UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SHENZHEN MAMMOTION INNOVATION CO., LTD.,
Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 25-1945 (JEB)
FUTUREGEN TECHNOLOGIES INC.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The future is upon us. Plaintiff Shenzhen Mammotion Innovation Co., Ltd. is a Chinese
company that manufactures robotic lawn mowers sold in the United States on Amazon.
FutureGen Technologies Inc., a Florida corporation that develops and markets similar
autonomous mowing technology, believes that Mammotion’s products infringe its patents and
thus submitted a complaint to Amazon. The parties then engaged in settlement discussions,
during which FutureGen was represented by its District of Columbia counsel. When those
negotiations broke down, Mammotion filed this declaratory-judgment action against FutureGen,
seeking a declaration of patent non-infringement and invalidity. FutureGen now moves to
dismiss or, in the alternative, to transfer venue to the Southern District of Florida. While the
parties’ robotic products may roam boundary-free, this lawsuit cannot proceed just anywhere.
Agreeing that venue is improper in this district, the Court will grant the Motion to Transfer
without reaching the alternative request for dismissal.
1 I. Background
The Court, at this stage, accepts the basic facts in the Complaint as true. See Sparrow v.
United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000). As mentioned above, Mammotion
manufactures autonomous robots, including “boundary-free lawn mowers and pool cleaning
robots” under the ‘Mammotion’ brand.” ECF No. 1 (Compl.), ¶ 21. A separate legal entity,
Mammotion US, then markets and sells these products in the United States on Amazon. Id., ¶¶
22–23.
On April 25, 2025, Mammotion US received a notice from Amazon stating that
FutureGen had submitted a complaint alleging that three Mammotion products infringe its
patents. Id., ¶ 24. Amazon instructed Mammotion US to resolve the dispute promptly or risk the
suspension of its selling privileges. Id. Mammotion then reached out to FutureGen to explore a
potential business resolution. Id., ¶ 25.
On May 23, the parties to this suit executed a non-disclosure agreement, with FutureGen
represented by counsel from Ropes & Gray LLP’s Washington, D.C., office. Id., ¶ 26. Through
their attorneys, the companies then engaged in settlement negotiations over the following weeks,
during which Mammotion voluntarily sent a physical sample of one of its products to FutureGen
counsel’s D.C. office. Id., ¶¶ 26–28. The discussions ultimately proved fruitless, id., ¶ 29, and
Mammotion filed suit in this Court on June 20. It seeks declaratory relief of non-infringement
and invalidity, injunctive relief prohibiting FutureGen from asserting the patents at issue,
damages on a tortious-interference claim, and attorney fees and costs. Id. at 10–29.
FutureGen now moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, and
failure to state a claim or, in the alternative, to transfer the case to the Southern District of
2 Florida. See ECF No. 14 (MTD) at 15. Finding the venue issue dispositive, the Court does not
reach the other grounds for dismissal.
II. Legal Standard
Motions to dismiss for improper venue are governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(3). “In considering a Rule 12(b)(3) motion, the court accepts the plaintiff’s well-pled
factual allegations regarding venue as true, draws all reasonable inferences from those
allegations in the plaintiff’s favor, and resolves any factual conflicts in the plaintiff’s favor.”
Pendleton v. Mukasey, 552 F. Supp. 2d 14, 17 (D.D.C. 2008). Given that it is a plaintiff’s
obligation to bring the action in an appropriate district, she “usually bears the burden of
establishing that venue is proper.” Ellis-Smith v. Sec’y of Army, 793 F. Supp. 2d 173, 175
(D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The Court, however, need not
accept the plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, and may consider material outside the pleadings,
including undisputed facts evidenced in the record to determine whether” venue is proper. Braun
v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 288 F. Supp. 3d 293, 298 (D.D.C. 2018) (cleaned up). To prevail on
a motion to dismiss, a “defendant must present facts that will defeat the plaintiff’s assertion of
venue.” Ellis-Smith, 793 F. Supp. 2d at 175.
Declaratory-judgment actions seeking a declaration of patent invalidity or non-
infringement are governed by the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391, not the special patent-
venue provision in § 1400(b). See 14D Wright & Miller’s Federal Practice & Procedure § 3823
(4th ed. 2024); VE Holding Corp. v. Johnson Gas Appliance Co., 917 F.2d 1574, 1583 (Fed. Cir.
1990). Under § 1391(b), a plaintiff can bring a federal lawsuit only in (1) “a judicial district in
which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is
located; (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to
3 the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or
(3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought . . . any judicial district in
which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.”
When a plaintiff brings suit in an improper venue, the district court “shall dismiss [the
case], or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it
could have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). Generally, “[t]he decision whether to dismiss or
transfer ‘in the interest of justice’ is committed to the discretion of the district court.” Fam v.
Bank of Am. NA (USA), 236 F. Supp. 3d 397, 408 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Naartex Consulting
Corp. v. Watt, 722 F.2d 779, 789 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). A transfer under § 1406(a), furthermore, is
permitted even when the transferring court lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 369 U.S. 463, 465–66 (1962).
III. Analysis
A. Improper Venue
Defending its choice of venue, Plaintiff relies solely on 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2), which
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SHENZHEN MAMMOTION INNOVATION CO., LTD.,
Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 25-1945 (JEB)
FUTUREGEN TECHNOLOGIES INC.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The future is upon us. Plaintiff Shenzhen Mammotion Innovation Co., Ltd. is a Chinese
company that manufactures robotic lawn mowers sold in the United States on Amazon.
FutureGen Technologies Inc., a Florida corporation that develops and markets similar
autonomous mowing technology, believes that Mammotion’s products infringe its patents and
thus submitted a complaint to Amazon. The parties then engaged in settlement discussions,
during which FutureGen was represented by its District of Columbia counsel. When those
negotiations broke down, Mammotion filed this declaratory-judgment action against FutureGen,
seeking a declaration of patent non-infringement and invalidity. FutureGen now moves to
dismiss or, in the alternative, to transfer venue to the Southern District of Florida. While the
parties’ robotic products may roam boundary-free, this lawsuit cannot proceed just anywhere.
Agreeing that venue is improper in this district, the Court will grant the Motion to Transfer
without reaching the alternative request for dismissal.
1 I. Background
The Court, at this stage, accepts the basic facts in the Complaint as true. See Sparrow v.
United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000). As mentioned above, Mammotion
manufactures autonomous robots, including “boundary-free lawn mowers and pool cleaning
robots” under the ‘Mammotion’ brand.” ECF No. 1 (Compl.), ¶ 21. A separate legal entity,
Mammotion US, then markets and sells these products in the United States on Amazon. Id., ¶¶
22–23.
On April 25, 2025, Mammotion US received a notice from Amazon stating that
FutureGen had submitted a complaint alleging that three Mammotion products infringe its
patents. Id., ¶ 24. Amazon instructed Mammotion US to resolve the dispute promptly or risk the
suspension of its selling privileges. Id. Mammotion then reached out to FutureGen to explore a
potential business resolution. Id., ¶ 25.
On May 23, the parties to this suit executed a non-disclosure agreement, with FutureGen
represented by counsel from Ropes & Gray LLP’s Washington, D.C., office. Id., ¶ 26. Through
their attorneys, the companies then engaged in settlement negotiations over the following weeks,
during which Mammotion voluntarily sent a physical sample of one of its products to FutureGen
counsel’s D.C. office. Id., ¶¶ 26–28. The discussions ultimately proved fruitless, id., ¶ 29, and
Mammotion filed suit in this Court on June 20. It seeks declaratory relief of non-infringement
and invalidity, injunctive relief prohibiting FutureGen from asserting the patents at issue,
damages on a tortious-interference claim, and attorney fees and costs. Id. at 10–29.
FutureGen now moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, and
failure to state a claim or, in the alternative, to transfer the case to the Southern District of
2 Florida. See ECF No. 14 (MTD) at 15. Finding the venue issue dispositive, the Court does not
reach the other grounds for dismissal.
II. Legal Standard
Motions to dismiss for improper venue are governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(3). “In considering a Rule 12(b)(3) motion, the court accepts the plaintiff’s well-pled
factual allegations regarding venue as true, draws all reasonable inferences from those
allegations in the plaintiff’s favor, and resolves any factual conflicts in the plaintiff’s favor.”
Pendleton v. Mukasey, 552 F. Supp. 2d 14, 17 (D.D.C. 2008). Given that it is a plaintiff’s
obligation to bring the action in an appropriate district, she “usually bears the burden of
establishing that venue is proper.” Ellis-Smith v. Sec’y of Army, 793 F. Supp. 2d 173, 175
(D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The Court, however, need not
accept the plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, and may consider material outside the pleadings,
including undisputed facts evidenced in the record to determine whether” venue is proper. Braun
v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 288 F. Supp. 3d 293, 298 (D.D.C. 2018) (cleaned up). To prevail on
a motion to dismiss, a “defendant must present facts that will defeat the plaintiff’s assertion of
venue.” Ellis-Smith, 793 F. Supp. 2d at 175.
Declaratory-judgment actions seeking a declaration of patent invalidity or non-
infringement are governed by the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391, not the special patent-
venue provision in § 1400(b). See 14D Wright & Miller’s Federal Practice & Procedure § 3823
(4th ed. 2024); VE Holding Corp. v. Johnson Gas Appliance Co., 917 F.2d 1574, 1583 (Fed. Cir.
1990). Under § 1391(b), a plaintiff can bring a federal lawsuit only in (1) “a judicial district in
which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is
located; (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to
3 the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or
(3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought . . . any judicial district in
which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.”
When a plaintiff brings suit in an improper venue, the district court “shall dismiss [the
case], or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it
could have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). Generally, “[t]he decision whether to dismiss or
transfer ‘in the interest of justice’ is committed to the discretion of the district court.” Fam v.
Bank of Am. NA (USA), 236 F. Supp. 3d 397, 408 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Naartex Consulting
Corp. v. Watt, 722 F.2d 779, 789 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). A transfer under § 1406(a), furthermore, is
permitted even when the transferring court lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 369 U.S. 463, 465–66 (1962).
III. Analysis
A. Improper Venue
Defending its choice of venue, Plaintiff relies solely on 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2), which
allows a claim to be brought in any district where “a substantial part of the events or omissions
giving rise to the claim occurred.” ECF No. 17 (Opp. to MTD) at 17. This provision does not
“require a plaintiff to bring suit in a district where every event that supports an element of the
claim occurred; rather, it merely requires a plaintiff to show that some considerable portion of the
events occurred in their chosen forum.” Maysaroh Am. Arab Commc’n & Translation Ctr., LLC,
51 F. Supp. 3d 88, 93 (D.D.C. 2014). In applying this analysis, our Circuit undertakes a
“commonsense appraisal of the implications of” the “events having operative significance in the
case.” Sharp Elec. Corp. v. Hayman Cash Register Co., 655 F.2d 1228, 1229 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
4 Plaintiff contends that several events central to the claims took place here, including (1)
FutureGen’s engagement of D.C. counsel to handle settlement discussions; (2) Mammotion’s
submission of non-infringement contentions, claim charts, and related correspondence to
Defendant’s D.C. counsel; and (3) the shipment of a physical sample of the relevant product to
D.C. counsel. See Opp. to MTD at 18. These are the wrong events to focus on, however. They
all occurred after the events that give rise to Plaintiff’s patent and tort claims — namely,
FutureGen’s development, ownership, and enforcement of its patents, culminating in its filing of
the Amazon complaint against Mammotion — which all took place in Boca Raton, Florida. See
ECF Nos. 1-7 (Copy of ’164 Patent) at ECF p. 2 (inventor Michael Letsky based in Boca Raton,
Florida); 1-8 (Copy of ’297 patent) at ECF p. 2 (same); 1-9 (Copy of ’776 Patent) at ECF p. 2
(same); 1-3 (Amazon Compl. Notice) (filed by Letsky); 17-1, Exh. 1 (April 30, 2025,
correspondence between Letsky and Counsel for Mammotion regarding Amazon Complaint); 14-
1 (Negotiation Correspondence) at 25–26 (D.C. Counsel’s May 10, 2025, Introductory Email);
see also Compl.,¶ 5 (Letsky resides and conducts business in Boca Raton). FutureGen’s
engagement of D.C. counsel was an effort to resolve those Florida-based disputes short of
litigation. Although the ensuing negotiations may have influenced the timing of this action, they
did not give rise to the claims that Plaintiff asserts in its Complaint. Section 1391(b)(2) therefore
provides no basis for venue in this district.
B. Transfer
In such a circumstance, 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) provides that the court “shall dismiss, or if it
be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it could have
been brought.” The D.C. Circuit has recognized that the “standard remedy for improper venue is
to transfer the case to the proper court rather than dismissing it.” Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v.
5 Browner, 237 F.3d 670, 674 (D.C. Cir. 2001); see also Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc. v. Bivins,
20 F. Supp. 3d 207, 218 (D.D.C. 2014) (“[T]he interest of justice generally requires transferring a
case to the appropriate judicial district in lieu of dismissal.”) (internal quotation marks removed).
Transfer is typically appropriate, moreover, when “substantive issues still remain in dispute.”
Beckford v. Esper, 2018 WL 4778930, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 3, 2018). Multiple disputes exist here,
including whether FutureGen’s patents are valid and infringed, and whether its actions relating to
the Amazon complaint give rise to tort liability. The Court therefore finds that the interests of
justice favor transfer rather than dismissal.
The Southern District of Florida is the proper venue because FutureGen, as well as its
CEO and patent inventor Michael Letsky, are based in Boca Raton, see Compl., ¶ 5; ECF No. 1-
5, Exh. 3 (FutureGen Corporate Registration) (listing Letsky’s address), and the conduct
underlying the asserted patents and Amazon complaint occurred there. See supra Section III.A.
The Court will accordingly transfer the case to that district.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will issue a contemporaneous Order granting
Defendant’s Motion to Transfer.
/s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG Chief Judge
Date: October 15, 2025