Morrison, C. J.:
Plaintiffs filed their complaint in the late District Court of the Sixth Judicial District, to have a trust declared, and to compel a conveyance of the legal title to certain lands situate in the county of Sacramento.
The material averments of the complaint are, that, on or about the 8th day of January, 1844, the Mexican Government in California, by one Manuel Miclieltorrena, the then governor of California, granted to Jared Sheldon the land in controversy; and the said Sheldon having departed this life, the defendants became his administrators, and as sucli filed a petition with the board of land commissioners appointed under the Act of Congress approved March 3rd, 1851, to ascertain and settle titles to private land claims in California ; that the said board of land commissioners, after proper and regular proceedings had for that purpose, rendered a decree on the 10th day of October, 1854, confirming the title to said land, which decree was finally approved by the Supreme Court of the United States; and afterwards, to wit, on or about the 1st day of Juljr, 1870, a patent was duly made and issued by the Government of the United States to the defendants, conveying to them the legal title to the lands described in the complaint. It is further alleged, that the plaintiffs are the children and sole heirs of Jared Sheldon, and the prayer is, “ that it may be adjudged [584] and decreed that the defendants now hold, and have held, the legal title to the tract of land above described, under said patent, in trust for the plaintiffs, and that they may be compelled to execute a conveyance thereof to plaintiffs. ”
The defendants made no answer, and on the 17th day of November, 1871, a decree was duly entered against them, in conformity with the prayer of the complaint; but this decree expressly reserved from its operation all the lands claimed by intervenors.
In November, 1871, petitions of intervention were filed by the appellants, in which they claimed, each for himself, a portion of the land described in the complaint, of which be was then possessed, under and by virtue of conveyances alleged to have been made to them by the administrator of the estate of Jared Sheldon ; and praying that it might be adjudged and decreed that the defendants held such parcels of land in trust for them, the intervenors, respectively. *
. On the 23rd day of November, 1871, plaintiffs moved the Court to strike out said petitions of intervention, which motion was denied by the Court. The plaintiffs thereupon interposed a demurrer to each of said petitions, and the same was overruled on the 11th day of July, 1873. The plaintiffs then filed an answer to each of said petitions, denying all the allegations therein contained, except the allegation of possession by the intervenors of the tracts of land held by them respectively. On the 3rd day of January, 1877, the following order was entered in the case:
“ W. C. Sheldon et al. v. G. W. Gunn et al. Now, on this day, on motion of A. P. Catlin, attorney for Thomas L. Acock, Charles W. Pierce, John Richards, J, A. Elder, and Marinda Oatis, and the administrator of the estate of John P. Rhodes, deceased, intervenors, ordered that the interventions of said intervenors be and the same are hereby dismissed; and it is ordered that the costs of said interventions be paid by said intervenors.”
On the 23rd day of February, 1877, the following order was made in the case:
“ Upon motion of Armstrong & Hinkson (attorneys for plaintiffs), it is ordered by this Court, that this action be and [585] the same is hereby continued in the names of W. C. Sheldon, and Joel S. Cotton as executor of the last will and testament of the said Catherine D. Cotton, deceased (formerly Catherine D. Sheldon), against the parties herein before mentioned as the intervenors and defendants; and it is further ordered, that the said plaintiffs may amend their complaint herein, and set up supplemental matter therein, as well as other material matters; and that the plaintiffs may amend the prayer of their answers to the petitions and interventions of the several intervenors.”
On the succeeding day, February 24th, the following order was made and entered in the case:
“ Upon suggestion of the death of Catherine D. Cotton, it is ordered by the Court, that the action be continued in the name of Joel S. Cotton, the executor of the last will and testament of the said Catherine D. Cotton, and continued with the other plaintiffs; and it is further ordered, that the order herein entered on the 23rd instant is, by consent, set aside.”
This was the condition of the case when it was called for trial on the 7th day of April, 1877; and on that day, the following proceedings were had therein:
“ A. P. Catlin, attorney for intervenors, stated to the Court that he had received the notice of trial, addressed to him, as the attorney for Acock, Pierce, Eichards, Elder, Oatis, and Ehodes, and that he appeared for the purpose of. objecting to any proceedings in the case which would affect either of the parties named. He stated, for the information of the Court, the history of the action, and claimed that there was no case for trial before the Court; that the parties intervenors had been upon their own motion dismissed from the case on the 3rd of January, 1877; that, as the interventions of said intervenors had been withdrawn, and as the defendants, the said G. TV”. Gunn and Catherine F. Mahone, had made default, and their defaults had been entered in 1871, the .plaintiffs were entitled to such relief as against said defendants as the facts stated in the complaint warranted, without a trial.
“The attorneys for said intervenors introduced in evidence, from the minutes of the Court, the order of January 3rd, 1877, herein before at large set forth.
“ The attorneys for plaintiff proved by competent- evidence, [586] that Catherine D. Cotton, formerly Catherine D. Sheldon, one of the plaintiffs, died on the 16th day of April, 1875; * * * and objected to the introduction in evidence of the order of January 3rd, 1877':
“ 1. Because it appears to have been made, after the death of one of the plaintiffs, and before her successor in interest had been made a party to the suit, and is therefore void.
“ 2. Because it is made ex parte without any notice to plaintiffs,
“ 3. Because the intervenors having become parties to the suit by previous orders of the court, it is not possible for them to withdraw as parties.
“4. Because it does not purport to dismiss them as parties.
“ After hearing argument on both sides, the Court ruled, that the intervenors were in Court, and should be so held to be, to which ruling the attorney for said intervenors then and there excepted.
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Morrison, C. J.:
Plaintiffs filed their complaint in the late District Court of the Sixth Judicial District, to have a trust declared, and to compel a conveyance of the legal title to certain lands situate in the county of Sacramento.
The material averments of the complaint are, that, on or about the 8th day of January, 1844, the Mexican Government in California, by one Manuel Miclieltorrena, the then governor of California, granted to Jared Sheldon the land in controversy; and the said Sheldon having departed this life, the defendants became his administrators, and as sucli filed a petition with the board of land commissioners appointed under the Act of Congress approved March 3rd, 1851, to ascertain and settle titles to private land claims in California ; that the said board of land commissioners, after proper and regular proceedings had for that purpose, rendered a decree on the 10th day of October, 1854, confirming the title to said land, which decree was finally approved by the Supreme Court of the United States; and afterwards, to wit, on or about the 1st day of Juljr, 1870, a patent was duly made and issued by the Government of the United States to the defendants, conveying to them the legal title to the lands described in the complaint. It is further alleged, that the plaintiffs are the children and sole heirs of Jared Sheldon, and the prayer is, “ that it may be adjudged [584] and decreed that the defendants now hold, and have held, the legal title to the tract of land above described, under said patent, in trust for the plaintiffs, and that they may be compelled to execute a conveyance thereof to plaintiffs. ”
The defendants made no answer, and on the 17th day of November, 1871, a decree was duly entered against them, in conformity with the prayer of the complaint; but this decree expressly reserved from its operation all the lands claimed by intervenors.
In November, 1871, petitions of intervention were filed by the appellants, in which they claimed, each for himself, a portion of the land described in the complaint, of which be was then possessed, under and by virtue of conveyances alleged to have been made to them by the administrator of the estate of Jared Sheldon ; and praying that it might be adjudged and decreed that the defendants held such parcels of land in trust for them, the intervenors, respectively. *
. On the 23rd day of November, 1871, plaintiffs moved the Court to strike out said petitions of intervention, which motion was denied by the Court. The plaintiffs thereupon interposed a demurrer to each of said petitions, and the same was overruled on the 11th day of July, 1873. The plaintiffs then filed an answer to each of said petitions, denying all the allegations therein contained, except the allegation of possession by the intervenors of the tracts of land held by them respectively. On the 3rd day of January, 1877, the following order was entered in the case:
“ W. C. Sheldon et al. v. G. W. Gunn et al. Now, on this day, on motion of A. P. Catlin, attorney for Thomas L. Acock, Charles W. Pierce, John Richards, J, A. Elder, and Marinda Oatis, and the administrator of the estate of John P. Rhodes, deceased, intervenors, ordered that the interventions of said intervenors be and the same are hereby dismissed; and it is ordered that the costs of said interventions be paid by said intervenors.”
On the 23rd day of February, 1877, the following order was made in the case:
“ Upon motion of Armstrong & Hinkson (attorneys for plaintiffs), it is ordered by this Court, that this action be and [585] the same is hereby continued in the names of W. C. Sheldon, and Joel S. Cotton as executor of the last will and testament of the said Catherine D. Cotton, deceased (formerly Catherine D. Sheldon), against the parties herein before mentioned as the intervenors and defendants; and it is further ordered, that the said plaintiffs may amend their complaint herein, and set up supplemental matter therein, as well as other material matters; and that the plaintiffs may amend the prayer of their answers to the petitions and interventions of the several intervenors.”
On the succeeding day, February 24th, the following order was made and entered in the case:
“ Upon suggestion of the death of Catherine D. Cotton, it is ordered by the Court, that the action be continued in the name of Joel S. Cotton, the executor of the last will and testament of the said Catherine D. Cotton, and continued with the other plaintiffs; and it is further ordered, that the order herein entered on the 23rd instant is, by consent, set aside.”
This was the condition of the case when it was called for trial on the 7th day of April, 1877; and on that day, the following proceedings were had therein:
“ A. P. Catlin, attorney for intervenors, stated to the Court that he had received the notice of trial, addressed to him, as the attorney for Acock, Pierce, Eichards, Elder, Oatis, and Ehodes, and that he appeared for the purpose of. objecting to any proceedings in the case which would affect either of the parties named. He stated, for the information of the Court, the history of the action, and claimed that there was no case for trial before the Court; that the parties intervenors had been upon their own motion dismissed from the case on the 3rd of January, 1877; that, as the interventions of said intervenors had been withdrawn, and as the defendants, the said G. TV”. Gunn and Catherine F. Mahone, had made default, and their defaults had been entered in 1871, the .plaintiffs were entitled to such relief as against said defendants as the facts stated in the complaint warranted, without a trial.
“The attorneys for said intervenors introduced in evidence, from the minutes of the Court, the order of January 3rd, 1877, herein before at large set forth.
“ The attorneys for plaintiff proved by competent- evidence, [586] that Catherine D. Cotton, formerly Catherine D. Sheldon, one of the plaintiffs, died on the 16th day of April, 1875; * * * and objected to the introduction in evidence of the order of January 3rd, 1877':
“ 1. Because it appears to have been made, after the death of one of the plaintiffs, and before her successor in interest had been made a party to the suit, and is therefore void.
“ 2. Because it is made ex parte without any notice to plaintiffs,
“ 3. Because the intervenors having become parties to the suit by previous orders of the court, it is not possible for them to withdraw as parties.
“4. Because it does not purport to dismiss them as parties.
“ After hearing argument on both sides, the Court ruled, that the intervenors were in Court, and should be so held to be, to which ruling the attorney for said intervenors then and there excepted.
“A judgment was afterwards rendered in the action in favor of the plaintiffs and against the intervenors; and it was thereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed, that upon the presentation of said deed (the deed which the administrators were directed to make to the plaintiffs) so executed to said Thomas L. Acock, C. W. Pierce, John Richards, James A. Elder, Marinda Oatis, and Andrew J. Rhodes, administrator of the estate of John P. Rhodes, deceased, or to the successor in interest in said lands, or either of them, and upon demand by the plaintiffs or their agent or attorneys, the said Acock, Pierce, Richards, Elder, Oatis, and Andrew J. Rhodes, administrator of the estate of John P. Rhodes, deceased, and all persons claiming through or under them, or' either of them, or through or under said- estates, do yield up and surrender the possession of said lands, and each and every part thereof, and that a writ of restitution be awarded to put the plaintiffs into possession of said land, and each and every part thereof. ”
From the foregoing judgment, the intervenors have taken this appeal.
The first question presented relates to the right of the intervenors to dismiss their petition of intervention. It seems that the Court below recognized such right, and its order of January [587]*5873rd, 1877, directed the dismissal of such intervention; but after-wards, treating such order as a nullity, the Court proceeded to try and determine the case against the intervenors.
Can an intervenor against whom no relief is prayed (for none was prayed against these intervenors) dismiss his petition of intervention? We are of the opinion that he can. In the case of Mars v. McKay, 14 Cal. 127, this Court says: “But having filed their intervention and become parties to the suit within the prescribed period of six months, and during the existence of their lien, the effect of their position is precisely the same as if they had commenced an original action.” In the case of The People v. Talmage, 6 Cal. 256, the Court holds, that, “ admitting the right of Carothers, the intervenor in this case, his petition must be treated as a declaration or complaint under the statute, and, as such, it is wholly insufficient. The facts set forth therein would be insufficient to constitute a cause of action, either in law or equity.” Mr. Pomeroy, in his work on Remedies and Remedial Rights, § 430, says: “ The proceed ■ ing by intervention is not an anomalous one, differing from other judicial controversies, after it had been once commenced. It is, in fact, the grafting of one action upon another, and the trying of the combined issues at one trial, and the determining them by one judgment. * * * The intervenor brings himself into Court and becomes a litigant party, by filing and serving his petition, which is answered by the adversary parties— plaintiff or defendant, or both—in the same manner as though it was the pleading of the plaintiff; the issues are then framed— issues upon the plaintiff’s petition and the intervenor’s petition— and the trial of the whole is had at one hearing. If the intervenor fails on the trial, a judgment for costs is of course rendered against him; if he succeeds, judgment is given in his favor, according to the facts and circumstances of the case.”
We arc also of the opinion that the fact of the death of one of the plaintiffs did not take away or in any manner affect this right. As has already been remarked, there was no relief prayed against the intervenors, and they were equally actors in the case with plaintiffs. It was a contest waged against the defendants, and plaintiffs and intervenors were alike endeavor-in'? to establish a trust in their favor in the administrators of [588] the estate of Jared Sheldon. The intervenors had a right to abandon the contest, and this they did, and nothing more, when they dismissed their petition of intervention. (Code Civ. Proc. § 581; Hancock Ditch Co. v. Bradford, 13 Cal. 637; Brown v. Harter, 18 id. 76.)
The intervenors were out of the case by virtue of the order of dismissal of January 3rd, 1877, and it follows that the- Court erred in trying the case and rendering judgment against them.
Judgment as to intervenors reversed.
Thornton, J., and Boss, J., concurred.