By the Court,
Cowen, J.
This plea in abatement is on© which relates to the process by which the suit is commenced. It' aims to say that this process does not introduce as plaintiffs all the persons jointly interested ; and therefore it should be quashed and the plaintiff put to begin de novo. A similar plea at Westminster Hall would generally be so drawn as to pray an abatement of the writ or bill; that is to say, the original writ which emanated from chancery, or the bill of the king’s bench, which is not a writ, but is considered as the original. Gould’s PI. 262, § 84. The latter is in substance a declaration, and filed on the real or assumed ground, that the defendant being already a prisoner by other process of the court, any one may come in and file a bill as the first step in his cause. In that bill the defendant is said to be in custody, &c. whereas the declaration which supposes an original writ, recites that as the first process. In other words, one is a proceeding by process of original - writ, the other by process of bill, and the plea in abatement prays either that the writ or bill may be quashed, according to the form in which the suit may have been commenced. Gould’s Pl. 261, 2, § 83, 84. These distinctions are laid down and illustrated with great clearness and accuracy by Mr. Stephen, in his book on pleadings, ch. 1, p. 3 to 70 inclusive. It will be seen there that the exchequer also commences its suits between subject and subject, like the king’s bench, by pro[219]*219cess of bill in its strict legal sense, though in practice it is usually called a declaration. Id. 60. The adaptation of the prayer used by the plea in abatement to these different kinds of process is spoken of by Stephen, at p. 68 to 70. Analogous to the bill in the king’s bench and exchequer, is the plaint of inferior courts, such as the county court and court baron of England. 3 Black. Comm. 273. Lilly says in his Abridgement, tit. Plaint, that a plaint in an inferior court is in the nature of an original writ, and adds that the first process in an inferior court is a plaint. And see Jacob’s Law Dict. Plaint. The county court may also hold plea in many real actions and all personal actions to any amount, in virtue of the writ of justicies, which is likewise in nature of an original. 3 Black. Comm. 36. It seems to be the same as to a court baron, and the only pleas in abatement applicable to either, which I have been able to find, are aimed at that writ in the latter court. See two pleas in Scroggs’ Court Leet and Court Baron, 289, 290, and Jacob’s Treatise on the Court Baron, 305. They commence and conclude simply to the writ of justicies. By parity with what is said in Stephen, we may suppose that as to actions for small sums of 40s. coming within the original jurisdiction of these inferior courts, the plea in abatement, if it be to process, should pray judgment of the plaint. It is not the mere process for enforcing an appearance—a capias, bill of Middlesex, distringas, summons, &c. to which this plea is supposed to allude; that is out of the question ; but to the original process, which always sets forth the cause of action at large. The subject was a good deal examined in Haywood’s ex’rs v. Chestney, 13 Wendell, 495, where a plea in abatement in the common pleas, praying judgment of the said writ and declaration, was held bad, and I think the distinctions which I have noticed are virtually sustained by that case. The same distinctions are examined slightly by Parsons J. in Ilsley v. Stubbs, 5 Mass. R. 285. In Massachusetts the writ includes the real and only declaration; therefore he thought a plea in abatement might conclude to both, though it was better pleading to conclude to the writ only. And see Gould’s Pl. 262, § 84,
[220]*220It is proper to say that the form given by Stephen, which *s a P¡ea hi abatement to the writ, p. 68, would seem at first sight to violate his own rules ; for it prays judgment both of the writ and declaration. It was adopted from Chitty, and both seem to have gone on what Holt said in Lee v. Barnes, 5 Mod. 144, that you might plead in abatement of the declaration where the action is by original; but if it be by bill, you can only plead in abatement of the bill. Holt’s R. 3, S. C. and S. P. Yet in Johnson v. Altham, 10 Mod. 192, 211, it was afterwards agreed that a plea in abatement which concluded demanding judgment of the declaration, is in general to be taken as a plea in bar; for it is a confession that the writ or bill [as the case may be] is good. It was also held in Moffatt v. Van Mullingen, 2 Chit. R. 539, that a plea in abatement in the K. B. praying that the declaration may be quashed, is bad. 2 Bos. & Pul. 124, note c, S. C. and S. P. Leaves v. Bernard, 5 Mod. 133, S. P. And it was added in the last case, that if you plead in abate ment of the count, you must not pray judgment that the count be quashed but the bill, though count was added there.
These cases and other authorities are enough to show that the plea must be correct at least in its prayer as to the kind of process to be quashed, whether it may or may not go farther and include the declaration. If it be right as to the original process, as the writ or bill, and add the declaration, that addition may perhaps be treated as surplusage. It was said in Leaves v. Bernard, 5 Mod. 132, that in the K. B. you may plead both to the bill and declaration ; and so the case of Atwood v. Davis, 1 Barn. & Aid, 172, would seem to indicate. The plea there, which was in the king’s bench, prayed that the writ and declaration might be quashed, and held ill; but that the prayer should have been of the bill, not the writ. Lord Ellenborough, Ch. J. said, “ there must be judgment for the plaintiff, unless bill and writ mean the same thing.” If Mr. Stephen’s form be right, then Haywood's exc’rs v. Chestney, in 13 Wendell, says virtually that the word writ is equally inapplicable to our county court of common pleas. If any original process behind the declaraSion is to be implied, it is probably a plaint in analogy to the [221]*221county court in England; and I believe the proceedings in our county courts have usually been looked at in that view, and so treated in pleading them. The pleader has generally said a plaint, was levied, and this was supposed to give the jurisdiction-
But the present revised statutes, 2 R. S. 269, § 1, sub. 3, provide still another mode of commencing suits in the supreme court and common pleas ; that is by declaration. The provisions of that statute were extended to the mayor’s courts in 1833, Sess. 56, p. 20, ch. 17, § 5. Under this latter statute, the suit now in question was commenced, as is obvious from the beginning of the declaration. This is then not only in the nature of process, but it is the original process itself, like an original, or a plaint or bill of privilege. It is served on the party personally. The declaration thus becoming the real and only process known to the suit, I now see no other way in a plea in abatement but to pray judgment of the declaration so nomine according to the truth, per curiam in Johnson v. Altham, 10 Mod. 192, the same as you would of a bill in the king’s bench, or formerly in this court. If it be a bill or equivalent to a bill here, or ever were so, which is quite doubtful, 15 Johns. R.
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By the Court,
Cowen, J.
This plea in abatement is on© which relates to the process by which the suit is commenced. It' aims to say that this process does not introduce as plaintiffs all the persons jointly interested ; and therefore it should be quashed and the plaintiff put to begin de novo. A similar plea at Westminster Hall would generally be so drawn as to pray an abatement of the writ or bill; that is to say, the original writ which emanated from chancery, or the bill of the king’s bench, which is not a writ, but is considered as the original. Gould’s PI. 262, § 84. The latter is in substance a declaration, and filed on the real or assumed ground, that the defendant being already a prisoner by other process of the court, any one may come in and file a bill as the first step in his cause. In that bill the defendant is said to be in custody, &c. whereas the declaration which supposes an original writ, recites that as the first process. In other words, one is a proceeding by process of original - writ, the other by process of bill, and the plea in abatement prays either that the writ or bill may be quashed, according to the form in which the suit may have been commenced. Gould’s Pl. 261, 2, § 83, 84. These distinctions are laid down and illustrated with great clearness and accuracy by Mr. Stephen, in his book on pleadings, ch. 1, p. 3 to 70 inclusive. It will be seen there that the exchequer also commences its suits between subject and subject, like the king’s bench, by pro[219]*219cess of bill in its strict legal sense, though in practice it is usually called a declaration. Id. 60. The adaptation of the prayer used by the plea in abatement to these different kinds of process is spoken of by Stephen, at p. 68 to 70. Analogous to the bill in the king’s bench and exchequer, is the plaint of inferior courts, such as the county court and court baron of England. 3 Black. Comm. 273. Lilly says in his Abridgement, tit. Plaint, that a plaint in an inferior court is in the nature of an original writ, and adds that the first process in an inferior court is a plaint. And see Jacob’s Law Dict. Plaint. The county court may also hold plea in many real actions and all personal actions to any amount, in virtue of the writ of justicies, which is likewise in nature of an original. 3 Black. Comm. 36. It seems to be the same as to a court baron, and the only pleas in abatement applicable to either, which I have been able to find, are aimed at that writ in the latter court. See two pleas in Scroggs’ Court Leet and Court Baron, 289, 290, and Jacob’s Treatise on the Court Baron, 305. They commence and conclude simply to the writ of justicies. By parity with what is said in Stephen, we may suppose that as to actions for small sums of 40s. coming within the original jurisdiction of these inferior courts, the plea in abatement, if it be to process, should pray judgment of the plaint. It is not the mere process for enforcing an appearance—a capias, bill of Middlesex, distringas, summons, &c. to which this plea is supposed to allude; that is out of the question ; but to the original process, which always sets forth the cause of action at large. The subject was a good deal examined in Haywood’s ex’rs v. Chestney, 13 Wendell, 495, where a plea in abatement in the common pleas, praying judgment of the said writ and declaration, was held bad, and I think the distinctions which I have noticed are virtually sustained by that case. The same distinctions are examined slightly by Parsons J. in Ilsley v. Stubbs, 5 Mass. R. 285. In Massachusetts the writ includes the real and only declaration; therefore he thought a plea in abatement might conclude to both, though it was better pleading to conclude to the writ only. And see Gould’s Pl. 262, § 84,
[220]*220It is proper to say that the form given by Stephen, which *s a P¡ea hi abatement to the writ, p. 68, would seem at first sight to violate his own rules ; for it prays judgment both of the writ and declaration. It was adopted from Chitty, and both seem to have gone on what Holt said in Lee v. Barnes, 5 Mod. 144, that you might plead in abatement of the declaration where the action is by original; but if it be by bill, you can only plead in abatement of the bill. Holt’s R. 3, S. C. and S. P. Yet in Johnson v. Altham, 10 Mod. 192, 211, it was afterwards agreed that a plea in abatement which concluded demanding judgment of the declaration, is in general to be taken as a plea in bar; for it is a confession that the writ or bill [as the case may be] is good. It was also held in Moffatt v. Van Mullingen, 2 Chit. R. 539, that a plea in abatement in the K. B. praying that the declaration may be quashed, is bad. 2 Bos. & Pul. 124, note c, S. C. and S. P. Leaves v. Bernard, 5 Mod. 133, S. P. And it was added in the last case, that if you plead in abate ment of the count, you must not pray judgment that the count be quashed but the bill, though count was added there.
These cases and other authorities are enough to show that the plea must be correct at least in its prayer as to the kind of process to be quashed, whether it may or may not go farther and include the declaration. If it be right as to the original process, as the writ or bill, and add the declaration, that addition may perhaps be treated as surplusage. It was said in Leaves v. Bernard, 5 Mod. 132, that in the K. B. you may plead both to the bill and declaration ; and so the case of Atwood v. Davis, 1 Barn. & Aid, 172, would seem to indicate. The plea there, which was in the king’s bench, prayed that the writ and declaration might be quashed, and held ill; but that the prayer should have been of the bill, not the writ. Lord Ellenborough, Ch. J. said, “ there must be judgment for the plaintiff, unless bill and writ mean the same thing.” If Mr. Stephen’s form be right, then Haywood's exc’rs v. Chestney, in 13 Wendell, says virtually that the word writ is equally inapplicable to our county court of common pleas. If any original process behind the declaraSion is to be implied, it is probably a plaint in analogy to the [221]*221county court in England; and I believe the proceedings in our county courts have usually been looked at in that view, and so treated in pleading them. The pleader has generally said a plaint, was levied, and this was supposed to give the jurisdiction-
But the present revised statutes, 2 R. S. 269, § 1, sub. 3, provide still another mode of commencing suits in the supreme court and common pleas ; that is by declaration. The provisions of that statute were extended to the mayor’s courts in 1833, Sess. 56, p. 20, ch. 17, § 5. Under this latter statute, the suit now in question was commenced, as is obvious from the beginning of the declaration. This is then not only in the nature of process, but it is the original process itself, like an original, or a plaint or bill of privilege. It is served on the party personally. The declaration thus becoming the real and only process known to the suit, I now see no other way in a plea in abatement but to pray judgment of the declaration so nomine according to the truth, per curiam in Johnson v. Altham, 10 Mod. 192, the same as you would of a bill in the king’s bench, or formerly in this court. If it be a bill or equivalent to a bill here, or ever were so, which is quite doubtful, 15 Johns. R. 326, note, 3 Johns. Cas, 149, 50, per Radcliff, J., yet certainly it is not so in the common pleas or mayor’s court, where that class of original process is unknown, except it be against its officers. It supposes nothing which has gone before it in nature of an original; neither plaint, bill nor writ. The power is given by statute, 2 R. S. 148, § I, 2d ed. Least of all does it come from the notion of the old original, or the fiction on which the bill rests. The old form of prayer is therefore gone quoad hoc. It becomes utterly unmeaning in a court to which the process by bill is a stranger. The plea might as well pray judgment of a bill in equity. The remark in Leaves v. Bernard 1 Mod. 132, that billa and narratio are the same, was said of the king’s bench. To call the declaration in the mayor’s court or common pleas a bill, is at least a defect in form.
As to the form, if we were permitted to look from the prayer into other parts, (but we are not,) there is nothing to [222]*222help the plea. The conclusion makes the plea. No matter what the pleader may say in its introduction or in its body. Even though it begin in bar, if it conclude in abatement, it *s a P^ea abatement. This doctrine was distinctly held in Thomee v. Lloyd, ] Ld. Raym. 356, 7, and has been confirmed and acted upon, with very slight qualifications, in several others. Leaves v. Bernard, 12 Mod. 133. Per Gibbs, Ch. J. in Godson v. Good, 6 Taunt. 395; 2 Marsh. 299, S. C. Schoonmaker’s ex’rs v. Elmendorf, 10 Johns. R. 49. Medina v. Stoughton, 1 Ld. Raym. 593. Per Kent, J. in Jenkins v. Pepoon, 2 Johns. Cas. 313, Johnson v. Altham, 10 Mod. 192. Hargis v. Ayres, 8 Yerg. 467, is directly at war with the cases, and nothing is cited in support of it. The conclusion is to be taken as indicating what judgment the defendant desires ; and accordingly, in the case before us, it is, J perceive, carried into the judgment. The defendant is confined to the prayer, and if that be wrong, though the body of the plea allege matter proper for a plea in abatement, he cannot have the benefit of it, as he may on good matter in a plea in bar. Rex v. Shakespeare, 10 East, 83, 87. Per Bayley, J. in Atwood v. Davis, 1 Barn. & Aid. 172. There must not only be an appropriate prayer, but the pleader must not blunder in his words when he makes his prayer; for in Hixon v. Binns, 3 T. R. 185, in K. B. the conclusion was thus: wherefore he prays if the bill, and the same may be quashedand because the pleader did not say “ prays judgment of the bill, &c.” the court would not help him by any intendment in this case, it will be seen, not even in favor of equivalent words. The court said the greatest precision was required in dilatory pleas, and this is farther apparent in several other cases put by Wms.’ note 1 to 2 Saund. 209, b.; Co. Litt. 303, a.; and Plowd. Comm. 33, S. P.
Testing the plea below by these rules, it is fatally defective. It begins and concludes by praying judgment of the said bill. I incline to think that this was a defect of substance ; but if of form only, being in abatement, the defect need not be assigned specially. Such is the construction of the English statutes of special demurrers, 27 Eliz. c. 5, and [223]*2234 Ann, c. 16, and ours is but an epitome of those acts. 2 R. S. 276, 2d ed. The English authorities to this point will be found in 1 Chit. Pl. 404; Walden v. Holman, 2 Ld. Raym. 1015; per Bayley, J. in Lloyd v. Williams, 2 Maule & Selw. 484, 5. Walden v. Holman is in point.
There is nothing in the objection that the word “ prays,” a singular instead of a plural verb, is used in the introductory prayer. The whole of that might be stricken out and yet the plea be good ; for we have seen that the conclusion is the test. So as to the word deposed. Strike that out and the plea will read “ the said several grievances in the said declaration mentioned,” which is a perfect reference. Several stronger cases of rejection for surplusage are put in 15 Vin. Abr. 560, tit. Nonsense. There is nothing in the other causes specially assigned.
But it is said the declaration is bad; the plaintiff was first in fault, and cannot therefore make an available objection to the plea. Such is the general rule, but a demurrer to a plea in abatement is an exception. In Peter v. Pilkington, Carth. 171, in case for a tort, the defendant pleaded nonjoinder, which was bad, and so held on demurrer, “ when the defendant’s connsel would have taken exceptions to the "declaration, but the court would not allow it because there was a plea in abatement.” As it appeared, however, on the plaintiff’s declaration that he had no cause of action when the suit was brought, the matter was disposed of by his applying to amend, and the defendant being put to answer the corrected declaration. The case of Bellassyse v. Hester, 2 Lutw. 1589, 1592, also mentioned in a note by Lutwyche, at p.. 1604, is the same. The contrary was held in Powis v. Williams, 2 Lutw. 1601, to which he adds the note ; but he distinguishes the principal case because there the matter pleaded in abatement was also available in bar. And this is the only ground on which Evans v. Stevens, 4 T. R. 224, can be supported. The plea, as Buller, J. said, p. 227, tended to show that the plaintiff could maintain no action. The right to go back on demurrer to a plea in abatement seems, however, to have been hastily assumed in that case, without reference to the previous authorities. The same [224]*224general doctrine is again repeated by Lutwyche, in a note to Routh v. Weddell, 2 vol. 1667. Hastrop v. Hastings, 1 Salk. 212, recognized in Bullythorp v. Turner, Willes, 478, *@ a ^'rect adjudication on the same point. Clifford v. Cony, 1 Mass. R. 500, S. P. The rule is recognized in many books of reference, and I do not find that it is questioned by any. Com. Dig. Abatement, I. 14. Steph.Pl. 163, 1st Am. ed. 1 Chit. Pl. 405. Bac. Abr. tit. Abatement, P. Bacon’s Abridgement, as we have cited it at vol. 1, p. 29, Am. ed. of 1813, adds as a reason, what is material to the main distinction we have been considering—in these words, “ as nothing but the writ is then in question, for nothing else is pleaded to.”
Then was the matter here pleaded available in bar ? That is not pretended. The action being for a tort, the nonjoinder of plaintiffs as well as defendants can be availed of by plea in abatement only. This is laid down by Williams, in his notes to Saunders, 1 vol. 291, g. and h. Amer. ed. 1807, as the universal rule respecting not only actions for injuries to property, but to all acts of malfeasance", misfeasance or nonfeasance, and the like; to which he cites an abundance of authority. 1 Chit. Pl. 55, Am. ed. 1828, is equally comprehensive. And see Wheelwright v. De Peyster, 1 Johns. R. 471, 486; Low v. Munford, 14 id. 426. In matter as well as form, therefore, the plea in the mayor’s court was receivable in abatement only.
As to costs; the statute, 2 R. S. 511, § 17, 2d ed. provides that in all actions and proceedings in which the plaintiff would be entitled to costs upon any judgment rendered ,in his favor, if, after the appearance of the defendant, such plaintiff be nonsuited, discontinue his suit, be non pressed, or judgment pass against him on verdict, demurrer or otherwise,” the defendant shall have his costs. It is not denied that the plaintiff might have had costs here, had he recovered. Then the statute is clear that the defendant was entitled to costs had the judgment been good in other respects. The distinctions under the English statutes do not arise. The only exception against the defendants where all succeed in a plea in abatement, is the case of a misnomer by a subse[225]*225quent section, 2 R. S. 513, 30, 2d ed. There neither ty recovers costs. In all other cases, save where the ment on a plea in abatement is in favor of only part of the defendants, id. - - .L~ut the judgment must be reversed on the
But the Judgement must be reserved on theground that he conclusion of the plea was wrong. A LEANT, January, 1838. Anon. plea was wrong.