Leland, J.
This was an action of tresj)ass, quare clqusam fregit, brought before a justice, and appealed to the Circuit Court.
The defense was that the place of the supposed trespass was in a highway, and that the appellants, as commissioners of highways, in discharge of their duties, removed a portion of appellee’s fence from the road. On the trial in the Circuit Court, appellant’s counsel proposed to admit the trespass and damages, but no specified amount of damages, unless the locus in quo was in a public highway, and claimed the right to open and close, which was not allowed by the court below.
It may perhaps be considered settled by the Supreme Court of this State that this was erroneous, and also that such an error ought not to be ground for reversal, if the proceedings were otherwise regular, and if it did not appear that injustice was done by the error. Kills v. Davis, 57 Ill. 261; Colwell v. Brower, 75 Ill. 516; and some prior cases.
In some other States the denial of the right to open and close is always an error of importance enough for the granting a new trial. If the defendants below had the legal right to open and close, it seems to us that, in a case of this kind, with so large a number of witnesses and so much complication of fact, the'right to the opening and closing arguments was a very valuable one. As Judge Sargent says, in Judge of Probate v. Stone, 44 N. H., 606: “ It is often a matter of as much consequence to a party to have the closing argument as it is to have questions of law ruled in his favor.”
For a careful, thorough, and exhaustive presentation of the other side of the question in cases of unliquidated damages, etc., see Young v. Highland, 9 Grat. (Va.) 16. See, also, Henderson v. Casteel, 3 Cranch C. Ct. 365, as to the issue on the replication to first plea in Colwell v. Brower, supra.
It is perhaps unnecessary to say anything more as to the facts than that there was evidence tending to show that there was a road by prescription or dedication, and that appellants removed a portion of appellee’s fence, placed by the latter within its limits, and to show that there was no road at the place where the supposed trespass was committed. The supposed road ran in an easterly direction, diagonally towards the stream, to a ford on Bureau Creek, where there once had been a bridge. The course of the creek from the ford for ¿orne distance was southwesterly. A little east of the ford, the course of the creek was northwesterly, the north bank of the stream describing an arc of a circle at or near the ford.
It was claimed by appellee that, by the wearing of the north bank at the ford, the traveled track of the road there was gradually moved northward, so that the track, at the time when, etc., was not where it had previously been, and that there never had been any traveled track, continuously, for twenty years at the place where, etc. The fence was removed in two places, one 'on the east side of the enclosure, near the creek, and the other on the west side.
There was a question whether the removed portion of the west fence, was all within the limits of the road. There were records and papers from the town clerk’s office, in relation to laying out and vacating roads, which proceedings would not ¡stand alone under the doctrine of the majority of the court, in Frizzell v. Rogers, 82 Ill. 109, but which would do very, well under the dissenting opinion, and which might have made very good roads or vacations thereof, under an opinion of the Supreme •Court, if counsel had brought to the attention of that court, ¡section 64, on pagé 691 of the laws of 1871 (Sec. 92, p. 927, Rev. 1874). There is also in this case the unargued question -whether said, section is retroactive, remedial, legislation, or prospective, as to the roads thereafter to be laid out only, upon ••which Sedgwick and Story in their respective works on Const, ¡and Stat. Law, and on the Conflict of Laws, would shed a good •deal of light if examined carefully.
We do not feel at liberty to disregard the authority of Frizzell v. Rogers, and the other similar cases, upon mere conjecture ¡that a section of the statute has been accidentally overlooked by counsel in that case, nor do we deem it necessary to determine its effect in this case, without argument, as we find that there are errors requiring a reversal, however that might be.
The question about the extent of the abrasion of the bank of the creek, was an important one, in determining whether the locus in quo was within or without the limits of the highway, if any.
Rudolphus Childs, a witness introduced by appellants, had stated that he had actual knowledge as to where the wash had affected the road, and thereupon the counsel for appellants asked him to state how he acquired such knowledge. The counsel for appellee objected, and the court sustained the objection. That the witness had a right to give a reason for the faith that was in him, seems too plain for discussion, either as a question of law, or theology. At any rate, if there be any question as to the latter, there is none as to the former. We can imagine many interesting and satisfactory things which he might have said about monuments on the shore, and the approach of the bank towards them, if any; whether or not they were undermined, and fell into the stream; about the degree of attention he paid to such monuments, and why he did so; whether the old bridge may have been built by him, oi> whether he observed particularly its building, and why. We do not see any reason for making the objection, nor any for sustaining it, nor any why the error is not a substantial one.
As to the first instruction for appellee, we are inclined to think it not strictly accurate when applied to the facts of the case. There should be reason in all things. If commissioners of highways should find a fence across the road, and that the line of the road was equi-distant between two parts of a board fence, we doubt whether the law would require them to spoil the boards by sawing them in the middle, on the line of the road, and setting a post there to nail to. We think it would show a more Christian spirit to carefully draw the nails and save the boards for the land-owner to use to suit himself. For do we think the golden rule would imperatively require that the commissioners should go to the next panel, leaving half a panel in the road. The instruction is a little too broad for practical use.
The fourth instruction is erroneous. It is not necessary in a civil action to prove any fact except by a preponderance of the evidence. Whether an intent to dedicate exists, is like any other fact in a cause. It may well be that the jury should believe, from a preponderance of the evidence, that the intention to dedicate was unequivocal, as stated by Judge Walker, on p. 280 of the 32 Ill., or that the act of dedication should be unequivocal, as stated by the late lamented Judge Breese, on p. 336 of the 38 Ill., or as mentioned in Harding v. Hale, 61 Ill., 200. This instruction says, “such intent to dedicate must he unequivocally and satisfactorily proven.'’ This is a stronger expression than “beyond all reasonable doubt;” much stronger than “ clear conviction,” in Homer v. Koch, 84 Ill., 408. Unequivocally means without doubt, without room to doubt (Webster); nor is it always proper to say that a fact must be “ satisfactorily ” proved. That is a stronger expression than “ by the preponderance of the evidence.” Herrick v. Gary, 83 Ill. 89.
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Leland, J.
This was an action of tresj)ass, quare clqusam fregit, brought before a justice, and appealed to the Circuit Court.
The defense was that the place of the supposed trespass was in a highway, and that the appellants, as commissioners of highways, in discharge of their duties, removed a portion of appellee’s fence from the road. On the trial in the Circuit Court, appellant’s counsel proposed to admit the trespass and damages, but no specified amount of damages, unless the locus in quo was in a public highway, and claimed the right to open and close, which was not allowed by the court below.
It may perhaps be considered settled by the Supreme Court of this State that this was erroneous, and also that such an error ought not to be ground for reversal, if the proceedings were otherwise regular, and if it did not appear that injustice was done by the error. Kills v. Davis, 57 Ill. 261; Colwell v. Brower, 75 Ill. 516; and some prior cases.
In some other States the denial of the right to open and close is always an error of importance enough for the granting a new trial. If the defendants below had the legal right to open and close, it seems to us that, in a case of this kind, with so large a number of witnesses and so much complication of fact, the'right to the opening and closing arguments was a very valuable one. As Judge Sargent says, in Judge of Probate v. Stone, 44 N. H., 606: “ It is often a matter of as much consequence to a party to have the closing argument as it is to have questions of law ruled in his favor.”
For a careful, thorough, and exhaustive presentation of the other side of the question in cases of unliquidated damages, etc., see Young v. Highland, 9 Grat. (Va.) 16. See, also, Henderson v. Casteel, 3 Cranch C. Ct. 365, as to the issue on the replication to first plea in Colwell v. Brower, supra.
It is perhaps unnecessary to say anything more as to the facts than that there was evidence tending to show that there was a road by prescription or dedication, and that appellants removed a portion of appellee’s fence, placed by the latter within its limits, and to show that there was no road at the place where the supposed trespass was committed. The supposed road ran in an easterly direction, diagonally towards the stream, to a ford on Bureau Creek, where there once had been a bridge. The course of the creek from the ford for ¿orne distance was southwesterly. A little east of the ford, the course of the creek was northwesterly, the north bank of the stream describing an arc of a circle at or near the ford.
It was claimed by appellee that, by the wearing of the north bank at the ford, the traveled track of the road there was gradually moved northward, so that the track, at the time when, etc., was not where it had previously been, and that there never had been any traveled track, continuously, for twenty years at the place where, etc. The fence was removed in two places, one 'on the east side of the enclosure, near the creek, and the other on the west side.
There was a question whether the removed portion of the west fence, was all within the limits of the road. There were records and papers from the town clerk’s office, in relation to laying out and vacating roads, which proceedings would not ¡stand alone under the doctrine of the majority of the court, in Frizzell v. Rogers, 82 Ill. 109, but which would do very, well under the dissenting opinion, and which might have made very good roads or vacations thereof, under an opinion of the Supreme •Court, if counsel had brought to the attention of that court, ¡section 64, on pagé 691 of the laws of 1871 (Sec. 92, p. 927, Rev. 1874). There is also in this case the unargued question -whether said, section is retroactive, remedial, legislation, or prospective, as to the roads thereafter to be laid out only, upon ••which Sedgwick and Story in their respective works on Const, ¡and Stat. Law, and on the Conflict of Laws, would shed a good •deal of light if examined carefully.
We do not feel at liberty to disregard the authority of Frizzell v. Rogers, and the other similar cases, upon mere conjecture ¡that a section of the statute has been accidentally overlooked by counsel in that case, nor do we deem it necessary to determine its effect in this case, without argument, as we find that there are errors requiring a reversal, however that might be.
The question about the extent of the abrasion of the bank of the creek, was an important one, in determining whether the locus in quo was within or without the limits of the highway, if any.
Rudolphus Childs, a witness introduced by appellants, had stated that he had actual knowledge as to where the wash had affected the road, and thereupon the counsel for appellants asked him to state how he acquired such knowledge. The counsel for appellee objected, and the court sustained the objection. That the witness had a right to give a reason for the faith that was in him, seems too plain for discussion, either as a question of law, or theology. At any rate, if there be any question as to the latter, there is none as to the former. We can imagine many interesting and satisfactory things which he might have said about monuments on the shore, and the approach of the bank towards them, if any; whether or not they were undermined, and fell into the stream; about the degree of attention he paid to such monuments, and why he did so; whether the old bridge may have been built by him, oi> whether he observed particularly its building, and why. We do not see any reason for making the objection, nor any for sustaining it, nor any why the error is not a substantial one.
As to the first instruction for appellee, we are inclined to think it not strictly accurate when applied to the facts of the case. There should be reason in all things. If commissioners of highways should find a fence across the road, and that the line of the road was equi-distant between two parts of a board fence, we doubt whether the law would require them to spoil the boards by sawing them in the middle, on the line of the road, and setting a post there to nail to. We think it would show a more Christian spirit to carefully draw the nails and save the boards for the land-owner to use to suit himself. For do we think the golden rule would imperatively require that the commissioners should go to the next panel, leaving half a panel in the road. The instruction is a little too broad for practical use.
The fourth instruction is erroneous. It is not necessary in a civil action to prove any fact except by a preponderance of the evidence. Whether an intent to dedicate exists, is like any other fact in a cause. It may well be that the jury should believe, from a preponderance of the evidence, that the intention to dedicate was unequivocal, as stated by Judge Walker, on p. 280 of the 32 Ill., or that the act of dedication should be unequivocal, as stated by the late lamented Judge Breese, on p. 336 of the 38 Ill., or as mentioned in Harding v. Hale, 61 Ill., 200. This instruction says, “such intent to dedicate must he unequivocally and satisfactorily proven.'’ This is a stronger expression than “beyond all reasonable doubt;” much stronger than “ clear conviction,” in Homer v. Koch, 84 Ill., 408. Unequivocally means without doubt, without room to doubt (Webster); nor is it always proper to say that a fact must be “ satisfactorily ” proved. That is a stronger expression than “ by the preponderance of the evidence.” Herrick v. Gary, 83 Ill. 89. See, however, Fagan v. Chicago, 84 Ill., 237, as to “satisfied.” For will the other words, “it is incumbent upon the defendants to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that ” there was the intent to dedicate, save the instruction from the destructive effect of the other words above, according to the cited case in the 83d.
The seventh, tenth, thirteenth, and fifteenth instructions are objectionable, as calling the attention of the jury to particular portions of the evidence, and thus giving undue prominence thereto: Ogden v. Kirby, 79 Ill. 555; Hewett v. Johnson, 72 Ill. 513; Hatch v. Marsh, 71 Ill. 370; Holmes v. Hale, Id. 535, and many previous cases.
The twelfth instruction given for the plaintiff (appellee) was as follows:
“ If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the premises over which the road in question passes was a part of a tract of wild uninclosed woodland, then the mere use by the public of a way or track, however, uninterrupted and long continued, is not sufficient to constitute such traveled track a public road, but such user must be accompanied by acts which show the use to have been claimed as a right, and not by permission of the owner of the land, such as working on it, keeping it in repair, removing obstructions therefrom, or causing the same to be described and recorded, as required by the statute.”
The defendants asked the Court to give the following third instruction, which the Court did, with the additional interlineations in italics.
“To establish the existence of a public highway by prescription, it is only necessary to show that it had been used continuously by the public, and accepted and recognized by the proper authorities, repairing it at public expense, if repairs were necessary, as a highway, for the period of twenty years, next preceeding the time, when its existence is questioned. And if you believe, from the greater weight of evidence in the case, that the places in dispute had been so used for said period, you should find the defendants not guilty.”
Hpon reading the 151st section of Angelí and Durfee on Highways, it would seem that the above instructions might have had their origin in that section. Hpon examining the cases cited, the doctrine appears applicable only to “the wild and unappropriated forests of South Carolina, where the owner of the land might not know of the existence of the way.” This was determined judicially in that State, in 1841, in an opinion of Judge Butler, in the case of Hog v. Gill, 1 McMullen, 329; and in 1853, Judge Frost, in the case of Hatto v. Tindall, 6 Rich., on pages 400 and 401, recognizes the distinction between unenclosed woodland and enclosed cultivated land, because, in that State, “ those who travel over woodland commit no trespass (at least not until after notice to desist), and it subjects the owner to no loss or inconvenience. To prohibit them would be considered churlish, and would be ineffectual, unless a constant watch was kept to prevent them; and to require the owner to secure his land against an adverse claim by a use, not actionable, of a way over it, would to that extent exclude his property from the protection of the law.”
Upon examination of all the cases cited in Sec. 151 to support the text, these and others in that State are the only ones which go to the extent of saying that user alone by the public with the acquiescence of the owner, without some other act, will never make a highway through unenclosed woodland. Among the other cases cited in the section is that of Austatt v. Murray, 22 Iowa, 457, in which Judge Dillon says, in relation to two instructions, somewhat similar in principle to the 12th and 3d above: “ These instructions lay down the proposition that however long a road may be used by the public, and however long the owner of the land may acquiesce therein, these facts will not be evidence of a dedication; and to support a dedication, either an express grant must be shown, or some affirmative act on the part of the owner, clearly showing his intention to dedicate it, or allow the use of it as a public road. We are of opinion that long use, and long acquiescence in such use by the owner of the land, are, in and of themselves, evidence of a dedication.” Further on he says: “If with knowledge of the owner, the public has claimed and continuously exercised the right of using land for a public highway for a period equal to that fixed by the statute for bringing actions of ejectment, their right to the highway, as against such owner is complete, there being no proof that the road was so used by leave, favor or mistake.” See, also, Daniels v. The People, 21 Ill. 439; Marcy v. Taylor, 19 Ill. 634; Gentleman v. Soule, 32 Ill. on p. 278; Chicago v. Wright, 69 Ill. on p. 327; Angell & Durfee on Highways, Sec. 143; and a good article on the subject in the number of the Central Law Journal, dated August 16th, 1878.
The portion of the 12th and 3d which requires, as a sime qua non to a road by prescription or dedication that there must be, in addition to any length of user by the public, repairing the road, removing obstructions, causing the road to be described and recorded or recognized by the public authorities, is erroneous.
Of course in determining the question of fact whether there was a dedication, the kind of land, whether enclosed or unenclosed, may be often important, as stated in the 22 Iowa, supra.
If a single tract be used as and for a public road, and be traveled generally by the public as such, without objection by the owner of the land, for more than twenty years, though not fenced on each side, we think it may become a highway by prescription, without the other acts mentioned in the instructions, being also necessary.
The sixth, tenth and thirteenth instructions are erroneous, under the decision in Harding v. the Town of Hale, 83 111. 501 (See instructions 7 and 8, on p. 504), as leaving the jury to determine whether the road was laid out, without calling their attention to the steps necessary to the laying out or vacating a public highway; the question being a mingled one of law and fact, and not purely of fact, as is assumed by the instructions.
The sixth, tenth and thirteenth, aré to the effect that if the jury believe, from the evidence, that the commissioners laid out a road, and that they vacated a road, then, etc., without defining what facts in law constitute laying out and vacating roads.
There are a few other objections made to the instructions not necessary to notice.
The judgment is reversed for the errors aforesaid, and the cause remanded.
.Reversed and remanded.