ACCEPTED 12-14-00044-CR TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS TYLER, TEXAS 10/15/2015 11:28:47 AM Pam Estes CLERK
In The Twelfth Court Of Appeals FILED IN Tyler, Texas 12th COURT OF APPEALS TYLER, TEXAS 10/15/2015 11:28:47 AM PAM ESTES No. 12‐14‐00044‐CR Clerk
Shakeitha Cartwright, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee
On Appeal from the 273rd District Court, Shelby County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 2013‐CR‐18695
APPELLANT’S BRIEF IN RESPONSE TO THE COURT’S 09/25/2015 PER CURIAM ORDER
Seth T. Johnson, Tex. Bar No. 24082212 Attorney for Appellant 928 N University Dr. Nacogdoches, Texas 75961 P: (936) 205‐6775 F: (936)715‐3022 Email: johnsondefenselaw@gmail.com
1 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Tex. Code. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6
Garcia v. State, 15 S.W.3d 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)
Vasquez v. State, 411 SW 3d 918 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 2013)
Velez v. State, No. AP‐76,051 (Tex. Ct. Crim. App. 2012)(not designated for publication)
Dronet v. Texas, No. 09‐11‐00444‐CR (9th J.D. Court of Appeals)(PER CURIAM ORDERS – Feb. 28, 2013 & May 2, 2013)
Urias v. State, 155 SW 3d 141 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 2004)
Wicker v. State, 740 S.W.2d 779 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 1987)
Guzman v. State, 955 SW 2d 85 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 1997)
Bass v. State, 626 S.W.2d 769 (Tex. Ct. Crim. App. 1982)
Marin v. State, 851 SW 2d 275 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 1993)
2 I. SYNOPSIS
Appellant argues that a de novo suppression hearing is required in this case pursuant to
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.22, § 6, and Garcia v. State, 15 S.W.3d 533, 536 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000) (remanding for de novo suppression hearing and rejecting the written findings of a
successor trial judge who did not preside over the original suppression hearing). (Appellant’s
Motion to Abate Appeal, 02/16/2015).
The State objects that Appellant waived the argument that the trial judge could not read
and rely on the prior recorded testimony at the initial Jackson v. Denno hearing “because
defense trial counsel expressly consented to the trial judge reading the prior record to make his
voluntariness determination”. (Per Curiam Order, 09/25/2015).
Assuming arguendo that the actions of Appellant’s trial counsel meet the criteria
required to establish procedural default or invited error, the State’s objection fails to cite any
authority for the proposition that either of those waiver doctrines is actually applicable or
relevant in the context of Garcia error. Garcia v. State, 15 SW 3d 533 (Tex. Ct. Crim. App. 2000).
Appellant cannot find a single case supporting said proposition either.
As a preliminary matter, it is indisputably clear that the trial court’s duty to enter
written findings and conclusions under art. 38.22, § 6 is mandatory, without exception, and not
subject to waiver at any level of the proceedings. See Vasquez v. State, 411 SW 3d 918 (Tx. Ct.
Crim. App. 2013); Urias v. State, 155 SW 3d 141 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 2004); Wicker v. State, 740
S.W.2d 779 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 1987).
Garcia addressed the narrower question of who has the authority to make those written
findings, i.e., which trial court judge? Garcia held that if the resolution of a defendant’s
3 challenge to the voluntariness of his statement depends in part on an evaluation of the
credibility and demeanor of witnesses or evidence, the art. 38.22 § 6 findings and conclusions
of law must be entered by the same judge who presided over the suppression hearing at which
the testimony and evidence was offered. Garcia at 536. The judge who presided over Garcia’s
suppression hearing denied the motion but failed to enter written findings of fact and
conclusions of law. Later, when the first judge became unavailable, a successor judge read the
written transcript of the suppression hearing and then made the written findings. Garcia at
535‐36. The CCA remanded Garcia’s case for a de novo suppression hearing because the
second judge’s findings were based on a “cold” record. Id.
The Garcia majority specifically declined to address whether the defendant may waive
such error. Id., Footnote 5. Caselaw interpreting Garcia is sparse as well but the authority that
does exist uniformly does not favor the State’s contention. The consistent theme appearing
throughout the Court of Criminal Appeals’ holdings in Garcia, Urias, and Vasquez, and their
progeny, is the objective of upholding the integrity of Art. 38.22 § 6’s mandate, and the
standards of appellate review, that collectively govern the procedures for reviewing
involuntariness claims at trial and on appeal.
“The determination of whether a statement is voluntary is a mixed question of law and
fact, i.e., an application of law to a fact question.” Garcia at 535. Garcia then cites the standard
of review articulated in Guzman v. State, 955 SW 2d 85 ‐ Tex: Court of Criminal Appeals 1997.
Garcia at 535.
“[A]ppellate courts, including this Court, should afford almost total deference to a trial court's determination of the historical facts that the record supports especially when the trial court's fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. See, e.g., Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 139‐41 (McCormick, P.J., concurring). The appellate
4 courts, including this Court, should afford the same amount of deference to trial courts' rulings on "application of law to fact questions," also known as "mixed questions of law and fact," if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Guzman at 89.
Keeping in mind Vasquez’s absolute requirement for written findings from the trial
court, the problem with making Garcia error subject to the rules of procedural default or
invited error, is that a situation can arise where the appellate court is applying the Guzman
“total deference” standard of review to a successor trial judge’s art. 38.22 § 6 findings even
when those findings are not based on an evaluation of the credibility of the testifying
witnesses and evidence, but rather on the successor trial judge’s review of a “cold record”.
As discussed infra, Appellant’s case presents this problem squarely. The trial court
proceedings pertaining to the adjudication of Appellant’s involuntariness challenge were
unreliable at best, and clearly violated TCCP Art. 38.22 § 6, Vasquez, and Garcia. The ruling of
the successor judge denying Appellant’s motion, and the now‐proffered ex post facto findings
in support of that ruling (which were drafted solely by the District Attorney), should not be
accorded any deference by this Court, much less the ‘total deference’ required by Guzman.
Appellant’s primary, if not her sole issue on appeal, will concern whether her statements to law
enforcement were voluntary. Under the circumstances, the only remedy is a remand to the
trial court for a de novo suppression hearing before this appeal should proceed, with proper
findings entered to supplement the appellate record.
Appellant’s brief will first discuss the law pertaining to Garcia error, the two recognized
exceptions to Garcia, and why the rules of procedural default have not been applied to Garcia
error. Thereafter Appellant will apply the present state of the law to the facts of her case.
5 II. GARCIA V. STATE, 15 SW 3d 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)
A pre‐trial hearing was held on Garcia’s involuntariness claim. The trial judge without
the entry of written findings or conclusions denied the motion. After conviction, the appellate
court remanded for compliance with TCCP art. 38.22 § 6. However, the trial judge on remand
was not the same judge who presided over Garcia’s suppression hearing. The first judge was
not available to be appointed. After the conviction was affirmed, Appellant filed a motion for
rehearing objecting for the first time that the successor judge was not authorized to make the
required findings.
PDR was granted to determine “whether appellant was entitled to remand for a new
suppression hearing” and the CCA held that Appellant “was entitled to a new hearing on the
voluntariness of his statement.” Garcia at 534‐35, 536.
“The determination of whether a statement is voluntary is a mixed question of law and fact, i.e., an application of law to a fact question . . .. In the instant case, the trial court held a hearing pursuant to appellant's motion to suppress his statement on the basis that it was involuntary. At the hearing, testimony was taken from Abdon Rodriguez, the police officer who took appellant's confession, and from appellant. Thus, the trial court's conclusion that appellant's statement was voluntary was based on a direct evaluation of the witnesses' credibility and demeanor.
Recently, we stated that "appellate courts ... should afford [almost total] deference to trial courts' rulings on `application of law to fact questions,' also known as `mixed questions of law and fact,' if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor." Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). This is the proper standard of review because the trial judge viewing the witnesses and hearing their testimony is in a better position to evaluate their credibility and demeanor than is an appellate judge who must rely on only a written transcript of the hearing. For the same reason, it is not appropriate for the second judge in the instant case to make findings of fact based solely on the written transcript of the initial hearing. It is inconsistent to restrict an appellate court's review of such findings because it has nothing to review but a "cold" record, yet allow a trial judge to make such findings based on nothing but that same "cold" record.” Id. at 535 (emphasis added).
Garcia noted one exception to this rule, citing Bass v. State, 626 S.W.2d 769
(Tex.Crim.App.1982):
“[I]t was permissible for the second trial judge in Bass to decline to hold a hearing on the voluntariness of the confession because such a hearing had already been held and findings of fact and conclusions of law had previously been entered by the trial judge who presided over that hearing. That is, both the second trial judge and the appellate court could rely on written findings of fact and conclusions of law made by the judge who presided over the hearing and evaluated the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses. In the instant case, however, an order containing such an evaluation does not exist, and the only order which does exist was not based on a direct evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses by the judge who made the written findings.” Garcia at 536.
The Garcia majority declined to consider procedural default issues in reaching their
conclusion:
“The dissent argues that Wicker v. State, 740 S.W.2d 779, 783 (Tex.Crim.App.1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 938, 108 S.Ct. 1117, 99 L.Ed.2d 278 (1988)(“ Article 38.22, § 6, supra, is mandatory in its language and that it requires a trial court to file its findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the voluntariness of a confession whether or not the defendant objects to the absence of such omitted filing”), should be overruled and appellant should be held to have waived error, based on his failure to object to the trial court's failure to make written findings of fact and conclusions of law. Post, at 537‐39 (Keasler, J., dissenting). However, we have no jurisdiction to take such action . . .. the issues of the continuing validity of Wicker and appellant's failure to object to the lack of written findings of fact and conclusions of law are not before us now.” Garcia, Footnote 5.
While it was not addressed in Garcia, numerous CCA cases in the fifteen years since
Garcia was decided have affirmed the continued validity of Wicker however. See Vasquez v.
State, 411 SW 3d 918 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 2013); Urias v. State, 155 SW 3d 141 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App.
2004). Since 2013, Urias and Vasquez have been collectively cited over one hundred times with
approval.
7 III. VELEZ v. STATE, No. AP‐76,051 (Tex. Ct. Crim. App. 2012)(not designated for publication) Velez is the only CCA case to discuss and apply Garcia to the successor judge fact-
pattern. For that reason alone it deserves consideration as persuasive authority. Particularly
noteworthy is that fact that the State did raise a procedural default argument. The CCA ignored
that argument however and instead created a second exception to Garcia (Bass being the first).
Once again, the issue was scrutinized by the CCA solely through the lens of trial court
credibility determinations and appellate standards of review, rather than the more typical
Marin analysis. See Marin v. State, 851 SW 2d 275 (Tx. Ct. Crim. App. 1993).
In Velez, appellant argued “that the trial judge who entered the findings fact and
conclusions of law relating to appellant's suppression hearing lacked the authority to issue
those findings because she was not the judge who presided over the suppression hearing.”
(Velez, Point of Error Ten). The state responded, “that appellant waived this error because he
did not present a timely written motion to the trial court. Id.
Velez was a direct appeal of a capital murder conviction. The original trial judge
conducted a hearing on appellant's motion to suppress. The trial judge announced his ruling
from the bench, denying appellant's motion to suppress, but did not enter written findings of
fact or conclusions. The CCA ordered the trial court to prepare and file the required findings
and conclusions under TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5(c)(2). However, the judge who presided over the
suppression hearing was not available to be appointed, and ultimately a successor judge
“prepared findings and conclusions based on the record and the prior judge's ruling that the
statement was voluntarily made.” Id. Appellant argued in his appeal that Garcia entitled him to
a de novo suppression hearing.
8 The CCA stated that “[i]n Garcia, however, we did not specifically address the rare
situation that presents itself here, wherein the prior judge cannot be appointed to prepare
findings of fact and conclusions of law because of unavailability or ineligibility.” Id.
“In such a situation, where the prior judge is unavailable or ineligible for an appointment, we find it appropriate that there be an exception to the rule laid out in Garcia. In the event that the judge who presided over a suppression hearing is unavailable or ineligible to be appointed to prepare findings of fact and conclusions of law, the current trial judge may prepare findings and conclusions based on the prior judge's ruling on the record and the transcript of the suppression hearing regarding whether a defendant's statement was voluntarily made.” Id.
IV. DRONET V. TEXAS, No. 09‐11‐00444‐CR (9th J.D. Court of Appeals)(PER CURIAM ORDERS – Feb. 28, 2013 & May 2, 2013)
Dronet is the only intermediate Court of Appeals decision (in any form) to construe and
apply Garcia to the successor judge scenario that Appellant could locate. The Per Curiam
Orders, issued during the pendency of Dronet’s direct appeal, are noteworthy because they
explicitly consider the issue of repeated procedural default or waiver by the Defendant.
Notwithstanding that, the 9th Court of Appeals granted Dronet’s much‐delayed request for a de
novo suppression hearing.
A. February 28, 2013 Per Curiam Order “In this appeal Terri Leann Dronet has challenged the voluntariness of her confession. On submission of the appeal, it became apparent that the judge who heard the motion to suppress did not make findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6 (West 2005). At the Court’s request, the parties stated their positions regarding whether the appeal must be abated and the case remanded to the trial court for a new suppression hearing and findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Garcia v. State, 15 S.W.3d 533, 536‐37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The State contends that the appellant procedurally defaulted by failing to request written findings. See State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 728 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In the alternative, the State argues that because the judge who heard the motion to suppress is deceased, the present trial judge may prepare findings of fact and conclusions of law without explicit credibility determinations. Appellant notes that
9 she has not requested findings of fact and conclusions of law; moreover, she has not requested a new suppression hearing before the present trial judge.
The most recent published opinion of the Court of Criminal Appeals on this issue states that article 38.22, § 6 is mandatory and requires that findings be made without regard to whether the defendant has objected to the absence of the omitted findings. Urias v. State, 155 S.W.3d 141, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see also Tex. Code. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6. It appears the Court of Criminal Appeals considers entry of findings a duty of the court that arises whether or not the parties request findings. The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that it is not appropriate for a judge, over the objection of the appellant, to make findings of fact and conclusions of law that require an evaluation of credibility and demeanor based solely upon a record of a previous hearing at which a different judge presided. Garcia, 15 S.W.3d at 535‐36. Neither an objection to the lack of findings nor a request for a new suppression hearing has been made by the appellant; consequently we are presented only with the necessity of complying with the statute and obtaining findings sufficient to conduct an appellate review of the voluntariness of the confession.
It is, therefore ORDERED that the appeal is abated and the case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings relating to a determination of the voluntariness of the appellant’s confession. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.4. At the appellant’s request, the trial court may conduct a new suppression hearing. The trial court shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6.”
B. May 2, 2013 Per Curiam Order “In this appeal Terri Leann Dronet has challenged the voluntariness of her confession. On submission of the appeal, it became apparent that the judge who heard the motion to suppress did not make findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6 (West 2005). The judge who heard the motion to suppress subsequently died. On February 28, 2013, we abated the appeal and remanded the case to the trial court for further proceedings relating to a determination of the voluntariness of the appellant's confession. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.4. Our Order of February 28, 2013 authorized the trial court to conduct a new suppression hearing at the appellant's request, but evidently the trial court was not aware that the appellant desired to have the trial court conduct a new suppression hearing when the trial court made written findings based on the record of the previous hearing. The appellant has requested a new hearing before the new judge. See Garcia v. State, 15 S.W.3d 533, 535‐37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
It is, therefore ORDERED that the appeal is abated and the case is remanded to the trial court for a new suppression hearing. The trial court shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Tex. Code. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6.”
V. APPLICATION OF VASQUEZ, GARCIA, VELEZ, AND DRONET TO APPELLANT’S SUPPRESSION HEARING
10 On May 7, 2013 Appellant filed a pre‐trial “Motion to Suppress Statement of Defendant”
alleging that her statements to law enforcement were involuntary in violation of Art. 38.22,
Tex. Code Crim. Proc., and U.S. Const. Amend. 5 & 14. (CR, Vol.1, p. 23)1. Specifically, her
motion alleged that the statements were made under “extreme duress” while Appellant was in
a “state of shock” and “severely depressed”, and that she was mentally incompetent at the
time. Id. The motion explicitly requested that the trial Judge enter “specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law”. Id.
A. The Testimony and Video Evidence Admitted During the July 8, 2013 Hearing Made the
Resolution of Appellant’s Motion Dependent Upon an Evaluation of Credibility and Demeanor
On July 8, 2013 Appellant’s motion came on to be heard before the Hon. Charles
Dickerson, 123rd District Court. (RR. Vol.3, p.1). The three law enforcement officers
responsible for interrogating Appellant and taking her written statement testified at the
hearing. (RR. Vol.3, p.11‐74). Three DVD recordings of Appellant’s videotaped
interrogation, totaling approximately 8 hours (State’s exhibits #1‐3), as well as Appellant’s
handwritten statement (State’s exhibits #4) were admitted into evidence. (RR. Vol.3, p. 3, 7‐
8, 40). The intent and understanding of both parties was for Judge Dickerson to watch the
video recordings on his own. (RR.Vol.3, p.9 – District Attorney advising Judge on how to play
the videos) (RR.Vol 5, p.193 – District Attorney recounting that videos were tendered to
Judge Dickerson for his review).
1 The clerk’s record is referenced as “CR” followed by volume and page number. The
reporter’s record is referenced as “RR” followed by volume and page number.
11 The primary focus during the hearing concerned Appellant’s mental state and demeanor
during interrogation. There was frequent disagreement between the testifying officers and
defense counsel on this issue. While Cartwright did not testify during the suppression hearing
(RR Vol. 3, p. 10 – defense counsel awaiting psychological evaluation), from an evidentiary
standpoint, the factual disagreements were put at issue for the trial court by reference to
allegedly contradictory video evidence as well as Cartwright’s actual video‐recorded
statements.
Appellant’s “demeanor” during interrogation was a subject of frequent disagreement:
“District Attorney: Sir, there’s been a lot of questions directed to you about the demeanor of this defendant during the course of this interview, whether she’s in shock and grieving and all of that, correct?
Officer: Yes, sir.
District Attorney: Sir, is the best evidence of her demeanor the actual videos themselves?
Officer: Yes, sir.” (RR.Vol.3, p.43, Lines 11‐18)
The transcript indicates that Cartwright’s demeanor during interrogation was
mentioned exactly eleven times during the hearing. (RR. Vol. 3).
The District Attorney referred to the interrogation videos as the best source of evidence
for other disputed issues as well: (RR. Vol.3, p.45 – Video will show Cartwright not threatened
during questioning);(RR.Vol.3, p.47 – Video will show Cartwright was not “crazy” because she
physically demonstrated her physical abuse to the child); (RR. Vol.3, p. 47 – video shows
Cartwright was not emotional during questioning).
Evidence was presented through the testifying officers about Appellant’s own
statements concerning her then‐existing mental state, and whether or not she understood her
12 rights, thereby placing Appellant’s own credibility in direct issue. (RR Vol.3, p. 20‐21 ‐
Cartwright advised detectives that she had mental issues); (RR Vol.3, p. 22 – Cartwright made
the statement that people said she was crazy); (RR Vol.3, p. 22 ‐ Detective took [Cartwright’s
statement about being crazy] “with a grain of salt”); (RR Vol.3, p. 24 – Cartwright contended she
had no knowledge of any injuries that the baby had); (RR. Vol.3, p.36 – disagreement about
whether Cartwright asked numerous times for clarification as to what her rights were); (RR.
Vol.3, p.36 – disagreement about whether Cartwright asked for clarification on her right to
remain silent); (RR. Vol.3, p.43,p.64 – Cartwright responded that she did understand her rights);
(RR.Vol.3, p.47 – Detectives believed Cartwright trying to minimize her role when she said she
was crazy).
A review of the transcript shows that the key disagreement during the suppression
hearing was whether Appellant’s behavior, as shown in the videos, demonstrates an intelligent
and rational mental state, or not. Those competing claims could only have been resolved by
Judge Dickerson actually watching the admitted videotapes and making findings as to
credibility. The record is silent as to whether Judge Dickerson ever reviewed the videos.
B. Judge Dickerson Did Not Make a Ruling on Appellant’s Motion and Did Not Issue Written
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.
The suppression hearing was recessed by agreement of the parties for the presentation
of additional evidence at a later time. (RR. Vol.3, p. 74). Defense counsel wanted to have
Appellant psychologically evaluated (RR. Vol.3, p. 5, 77‐78). The suppression hearing was never
resumed in front of Judge Dickerson and Judge Dickerson did not issue a ruling or findings of
13 fact. (RR. Vol.4, p.143, 145 – “We all thought another judge was going to rule on it, but it just
never happened”).
C. Judge Mitchell Relied Solely on Reading the July 8th Transcript Before Denying Appellants
Motion Raising Due Process Involuntariness Claims.
Defendant’s jury trial commenced on January 13, 2014, approximately six months after
the original suppression hearing. Trial was presided over by the Hon. Charles Mitchell, 273rd
District Court. (RR. Vols.4‐10). During trial, but outside the jury’s presence of the jury, the
suppression hearing was resumed. (Vol. 5., p.193‐207).
“MR. FLORENCE:∙ We are, Your Honor.∙ And the purpose of this ‐‐ this is basically a continuation of a hearing.∙ On July 13th ‐‐ July 8th, I'm sorry, 2013, we started a motion to suppress hearing where witnesses' testimony was taken, which you have the reporter's record for that, as well as the video confessions, I'll call them, were tendered to the Court for the Court to review. That particular judge never made a ruling on it.∙ So by agreement on ‐‐ you know, the Court on record yesterday, we agreed you could look at that – the reporter's record from that prior hearing, where I believe Ms. Faulkner testified as well as Mr. Windham about the voluntariness of the statements. And then at the beginning of the tape, you can see where the admonishments, the 38.22 admonishments and whatnot were given to the Defendant. So I was just going to start at the beginning of the first video, and then what happens the second day, she had asked officers back and they re‐admonished her and took another statement. And so I was just going to play both of those, and I believe that would satisfy the requirements of the hearing for voluntariness.
THE COURT:∙ You're not going to play the whole thing, are you?∙ Just the ‐‐
MR. FLORENCE:∙ No, Your Honor.∙ I'm just going to play the admonishments.
THE COURT:∙ Just the warnings?
MR. VELASQUEZ:∙ The whole thing would be about seven and a half hours. (RR Vol. 5, p. 193‐194).
The Court declined an offer to take new testimony concerning the voluntariness of Appellant’s statements:
MR. FLORENCE: And I know that Detective Faulkner was one of the witnesses there. I
14 can go through some more of that about the voluntariness unless after reading the records, you’ve already done so.
COURT: I don’t think you need to be repetitive about that. I would – I would like to just see the admonishments or the warnings that were given. (RR Vol. 5, p. 195‐196).
None of the witnesses who testified on July 8, 2013 were recalled to testify anew. (Id., p.193‐
207). The only new evidence taken concerned admitting the signed Miranda warning cards
(Id., p.200) and who was present in the interrogation room (Id. 197‐198). Judge Mitchell ruled
that the videotaped statements were voluntary and admissible:
“MR. FLORENCE:∙ Yes, Your Honor.∙ I didn't pass the witness because based on your ruling in this hearing, what I would intend to do tomorrow with the jury was start with the videotape statement. So once you rule upon this motion, if it's excluded, I need to figure out what I'm going to do between now and tomorrow.∙ And if you rule it's admissible, then tomorrow morning we show up, I plan to start off with this for the jury.
THE COURT:∙ Okay.∙ Out of the presence of the jury, I rule it's admissible.
MR. FLORENCE:∙ Your Honor, do you specifically rule ‐‐
THE COURT:∙ I find it to be voluntary. But ‐‐ and I'll make the necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law for the appellate record.”∙ (Id., p.204 ‐205).
However, findings of fact were not filed prior to the videotapes being played for the jury.
From the available record it appears that the first findings actually signed by the Court are the
Nunc Pro Tunc findings signed on March 2, 2015, after Appellant’s first motion to this Court.
D. The Trial Court Committed Garcia Error and Neither Exception to Garcia’s Remedy of a de
novo Suppression Hearing is Applicable. Therefore, a New Hearing is Required.
In Appellant’s case Judge #1 presided over the suppression hearing. Testimony and
evidence was admitted that necessitated that an evaluation of credibility and demeanor be
15 made in order to rule on Appellant’s involuntariness challenge. However, no ruling denying
the motion was entered and no written findings of fact and conclusions of law were placed
into the record. Six months later Judge #2 reads the transcript from that hearing and relies on
it exclusively to deny Appellant’s motion (although some new evidence was taken on the
separate issue of whether Appellant was properly Mirandized). This clearly is Garcia error and
Garcia’s remedy is a new suppression hearing.
Neither recognized exception to Garcia applies. Here, unlike Bass the second Judge
did not base his ruling on a previous judge’s ruling and findings of fact. Here, unlike Velez, the
second Judge did not base his ruling on a previous judge’s ruling and the first judge is still
available and still serving on the bench.
E. Under Current Precedent, the Rules of Procedural Default and Invited Error are Not
Relevant to a Garcia Error Analysis.
See Chapters I‐V supra.
VI. CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the Appellant, Shakeitha Cartwright, prays for an
order abating this appeal, an order directing the trial court to hold de novo a hearing under
Art. 38.22, § 6, Tex. Code Crim. Proc., and following said hearing, to prepare and file findings of
fact and conclusions of law as to the voluntariness of Appellant’s statements to law
enforcement, and to file in the Appellate Court a supplemental clerk’s record containing those
findings, and for an order staying the briefing schedule until the foregoing is accomplished.
Respectfully,
Seth T. Johnson, #24082212 928 N University Dr. Nacogdoches, TX 75961 (P) 936‐205‐6775 (F) 936‐715‐3022 johnsondefenselaw@gmail.com
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing Brief, was delivered via electronic filing service to: Kenneth Florence, Shelby County District Attorney, on October 15, 2015.
Seth T. Johnson, #24082212