as a result of her harassment complaint. In ruling
upon this claim, the trial court again concluded that appellant had again failed to prove
any causal connection between the making of the complaint and the subsequent loss of
her job. Before this court, appellant argues that her evidentiary materials were sufficient
to avoid summary judgment on this particular claim.
{¶41} “To prove a claim of retaliation, a plaintiff must establish three elements:
(1) that she is engaged in a protected activity; (2) that she was subjected to an adverse
employment action; and (3) that a causal link exists between a protected activity and the
adverse action. Once a plaintiff successfully establishes a prima facie case, it is the
defendant’s burden to articulate a legitimate reason for its action. If the defendant
meets its burden, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the articulated
reason was a pretext.” Peterson, 133 Ohio App.3d at 727.
{¶42} In responding to the two motions for summary judgment, appellant argued
that her constructive discharge had been a direct result of her submission of her sexual
harassment complaint against Dr. Tangerman. Specifically, she alleged that Cohen had
purposely failed to locate and hire a new full-time doctor to take Tangerman’s place at
the Washington Square office. In turn, Cohen’s actions had the effect of eliminating her
job because the office was no longer drawing in any business. According to Cohen and
his two companies, though, the lack of business constituted a legitimate reason to end
13 appellant’s employment, and was not in any way connected to the sexual harassment
complaint.
{¶43} Despite the fact that Cohen and the company carried their burden to state
a legitimate reason for the lack of business at appellant’s office, appellant was able to
present some evidence tending to show that the lack of business was a sham.
Specifically, she submitted some evidence showing that Dr. Cohen started seeing
patients again at the Washington Square office within one week after appellant left her
position. From this, a reasonable person could infer that Cohen had purposely waited
until she left to re-open the office. In other words, a jury could reasonably conclude that
Cohen sought to eliminate her job by limiting the business of the office until she gave
up.
{¶44} When construed in her favor, appellant’s evidence was sufficient to raise a
factual dispute that she was the subject of an adverse employment action as a result of
her complaint against Tangerman. For this reason, her third assignment of error is well
taken because the trial court should not have granted summary judgment of her claim of
retaliation.
{¶45} Appellant’s final assignment relates to her “violation of public policy” claim,
under which she asserted that Cohen and the two companies could still be found liable
even if the number of employees for the Washington Square Chiropractic Clinic was not
greater than three. In disposing of this claim, the trial court found that appellant would
never be able to establish that she was the subject of an adverse employment action
that “jeopardizes” the public policy against sexual harassment. Thus, in essence, the
trial court rejected the public policy claim for the identical reason which it cited regarding
14 appellant’s retaliation claim.
{¶46} “A cause of action for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy
sounds in tort. * * *. A plaintiff must prove the following elements to prevail on such a
claim: (1) a clear public policy exists and is manifested in a state or federal constitution,
in statute or administrative regulation, or in the common law * * *; (2) dismissing
employees [for the reason in a given case] would jeopardize the public policy * * *; (3)
the plaintiff’s dismissal was motivated by conduct related to the public policy * * *; and
(4) the employer lacked an overriding legitimate business justification for the dismissal *
* *.” Sutton v. Tomco Machining, Inc., 129 Ohio St.3d 153, 2011-Ohio-2723, ¶9.
{¶47} In relation to the third element of the foregoing quote, the Supreme Court
has stated that the requisite causation can be established by proving that the discharge
of the employee/plaintiff was retaliatory. Id. at ¶10. Accordingly, pursuant to the legal
analysis under appellant’s second assignment of error, this court further concludes that
her evidentiary materials were sufficient to raise a factual dispute concerning whether
the adverse employment action against her, i.e., the termination of her employment,
was based upon the fact that she had registered a sexual harassment complaint against
Dr. Tangerman. Hence, to the extent that summary judgment was not warranted for the
reason referenced by the trial court, appellant’s fourth assignment likewise has merit.
{¶48} Pursuant to the foregoing discussion, each of appellant’s four assignments
of error has merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the Geauga County Court of Common
Pleas is reversed, and the case is hereby remanded for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
15 CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.,
MARY JANE TRAPP, J.,
concur.