AFFIRM; Opinion Filed April 3, 2019.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-18-00540-CV
SILVERADO TRUCK & DIESEL REPAIR, LLC, Appellant V. KIRK S. LAWSON, Appellee On Appeal from the 44th Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-17-06227
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Brown, Schenck, and Pedersen, III Opinion by Justice Schenck Silverado Truck & Diesel Repair, LLC (“Silverado”) appeals a default judgment granted
in favor of appellee Kirk S. Lawson. In its first issue, Silverado contends the trial court abused its
discretion by failing to provide it notice and a hearing before granting Lawson’s motion for default
judgment. As part of its first issue, Silverado argues the trial court erred in awarding unliquidated
damages to Lawson without supporting evidence and without conducting a hearing. In its second
issue, Silverado complains of the trial court’s denial of its motion to set aside default judgment
and for new trial. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. Because all issues are settled in law, we
issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
BACKGROUND
In 2015, Lawson engaged Silverado to perform work on his vehicle. On May 24, 2017,
Lawson filed a petition, in which he asserted the following causes of action against Silverado: violation of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, negligence, breach of contract, fraud, and
conversion. On July 28, 2017, the managing member of Silverado filed an original answer on its
behalf. Lawson filed a motion to strike Silverado’s answer because it was filed by a pro se
corporate defendant. See L’Arte De La Mode, Inc. v. Neiman Marcus Grp., 395 S.W.3d 291, 295
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). On September 1, 2017, the trial court granted Lawson’s
motion, struck Silverado’s answer, and ordered Silverado to retain a duly authorized attorney and
file an amended answer within thirty days of the order. Silverado did not file an amended answer.
On November 3, 2017, Lawson filed a motion for entry of default judgment against
Silverado. On February 7, 2018, the trial court signed an order of default judgment against
Silverado, which awarded damages of $38,800.43 and attorney’s fees to Lawson. On March 8,
2018, Silverado filed a motion to set aside the default judgment and for new trial. Lawson later
filed a response. On April 13, 2018, the trial court signed an order denying Silverado’s motion,
which included a finding that Silverado’s failure to answer before entry of the default judgment
was the result of conscious indifference on Silverado’s part.1
DISCUSSION
I. Default Judgment
In its first issue, Silverado contends the trial court abused its discretion by failing to provide
it adequate notice and a hearing before granting Lawson’s motion for default judgment. Silverado
argues that, although its answer was struck as defective, its existence prevented the trial court from
granting a default judgment against Silverado. However, this Court has already concluded that
after striking a corporate defendant’s answer a trial court may exercise its discretion to grant a
default judgment against that defendant without further notice or a hearing. See GQ Enters. Corp.
1 The order includes the statement that after reviewing “the Motion, the response thereto, and argument of counsel,” the trial court denied the motion to set aside and for new trial. However, the record contains no transcript of a hearing on the motion to set aside or for new trial.
–2– v. Rajani, No. 05-12-01353-CV, 2014 WL 2152000, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 22, 2014, no
pet.) (mem. op.). We may not overrule a prior panel decision of this Court. See MobileVision
Imaging Servs., L.L.C. v. LifeCare Hosps. of N. Tex., L.P., 260 S.W.3d 561, 566 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2008, no pet.). Thus, barring reconsideration by the Court sitting en banc or an intervening
decision by the supreme court, Rajani controls the disposition of this issue. See id.; see also
Rajani, 2014 WL 2152000, at *3.
Silverado relies on KSNG Architects, Inc. v. Beasley, 109 S.W.3d 894, 899 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2003, no pet.), to argue that even after the trial court struck its answer, it was entitled to
notice and a hearing on Lawson’s motion for default judgment. In Beasley, we concluded the trial
court abused its discretion by entering a default judgment at the same hearing that it struck the
corporate defendant’s answer as defective without allowing a reasonable time to remedy the defect.
Id. In this case, the trial court struck Silverado’s answer and ordered Silverado to retain a duly
authorized attorney and file an amended answer within thirty days of the order. The trial court did
not grant default judgment against Silverado until five months after that order striking Silverado’s
answer.
Silverado also relies on a holding from the supreme court that, “In the case of a disobedient
defendant where answer on the merits of the case has been stricken, a default judgment may not
be taken, but the plaintiff must discharge his burden of showing his right to a recovery.” Knox v.
Long, 257 S.W.2d 289, 303 (Tex. 1952), overruled on other grounds by Jackson v. Hernandez,
285 S.W.2d 184, 191 (Tex. 1955). We find the facts and circumstances of Knox to be
distinguishable from the instant case. In Knox, the trial court entered default judgment against an
individual defendant as a sanction for refusing to appear and give her deposition. See id. at 302.
As part of its first issue, Silverado argues that the trial court committed reversible error by
failing to have the court reporter present to record the proceedings on the default judgment.
–3– Silverado relies on a decision requiring a record to establish that a post-answer default judgment
was properly entered on sufficient evidence rather than impermissibly on a plaintiff’s pleadings.
See Sharif v. Par Tech, Inc., 135 S.W.3d 869, 873 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
As we have already concluded that the trial court properly treated the defendant as having filed no
answer and properly granted default judgment against Silverado without conducting a hearing, we
decide against Silverado on this argument as well. See Rajani, 2014 WL 2152000, at *3.
II. Unliquidated Damages
As part of its first issue, Silverado argues the trial court erred in awarding unliquidated
damages to Lawson without supporting evidence and without conducting a hearing. Silverado
challenges Lawson’s evidence as conclusory, hearsay, and failing to establish a causal nexus
between Lawson’s injuries and Silverado’s conduct. We construe Silverado’s arguments to be that
(1) Lawson failed to put forth competent evidence to support his alleged damages, (2) such
evidence failed to establish a causal nexus between Silverado’s conduct and Lawson’s alleged
injuries, and (3) the trial court erred in failing to conduct a hearing on Lawson’s unliquidated
damages.
No-answer and post-answer default judgments differ in the issues a plaintiff is required to
prove. Dolgencorp of Tex., Inc. v. Lerma, 288 S.W.3d 922, 930 (Tex. 2009). In cases of no-
answer default, a defaulting defendant admits all facts properly pled in the plaintiff’s petition
except for the amount of unliquidated damages. Id. Thus, the plaintiff is only required to prove
its claim for unliquidated damages. Id. But if the defendant files an answer, a trial court may not
render judgment on the pleadings and the plaintiff is required to offer evidence and prove all
aspects of its claim. Id.
Here, we concluded the trial court properly treated the defendant as having filed no answer,
so we will review the judgment in this case as a no-answer default judgment. Lawson, of course,
–4– was still required to support his claim for unliquidated damages with competent evidence
consistent with the pleaded causes of action. See In re Elite Door & Trim, Inc., 362 S.W.3d 199,
201 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, orig. proceeding).
Lawson attached to his motion for default judgment an affidavit in which he testified he
had incurred a total amount of damages of $38,800.43, “comprised of costs of repair and
downtime/loss of use/rental expense.” He went on to testify that his vehicle sustained $27,022.31
in cost of repair damages and $11,778.12 in loss of use/rental expense damages. Lawson also
brought forward a business records affidavit showing:
the original purchase receipt from Silverado, which included $4,514.11 related to the parts he claimed to purchase from Silverado in his petition;
a repair invoice to clean and test the parts for $255;
a document titled “Document Computation Form” in which amounts for the net income for 30 days was used to estimate net operating income per day ($327.17), which was then multiplied by the 36 days between when his vehicle was disabled (March 7, 2016) and subsequently repaired (April 12, 2016), in order to reach a total of $11,778.12 in lost income;
documents listing income amounts for dates in March 2015, totaling the amount used on the prior form for gross income for 30 days;
fuel receipts totaling fuel costs for 30 days; and
a letter from a repair shop estimating the vehicle would require $20,865.14 in parts and labor.
Silverado challenges Lawson’s evidence as conclusory, hearsay, and failing to establish a
causal nexus between Lawson’s injuries and Silverado’s conduct.
A conclusory statement is one that does not provide the underlying facts to support the
conclusion. Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Constr., Inc., 227 S.W.3d 876, 883 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). As detailed above, Lawson’s affidavit included invoices,
calculations, and receipts to support his statements regarding the amount of damages.
Accordingly, we conclude his affidavit is not conclusory. See Allbritton v. Gillespie, Rozen,
–5– Tanner & Watsky, P.C., 180 S.W.3d 889, 893 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied) (concluding
trial court abused its discretion by striking expert affidavit as conclusory when affidavit provided
reasoned basis and listed documents expert reviewed in forming his opinion).
Silverado next urges that Lawson attempted to sponsor hearsay through “what purported
to be his own business records affidavit.” An objection that an affidavit in support of a motion for
summary judgment contains hearsay is an objection to the form of the affidavit. Nat’l Health Res.
Corp. v. TBF Fin., LLC, 429 S.W.3d 125, 129 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.). To preserve
this complaint for appellate review, Silverado was required to make the objection in the trial court
and obtain a ruling from the trial judge. See id. Because it did not retain counsel or otherwise
appear as ordered, Silverado obviously did not make a hearsay objection in the trial court and,
therefore, has waived its complaint on appeal. See id.; see also Tex. Commerce Bank, N.A. v. New,
3 S.W.3d 515, 517 (Tex. 1999) (holding unobjected-to hearsay constitutes probative evidence in
support of default judgment and satisfies requirement of evidence of unliquidated damages).
Having concluded Lawson’s evidence is competent, we now address Silverado’s assertion
that Lawson’s evidence failed to establish a causal nexus between Silverado’s conduct and
Lawson’s alleged damages. When Lawson moved for default judgment, he asserted the following
causes of action against Silverado: violation of the DTPA, negligence, breach of contract, fraud,
and conversion.
In his petition, Lawson asserted Silverado had sold to him parts (“new OEM Caterpillar
turbo-chargers”) of a different nature and class than those actually sold and installed on Lawson’s
vehicle (“aftermarket rebuilt Garrett turbo-chargers”). He further asserted Silverado’s conduct
caused him to incur damages in the form of costs of repair and “downtime/loss of use/rental
expense.” Lawson attached as exhibits to his affidavit an original purchase receipt from Silverado
indicating in May 2015 he purchased “Cat Turbo High Side” and “Cat Turbo Low Side” from
–6– Silverado and that Silverado had performed labor on his vehicle. The exhibits also included a
repair estimate and a letter from the mechanic performing the repair that the parts actually installed
in Lawson’s vehicle were “after market turbos rebuilt with Garrett parts” that were found to be
defective. Additionally, Lawson included repair and parts invoices dated during March and April
of 2016 and the previously described “Document Computation Form” in which Lawson estimated
his lost income for the time period during which his vehicle was being repaired.
We conclude the foregoing evidence establishes a causal nexus between Silverado’s
conduct in selling Lawson different parts than actually installed and thereby causing damage to
and loss of use of his vehicle as well as resulting loss of income. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE
ANN. § 17.50 (violation of DTPA where consumer incurs economic damages from defendant’s use
or employment of false, misleading or deceptive act or practice relied on to consumer’s detriment
or from defendant’s unconscionable action or course of action); Henning v. OneWest Bank FSB,
405 S.W.3d 950, 963 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (elements of common law fraud include
that plaintiff acted in reliance on defendant’s false representation and thereby suffered injury);
Khorshid, Inc. v. Christian, 257 S.W.3d 748, 759–60 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (damages
measured for conversion claim as fair market value of plaintiff’s property used by defendant to
exclusion of, or inconsistent with, plaintiff’s rights); Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc., 227 S.W.3d
at 882 (elements of breach of contract claim include damages resulting from defendant’s breach
of contract), 887 (elements of negligence claim include damages proximately caused by breach of
duty).
Finally, we address Silverado’s argument that the trial court erred by awarding unliquidated
damages to Lawson without conducting a hearing. For an unliquidated damages claim, the trial
court is required to “hear evidence as to damages.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 243. For an unliquidated
claim where liability is established, as here, evidence of the total amount due is sufficient to support
–7– an award of damages and the evidence may be supplied by affidavits. See Collins Fin. Servs., Inc.
v. Guerrero, No. 05-07-01732-CV, 2009 WL 3032479, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 24, 2009,
pet. denied) (mem. op.). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err by failing to conduct
a hearing on Lawson’s damages.
We overrule Silverado’s first issue.
III. Motion for New Trial
In its second issue, Silverado maintains the trial court erred in denying its motion to set
aside default judgment and for new trial because it satisfied all three elements of the Craddock
test. A default judgment should be set aside if the defendant proves: (1) the failure to appear was
not intentional or the result of conscious indifference, but was the result of an accident or mistake,
(2) the motion for new trial sets up a meritorious defense, and (3) a new trial would cause neither
delay nor undue prejudice. Craddock v. Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., 133 S.W.2d 124, 126 (Tex.
1939). The defaulting defendant has the burden of proving all three elements of the Craddock test
before a trial court is required to grant a motion for new trial. Utz v. McKenzie, 397 S.W.3d 273,
278 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial
for an abuse of discretion, which occurs when the motion is denied despite all three elements being
met. Lerma, 288 S.W.3d at 926. Further, we bear in mind the policy set forth by the supreme
court that an adjudication on the merits is preferred in Texas. Milestone Operating, Inc. v.
ExxonMobil Corp., 388 S.W.3d 307, 310 (Tex. 2012).
The second element of Craddock requires the defendant to set up a meritorious defense.
L’Arte De La Mode, Inc. v. Neiman Marcus Grp., 395 S.W.3d 291, 296 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013,
no pet.). A defendant does so by alleging facts that would in law constitute a defense, supporting
the allegations by affidavits or other evidence providing prima facie proof that the defendant has
such a defense. See id. A meritorious defense is one that, if true, would cause a different result
–8– on retrial. See id. Once the defendant has met these requirements, controverting evidence offered
by the plaintiff should not be considered. See id.
In the affidavit attached to its motion for new trial, Silverado’s managing member testified
Silverado installed two turbo-chargers on Lawson’s vehicle and allowed Lawson to take
possession of the vehicle before he had paid in full. According to the affidavit, at no time during
the four months over which Lawson paid his outstanding balance, did he notify Silverado regarding
any complaint as to the parts installed on his vehicle or the quality of repairs performed. Further,
Silverado’s managing member asserted that Silverado first learned of Lawson’s grievances when
it was served with citation on or about June 9, 2017, nearly two years after Lawson made the final
payment on or about September 28, 2015.
Silverado argues that these facts set forth a meritorious defense to Lawson’s claims of
violation of the DTPA by asserting Lawson failed to provide the statutorily required pre-suit
notice. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 17.505(a) (requiring pre-suit notice). The DTPA
requires that a plaintiff serve the defendant with a demand letter as a prerequisite to filing suit. See
id. (emphasis added). The notice requires written notice advising the defendant in reasonable
detail of the defendant’s specific complaint and the amount of damages, including attorney’s fees,
if any, reasonably incurred by the plaintiff in asserting the complaint against the defendant. See
id. The purpose of the DTPA notice provision is to discourage litigation and encourage settlements
of consumer complaints. Hines v. Hash, 843 S.W.2d 464, 468 (Tex. 1992). When a plaintiff fails
to comply with the requirement, abatement of the action is the remedy. See BUS. & COM. §
17.505(d) (requiring trial court to abate suit where required notice not provided); id. at 469. While
the action is abated, the parties may discuss their positions as they would have done during the
period for pre-suit notice. Hines, 843 S.W.2d at 468–69. However, a defendant who fails to make
–9– a timely request for abatement must be considered to have waived his objection to the lack of
notice. Id. at 469.
Here, after the trial court struck its answer and granted it thirty days to retain counsel,
Silverado did not retain counsel as ordered, nor did it—with or without counsel—request
abatement or otherwise object to lack of notice under the DTPA. Instead, Silverado waited until
after the trial court entered a default judgment against it to complain about a lack of notice only
then complaining it was “never presented an opportunity to address the concerns of Plaintiff.” We
note Silverado raised this complaint only after the five months between the trial court’s striking its
order and entering a default judgment—for more than the sixty days it would have received in the
form of an abatement from the trial court had it complied with its order and appeared with counsel
to raise the notice issue prior to judgment. See BUS. & COM. §§ 17.505(d), (e). Further, Silverado
never challenged Lawson’s claims on the merits or asserted a substantive defense, thus declining
to contest liability despite every opportunity to do so.2
Accordingly, we conclude, without deciding whether lack of pre-suit notice under section
17.505 would constitute a meritorious defense or that Silverado was entitled to abatement,
Silverado effectively received the abatement period by refusing to appear with counsel for a period
in excess of the abatement period allowed under the DTPA.3 Hines, 843 S.W.2d at 469; cf. The
Moving Co. v. Whitten, 717 S.W.2d 117, 122–23 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ
ref’d n.r.e.) (holding appellants set up a meritorious defense satisfying second prong of Craddock
2 Silverado’s motion for new trial states it “hotly disputes the suggestion that the products delivered were of a different character or the quality of install was defective.” It further challenged the element of damages. However, for reasons not disclosed in the record, it was unable to verify either defense. See L’Arte De La Mode, 395 S.W.3d at 296 (requiring alleged defense to be supported by affidavits or other evidence providing prima facie proof defendant has such defense). Instead Silverado relied only on the managing member’s affidavit that it installed “two turbo- chargers” without indicating whether they were the purchased “Cat Turbo High Side” and “Cat Turbo Low Side” as listed on the invoice Lawson received or the “after market turbos rebuilt with Garrett parts” established by Lawson’s evidence. Thus, Silverado failed to establish that any defense refuting an element of one of Lawson’s claims was a meritorious defense under Craddock. 3 Moreover, section 17.505(b) provides that such notice is not required if it is “rendered impracticable by reason of the necessity of filing suit in order to prevent the expiration of the statute of limitations.” See BUS. & COM. § 17.505(b). Lawson’s petition asserted that such notice was impracticable and that assertion is supported by the facts that the petition was filed on May 24, 2017, and the petition asserted Silverado engaged in the complained-of conduct on or about May 24, 2015. See id. § 17.565 (two-year limitations period for filing DTPA actions).
–10– where appellants’ pleadings and affidavits alleged appellees failed to satisfy DTPA’s notice
provision because default judgment awarded treble damages under DTPA and appellants thus set
up defense that would, if true, result in lesser amount of damages).
Because Silverado cannot establish all three Craddock elements, we conclude the trial
court did not err in denying Silverado’s motion for new trial. See McLeod v. Gyr, 439 S.W.3d
639, 654 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied).
We overrule Silverado’s second issue.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/David J. Schenck/ DAVID J. SCHENCK JUSTICE
180540F.P05
–11– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
SILVERADO TRUCK & DIESEL On Appeal from the 44th Judicial District REPAIR, LLC, Appellant Court, Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-17-06227. No. 05-18-00540-CV V. Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck, Justices Brown and Pedersen, III KIRK S. LAWSON, Appellee participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellee KIRK S. LAWSON recover his costs of this appeal from appellant SILVERADO TRUCK & DIESEL REPAIR, LLC.
Judgment entered this 3rd day of April 2019.
–12–