The opinion of the Court was drawn by
Dickerson, J.
Writ of entry. Demandant claims the demanded premises under a levy made thereon in his favor, March 16, 1860, as the property of George Sidensparker. The original note from George Sidensparker to the demand-ant, which formed the basis of the levy, was given April 4, 1837.
Tenant claims by deed from said George to him, bearing date Nov. 16, 1852; other property was conveyed to the tenant by the said George on the same day, the latter being insolvent at the time.
[486]*486The liability of George Sidensparker to the demandant on the original note was determined by a jury, and there was no proof or suggestion that the judgment thereon rendered was obtained by fraud, collusion, want of jurisdiction or error in law.
The case comes before us on exceptions, by the tenant, to the rulings and instructions of the presiding Judge. The counsel for the tenant contends that the instructions, with respect to the effect of the judgment on which the levy was made, were erroneous. Upon this point the jury were instructed that it was not competent for them to go behind that judgment, to inquire into the validity of the note on which it was predicated, but that such judgment was a final and conclusive determination of the subject matter on which it was founded. In support of the exceptions to this instruction, it is suggested that the tenant was not a party nor privy to that suit, and that persons bearing such relation alone are concluded by the judgment.
This instruction is to be considered with reference to the fact that there had been a trial of the original cause of action, and that there was no suggestion or pretence that the judgment was obtained by fraud or collusion, or error in law. The inquiry is not whether a judgment under any circumstances may be impeached by one not a party or privy to the record, but whether this may be done under the particular circumstances of this case. The effect to be given to the judgments of courts of common law, and the right of a party to be secure from undue prejudice on account of a judgment which he has no power to reverse, attach a high degree of importance to this inquiry. Under what circumstances can a person impeach a judgment in a suit to which he was not a party or privy ?
1. When the Court rendering it had no jurisdiction of the case. In Webster v. Reed, 11 How., 437, the Supreme Court of the.United States, in an opinion reversing the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Iowa, says that, " where a judgment is brought collaterally before [487]*487the Court as evidence, it may be shown to be void upon its face for want of notice to the person against whom judgment was entered, or for fraud.”
In Downs v. Fuller, 2 Met., 136, it was held that a party who has recovered judgment contrary to the statutes of Massachusetts, against a defendant who was out of the State and had no notice of the suit, and levied execution on such defendant’s right to redeem real estate which had been set off on execution to another creditor, could not maintain a bill in equity against such other creditor to redeem the estate from him, on the ground that the latter was neither a party nor privy to the plaintiff’s judgment, and not entitled by the rules of law to reverse it by writ of error.
In Vose v. Martin, 4 Cush., 27, the tenant, in a real action brought to recover land levied on in execution, of a judgment of the Circuit Court of the United States, in favor of the demandant against a third person, to which judgment such tenant was not a party or privy, was permitted to show by proof that such judgment was erroneous and void for want of jurisdiction of the parties. In this, case the Court declare the rule of law to be, that where a party’s right may be collaterally affected by a judgment which for any cause is erroneous and void, and which he cannot bring a writ of error to reverse, he may, without reversing, prove it so erroneous and void, in any suit in which its validity is brought in question. Leflin v. Field, 6 Met., 287; Leonard v. Bryant, 11 Met., 370; Thomas v. Hubbell, 1 Smith, 405, (15 N. Y.)
2. A judgment may be collaterally impeached when it has been obtained by fraud or collusion.
If a party, before any cause of action has accrued to him, commencing a suit to obtain security by attachment in preference to other creditors who have causes of action already accrued, and the debtor join in the fraud, either to defend the suit, or by releasing errors, this attempt is a fraud against prior creditors who may show the fraud in evidence [488]*488to impeach the judgment thus collusively obtained. Pierce v. Jackson, 6 Mass., 242.
In Granger v. Cram, 32 Maine, 130, Chief Justice Whitman, after maintaining the conclusiveness of judgments, as between the parties, until they are reversed, says, — "when judgments are collusively procured between the parties with a view to defraud some third person, not a party thereto, the latter is not estopped to show the fraudand, in Caswell v. Caswell, 28 Maine, 237, which was a suit in equity brought to avoid the conveyance of land by the deceased debtor, it was held competent for the grantee of such debtor to impeach the judgment which was the foundation of the suit, by plea and proof, on the ground that it had been unlawfully obtained, and he bad no right to reverse it by writ of error. Smith v. Knowlton, 11 N. H., 191; Wingate v. Haywood, 40 N. H., 437.
3. A judgment may be collaterally impeached, when erroneously or unlawfully rendered to the prejudice of the rights of a third party. A foreign'administrator has no authority to institute suits at law, in another State, for the collection of any debt due to the intestate he represents, and a judgment thus obtained by him, though resulting in execution and satisfaction by levy of the same, will not debar the creditors or heirs at law of an intestate estate of the right to recover the sum due upon any demand that may have been thus recovered and satisfied by the foreign administrator. Pond, Adm'r, v. Makepeace, 2 Met., 116; Pierce v. Strickland, 26 Maine, 276.
In Sargent v. Salmond, 27 Maine, 541, it was held that when a party recovers judgment against another, on default, for a sum exceeding the amount to which he is by law entitled, such judgment, though conclusive between the parties until reversed, may be impeached by the grantee of such debtor, who ivas not a party to the suit, in a bill in equity brought against him by the judgment plaintiff, to compel him to convey the land of- the debtor held by him in alleged fraud of the plaintiff as a prior creditor.
[489]*489While it is generally true that an erroneous judgment can only be avoided by writ of error, the books abound in cases where manifest injustice would be done to parties who have no right to reverse a judgment by writ of error, unless they had the right to impeach it collaterally. Hence this rule of law has been so far relaxed in such cases as to allow parties to impeach a judgment by plea and proof, where the Court had no jurisdiction, or it had been obtained by fraud or collusion, or erroneously and unlawfully entered up.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
The opinion of the Court was drawn by
Dickerson, J.
Writ of entry. Demandant claims the demanded premises under a levy made thereon in his favor, March 16, 1860, as the property of George Sidensparker. The original note from George Sidensparker to the demand-ant, which formed the basis of the levy, was given April 4, 1837.
Tenant claims by deed from said George to him, bearing date Nov. 16, 1852; other property was conveyed to the tenant by the said George on the same day, the latter being insolvent at the time.
[486]*486The liability of George Sidensparker to the demandant on the original note was determined by a jury, and there was no proof or suggestion that the judgment thereon rendered was obtained by fraud, collusion, want of jurisdiction or error in law.
The case comes before us on exceptions, by the tenant, to the rulings and instructions of the presiding Judge. The counsel for the tenant contends that the instructions, with respect to the effect of the judgment on which the levy was made, were erroneous. Upon this point the jury were instructed that it was not competent for them to go behind that judgment, to inquire into the validity of the note on which it was predicated, but that such judgment was a final and conclusive determination of the subject matter on which it was founded. In support of the exceptions to this instruction, it is suggested that the tenant was not a party nor privy to that suit, and that persons bearing such relation alone are concluded by the judgment.
This instruction is to be considered with reference to the fact that there had been a trial of the original cause of action, and that there was no suggestion or pretence that the judgment was obtained by fraud or collusion, or error in law. The inquiry is not whether a judgment under any circumstances may be impeached by one not a party or privy to the record, but whether this may be done under the particular circumstances of this case. The effect to be given to the judgments of courts of common law, and the right of a party to be secure from undue prejudice on account of a judgment which he has no power to reverse, attach a high degree of importance to this inquiry. Under what circumstances can a person impeach a judgment in a suit to which he was not a party or privy ?
1. When the Court rendering it had no jurisdiction of the case. In Webster v. Reed, 11 How., 437, the Supreme Court of the.United States, in an opinion reversing the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Iowa, says that, " where a judgment is brought collaterally before [487]*487the Court as evidence, it may be shown to be void upon its face for want of notice to the person against whom judgment was entered, or for fraud.”
In Downs v. Fuller, 2 Met., 136, it was held that a party who has recovered judgment contrary to the statutes of Massachusetts, against a defendant who was out of the State and had no notice of the suit, and levied execution on such defendant’s right to redeem real estate which had been set off on execution to another creditor, could not maintain a bill in equity against such other creditor to redeem the estate from him, on the ground that the latter was neither a party nor privy to the plaintiff’s judgment, and not entitled by the rules of law to reverse it by writ of error.
In Vose v. Martin, 4 Cush., 27, the tenant, in a real action brought to recover land levied on in execution, of a judgment of the Circuit Court of the United States, in favor of the demandant against a third person, to which judgment such tenant was not a party or privy, was permitted to show by proof that such judgment was erroneous and void for want of jurisdiction of the parties. In this, case the Court declare the rule of law to be, that where a party’s right may be collaterally affected by a judgment which for any cause is erroneous and void, and which he cannot bring a writ of error to reverse, he may, without reversing, prove it so erroneous and void, in any suit in which its validity is brought in question. Leflin v. Field, 6 Met., 287; Leonard v. Bryant, 11 Met., 370; Thomas v. Hubbell, 1 Smith, 405, (15 N. Y.)
2. A judgment may be collaterally impeached when it has been obtained by fraud or collusion.
If a party, before any cause of action has accrued to him, commencing a suit to obtain security by attachment in preference to other creditors who have causes of action already accrued, and the debtor join in the fraud, either to defend the suit, or by releasing errors, this attempt is a fraud against prior creditors who may show the fraud in evidence [488]*488to impeach the judgment thus collusively obtained. Pierce v. Jackson, 6 Mass., 242.
In Granger v. Cram, 32 Maine, 130, Chief Justice Whitman, after maintaining the conclusiveness of judgments, as between the parties, until they are reversed, says, — "when judgments are collusively procured between the parties with a view to defraud some third person, not a party thereto, the latter is not estopped to show the fraudand, in Caswell v. Caswell, 28 Maine, 237, which was a suit in equity brought to avoid the conveyance of land by the deceased debtor, it was held competent for the grantee of such debtor to impeach the judgment which was the foundation of the suit, by plea and proof, on the ground that it had been unlawfully obtained, and he bad no right to reverse it by writ of error. Smith v. Knowlton, 11 N. H., 191; Wingate v. Haywood, 40 N. H., 437.
3. A judgment may be collaterally impeached, when erroneously or unlawfully rendered to the prejudice of the rights of a third party. A foreign'administrator has no authority to institute suits at law, in another State, for the collection of any debt due to the intestate he represents, and a judgment thus obtained by him, though resulting in execution and satisfaction by levy of the same, will not debar the creditors or heirs at law of an intestate estate of the right to recover the sum due upon any demand that may have been thus recovered and satisfied by the foreign administrator. Pond, Adm'r, v. Makepeace, 2 Met., 116; Pierce v. Strickland, 26 Maine, 276.
In Sargent v. Salmond, 27 Maine, 541, it was held that when a party recovers judgment against another, on default, for a sum exceeding the amount to which he is by law entitled, such judgment, though conclusive between the parties until reversed, may be impeached by the grantee of such debtor, who ivas not a party to the suit, in a bill in equity brought against him by the judgment plaintiff, to compel him to convey the land of- the debtor held by him in alleged fraud of the plaintiff as a prior creditor.
[489]*489While it is generally true that an erroneous judgment can only be avoided by writ of error, the books abound in cases where manifest injustice would be done to parties who have no right to reverse a judgment by writ of error, unless they had the right to impeach it collaterally. Hence this rule of law has been so far relaxed in such cases as to allow parties to impeach a judgment by plea and proof, where the Court had no jurisdiction, or it had been obtained by fraud or collusion, or erroneously and unlawfully entered up.
Beyond this, the rules and principles of law do not authorize parties to proceed in the collateral impeachment of judgments; and where a judgment in a personal action is not liable to either of these objections, whether rendered on default, or after contestation, it is conclusive as to the relation of debtor and creditor between the parties, and the amount of indebtedness, and cannot be collaterally impeached by third parties in a subsequent suit, where such relation and indebtedness are called in question.
In the case at bar, the defendant seeks to invalidate a judgment, rendered after trial before a jury, where no suggestion of fraud or collusion, or want of jurisdiction, or of error in law is made. His complaint is that the jury erred in determining the question of fact. The case differs from Sargent v. Salmond, where the objection was founded upon an error in law, the judgment plaintiff having recovered judgment on default for double the amount he was entitled to by law. It is an attempt of a stranger to re-try an issue already determined between the parties, in accordance with the forms and principles of law, and without fraud or collusion.
To sustain the exceptions upon this branch of the case would be to undermine the foundations of the highest judicial authority, and launch at once into the ocean of uncertainty, without chart, helm or compass. It would be to grant judicial license to one who should take a conveyance from a party sued for slander, trespass, malicious prosecu[490]*490tion, or the like, with intent to protect the property from the impending' judgment, to re-try such question on the issue of the legality of the conveyance. Reason and authority forbid such procedure. Upon this point the instructions were in strict accordance with the law of the land. Candee v. Lord, 2 Comstock, 269.
The argument that, from the forbearance of the plaintiff for so long a time to enforce his rights, he must be held to have waived, or is estopped to set up his claim, is more ingenious than sound. The statute of limitations has fixed the time during which the plaintiff might bring his action against George Sidensparker, and it is scarcely necessary to add that it is not competent for the defendant, a stranger to that suit, to change that period.
The instructions with respect to a secret trust are to be regarded as an absolute rule of law only under the state of facts existing in this case, and under the other rulings reported and not reported. This Court \yill assume that in other respects the presiding Judge gave the proper instructions. If the tenant desired more definite instruction he should have made the customary request. In determining the correctness of this ruling, regard must be had to the evidence touching the indebtedness of the grantor, the nonpayment of the.full value, and the "understanding” that the father was to be supported by the son, "as a part of the consideration of the deed.” Whether or not this " understanding” assumed the form of an agreement is immaterial, so that at the time of the conveyance there was a reasonable expectation of the father that he should receive future support from the son, and of the son that he should furnish such support as a part of the consideration of the deed.
Nor is it material that the time, during which the support was to be furnished,, be fixed and definite; it may be for life, or a shorter period, or it may be extended indefinitely. The gist of the objection to the validity of the conveyance, in this respect, consists not in the amount to be paid in future [491]*491support, but in the fact that the promise of such support formed part of the consideration, as an inducement to the sale. In such case, the grantor essays to put his property beyond the reach of creditors, and receives therefor an inadequate present consideration with which to satisfy their claims. When this fact is established, whatever be the amount so secured from attachment, instead of entering upon the task of determining what part of the consideration was paid in money, or other property, and what part was agreed to be paid in future support of the grantor, and of holding the grantee responsible to the grantor’s creditors for the latter sum, the law treats the conveyance as a nullity, as between the grantee and the grantor’s creditors, and holds the property liable for their claims. Such an arrangement between- grantor and grantee is a continuing fraud, and has been held void not only as against precedent, but, also, against subsequent creditors. Clark v. French, 23 Maine, 221; Smith v. Smith, 11 N. H., 460; Jackson v. Bush, 20 Johns., 5.
It'is unnecessary for us to determine what the rule of law would be, if the money consideration alone had been adequate, or if the grantor retained sufficient property to pay his debts, as these questions are not legitimately raised by the exceptions, and as we assume that the presiding Judge gave the necessary and proper instructions upon these points. Taken in connection with the facts and other instructions contained in the bill of exceptions, and the unreported instructions, which, we are bound to assume, were given ; the instructions upon the subject of a secret trust state the rule of law applicable to this case with sufficient accuracy, though, taken independently as abstract legal propositions, they may admit of qualification and limitation.
We have examined the exceptions with reference to the admission and exclusion of evidence upon the various points suggested by the counsel for the defendant, and, without stating the reasons for our conclusion, we think it is very [492]*492cleat that the rulings of the presiding Judge in this respect afford the defendant no ground of exception.
Exceptions overruled. — Judgment on the verdict.
Appleton, C. J., Davis, Kent, Walton and Daneojith, JJ., concurred.