IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
_____________________________________ No. 93-9345 _____________________________________ (District Court No. 1:91-cv-2397-RCF)
ROBIN JOY SHAHAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus
MICHAEL J. BOWERS, individually and THURBERT E. BAKER, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Georgia,
Defendants-Appellants. ______________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia _______________________________________ (August 1, 1997)
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT, ANDERSON, EDMONDSON, COX, BIRCH, DUBINA, BLACK, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and GODBOLD and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judges.
BY THE C O U R T:
This case is before the court on Plaintiff-Appellant’s petition for rehearing and on her motion to supplement the record or for a remand to do so.
MOTION TO SUPPLEMENT
1 Ms. Shahar’s petition for rehearing relies, in part, on two recent
newspaper articles reporting that former Attorney General Michael J. Bowers has admitted to having an adulterous affair in the past with a
woman employed in the Department of Law. She requests that this
information become part of the record in this case by judicial notice or by remand to the district court for discovery. Defendants-Appellees, stressing arguments of finality, irrelevance and estoppel, argue that the
motion to supplement or to remand should be denied. The motion to
supplement the record or to remand is DENIED.
Although we have inherent equitable power to supplement the
record with information not reviewed by the district court, “[s]uch authority is rarely exercised.” Ross v. Kemp, 785 F.2d 1467, 1474 (11th Cir. 1986). The reason for this rule is that the district courts are
the courts in which cases are to be litigated and decided initially. While we have the authority to supplement a record even after we
have rendered both a panel opinion and then an en banc opinion on a case, the law’s strong interest in finality dictates that supplementation
of the record at such a late stage would be an especially extraordinary
event and would require the clearest showing of just need to warrant
2 the supplementation.1 A review of the present record in this case shows that no strong equities favor supplementing the record at this
time. Review of the present record reflects that Ms. Shahar, in the
district court, had the opportunity to pursue discovery on the question of whether or not lawyers in the Department of Law -- including the Attorney General -- had committed adultery. She did not press the
matter, however. Instead, the parties entered into an agreement2 in
1 An appeal is the review of the final judgment of the district court. See 28 U.S.C. §1291 (Final Decision of District Court). When the district court enters its final judgment on a case, the evidence is closed; and the record (that is, the factual basis of the case) for appeal is established. At no time when a case is on appeal is adding information to the record -- information that was never before the district court -- usual and favored by the law. Therefore, that the information which Ms. Shahar wants us to add to the record now would have been allowed in earlier -- before we had announced our en banc opinion -- is by no means certain; we need not decide that issue because that issue is not before us.
2 The Attorney General seemingly never put his signature on the agreement; the record, however, reflects that Mr. Bowers’ deposition testimony is in conformity with the agreement, see Bowers Dep. at 67-69, the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by the Attorney General in the district court referenced the agreement, see Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 15-16, and we are cited to no act of the Attorney General’s office which seems inconsistent with the agreement, although the Attorney General did argue issues of public perception and of appearances on the matter 3 district court which limited the efforts of both sides to discover information about the sexual histories of the specific people involved
in this litigation.
Pursuant to this agreement, the Attorney General stated that he, on the date that he withdrew the offer to her of employment, had no
specific knowledge of any sexual conduct of Ms. Shahar and that his
decision to withdraw the offer of employment was based on no act of sexual conduct on Ms. Shahar’s part. In turn, Ms. Shahar -- who has had the advice of counsel throughout this case -- agreed to forego
having the Attorney General respond to written interrogatories which
had requested the names of any law department employees believed by the Attorney General to have engaged in sodomy or adultery.3 The
of sodomy and “married” homosexuals in general. 3 Never has Ms. Shahar said that her interrogatories in the district court were not broad enough to include the Attorney General’s own conduct. In fact, she tells us that the information that she advances about Bowers now is precisely the information that “he refused to discuss in discovery.” Petition for Rehearing and Motion to Supplement the Record or For Remand to Do So at 2. Particularly in the light of the correspondence between the parties when they were in the district court, we agree. Although we think it is plain that Ms. Shahar did undertake discovery on the matters now at issue, whether she did so or not, she could have done so; and this point is the main one. 4 stipulation worked to protect both sides in this litigation from additional trouble, including intrusions into their personal histories, as
this case churned through the district court. But this point is the decisive one: Given that Ms. Shahar, in the
district court, made no motions to compel the discovery of the names of law department employees who had engaged in adultery, we cannot say that the information about Mr. Bowers which she seeks to inject
into the case now -- almost six years after she filed her lawsuit and
more than three years after the district court ruled against her -- was
information which she could not have discovered with due diligence
years ago. Because Ms. Shahar did not diligently seek out this information when the information could have been regularly
considered by the district court and then by the court of appeals, no
strong equities favor her request that we take the extraordinary step of supplementing the record at this late moment. Parties to lawsuits often agree to limit discovery to avoid extra
costs or embarrassment, or one side just chooses to abandon some line of discovery as more trouble than it is worth. These kinds of decisions
are strategic and routine. A party’s strategic decisions for litigation
5 are to a great extent based on conjectures about what future course will be most favorable to the party; with hindsight, some of the
conjectures turn out to be incorrect. But to hold litigants to their strategic decisions on how broadly or narrowly they wish to litigate is
not unfair.4 So, we will not remand this case for the parties to start
4 Our colleagues, who dissent from the denial of the motion to supplement, quote one sentence from the Response to the motion. The sentence is accurately quoted. But the Response as a whole is about seven pages in length. Taken as a whole, the Response is no definite and unconditional stipulation by Appellees that the record should be supplemented now. See, e.g., Response at 1 (“Both Mr. Baker and Mr.
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
_____________________________________ No. 93-9345 _____________________________________ (District Court No. 1:91-cv-2397-RCF)
ROBIN JOY SHAHAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus
MICHAEL J. BOWERS, individually and THURBERT E. BAKER, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Georgia,
Defendants-Appellants. ______________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia _______________________________________ (August 1, 1997)
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT, ANDERSON, EDMONDSON, COX, BIRCH, DUBINA, BLACK, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and GODBOLD and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judges.
BY THE C O U R T:
This case is before the court on Plaintiff-Appellant’s petition for rehearing and on her motion to supplement the record or for a remand to do so.
MOTION TO SUPPLEMENT
1 Ms. Shahar’s petition for rehearing relies, in part, on two recent
newspaper articles reporting that former Attorney General Michael J. Bowers has admitted to having an adulterous affair in the past with a
woman employed in the Department of Law. She requests that this
information become part of the record in this case by judicial notice or by remand to the district court for discovery. Defendants-Appellees, stressing arguments of finality, irrelevance and estoppel, argue that the
motion to supplement or to remand should be denied. The motion to
supplement the record or to remand is DENIED.
Although we have inherent equitable power to supplement the
record with information not reviewed by the district court, “[s]uch authority is rarely exercised.” Ross v. Kemp, 785 F.2d 1467, 1474 (11th Cir. 1986). The reason for this rule is that the district courts are
the courts in which cases are to be litigated and decided initially. While we have the authority to supplement a record even after we
have rendered both a panel opinion and then an en banc opinion on a case, the law’s strong interest in finality dictates that supplementation
of the record at such a late stage would be an especially extraordinary
event and would require the clearest showing of just need to warrant
2 the supplementation.1 A review of the present record in this case shows that no strong equities favor supplementing the record at this
time. Review of the present record reflects that Ms. Shahar, in the
district court, had the opportunity to pursue discovery on the question of whether or not lawyers in the Department of Law -- including the Attorney General -- had committed adultery. She did not press the
matter, however. Instead, the parties entered into an agreement2 in
1 An appeal is the review of the final judgment of the district court. See 28 U.S.C. §1291 (Final Decision of District Court). When the district court enters its final judgment on a case, the evidence is closed; and the record (that is, the factual basis of the case) for appeal is established. At no time when a case is on appeal is adding information to the record -- information that was never before the district court -- usual and favored by the law. Therefore, that the information which Ms. Shahar wants us to add to the record now would have been allowed in earlier -- before we had announced our en banc opinion -- is by no means certain; we need not decide that issue because that issue is not before us.
2 The Attorney General seemingly never put his signature on the agreement; the record, however, reflects that Mr. Bowers’ deposition testimony is in conformity with the agreement, see Bowers Dep. at 67-69, the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by the Attorney General in the district court referenced the agreement, see Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 15-16, and we are cited to no act of the Attorney General’s office which seems inconsistent with the agreement, although the Attorney General did argue issues of public perception and of appearances on the matter 3 district court which limited the efforts of both sides to discover information about the sexual histories of the specific people involved
in this litigation.
Pursuant to this agreement, the Attorney General stated that he, on the date that he withdrew the offer to her of employment, had no
specific knowledge of any sexual conduct of Ms. Shahar and that his
decision to withdraw the offer of employment was based on no act of sexual conduct on Ms. Shahar’s part. In turn, Ms. Shahar -- who has had the advice of counsel throughout this case -- agreed to forego
having the Attorney General respond to written interrogatories which
had requested the names of any law department employees believed by the Attorney General to have engaged in sodomy or adultery.3 The
of sodomy and “married” homosexuals in general. 3 Never has Ms. Shahar said that her interrogatories in the district court were not broad enough to include the Attorney General’s own conduct. In fact, she tells us that the information that she advances about Bowers now is precisely the information that “he refused to discuss in discovery.” Petition for Rehearing and Motion to Supplement the Record or For Remand to Do So at 2. Particularly in the light of the correspondence between the parties when they were in the district court, we agree. Although we think it is plain that Ms. Shahar did undertake discovery on the matters now at issue, whether she did so or not, she could have done so; and this point is the main one. 4 stipulation worked to protect both sides in this litigation from additional trouble, including intrusions into their personal histories, as
this case churned through the district court. But this point is the decisive one: Given that Ms. Shahar, in the
district court, made no motions to compel the discovery of the names of law department employees who had engaged in adultery, we cannot say that the information about Mr. Bowers which she seeks to inject
into the case now -- almost six years after she filed her lawsuit and
more than three years after the district court ruled against her -- was
information which she could not have discovered with due diligence
years ago. Because Ms. Shahar did not diligently seek out this information when the information could have been regularly
considered by the district court and then by the court of appeals, no
strong equities favor her request that we take the extraordinary step of supplementing the record at this late moment. Parties to lawsuits often agree to limit discovery to avoid extra
costs or embarrassment, or one side just chooses to abandon some line of discovery as more trouble than it is worth. These kinds of decisions
are strategic and routine. A party’s strategic decisions for litigation
5 are to a great extent based on conjectures about what future course will be most favorable to the party; with hindsight, some of the
conjectures turn out to be incorrect. But to hold litigants to their strategic decisions on how broadly or narrowly they wish to litigate is
not unfair.4 So, we will not remand this case for the parties to start
4 Our colleagues, who dissent from the denial of the motion to supplement, quote one sentence from the Response to the motion. The sentence is accurately quoted. But the Response as a whole is about seven pages in length. Taken as a whole, the Response is no definite and unconditional stipulation by Appellees that the record should be supplemented now. See, e.g., Response at 1 (“Both Mr. Baker and Mr. Bowers oppose Appellant’s Motion for Rehearing and her Motion to Supplement the Record in this case with the Declaration of Michael Adams [containing the two newspaper articles].”); Id. at 2 (“The interests of finality alone would dictate that the motion to supplement should be denied.”). More important, however, is this point of law: The parties to an appeal cannot bind the court to supplement the record no matter how plainly they both stipulate that supplementation is all right with them. The appellate court has the duty to make the decision to supplement or not to supplement. In some cases, the parties may, for their own reasons, be happy for litigation to continue or feel -- perhaps for reasons that have little to do with the case or with the law -- that some evidence should not be objected to by them. But the cases in this court are our business, too. An appellate court has the duty to consider wider circumstances than the parties’ preferences or lack of objections. For example, it is vital that we see to it that litigation (including discovery disputes and compromises) in the district courts be taken seriously by the parties and that the litigation be conducted in an orderly way in accord with regular procedures and practices. We also have a duty to see to it 6 over now. In addition to the procedural bar, we point out that the taking of
judicial notice of facts is, as a matter of evidence law, a highly limited
process. The reason for this caution is that the taking of judicial notice bypasses the safeguards which are involved with the usual process of
proving facts by competent evidence in district court. Courts can take
notice of certain facts without formal proof but only where the fact in question is “one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or
(2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b).
For example, the kinds of things about which courts ordinarily
that finality means something real in the federal courts. Our duties require (even in cases with great, immediate attention from the public) not only that we must consider the case before us, but that we must keep our eyes fixed on the precedent we might make and on the conduct of the business -- present and future -- of the courts generally. While we decide one case at a time, we do so against a background of the law, that is, the set of principles which will regulate all cases. These simple, but high, concerns drive today’s decision to prohibit the supplementation -- after our court has ruled twice and long after the district court has ruled -- of the record in this case. 7 take judicial notice are (1) scientific facts: for instance, when the sun rises or sets; (2) matters of geography: for instance, what are the
boundaries of a state; or (3) matters of political history: for instance, who was president in 1958. Ms. Shahar asks us to take judicial notice of the conduct of one person, Michael J. Bowers; and she asks us to
take judicial notice of conduct which is not his official conduct (an example of his official conduct which might be judicially noticed would
be that he issued a particular official opinion on a certain date). She
has shown us no case -- and we have found none -- where a federal court of appeals took judicial notice of the unofficial conduct of one
person based upon newspaper accounts (or the person’s campaign
committee’s press release) about that conduct.5 We are not inclined to extend the doctrine of judicial notice as far as Plaintiff-Appellant asks
5 We stress that we are not asked merely to take judicial notice of the fact that the media has reported “X” or the fact that a press release says “X.” We are asked to know “X.” The dissent mentions a statement “made by Mr. Bowers.” The only pertinent statement before us which might be said to have been made by Mr. Bowers is a written press release on “Bowers for Governor” letterhead. The statement is unsworn, unsigned, and speaks neither of “adultery” nor of other sexual conduct; it does use words like “involved with” and “relationship.” Whatever people in general may wish to infer for themselves from this release, the statement lays no foundation for a federal court’s taking judicial notice that Mr. Bowers has committed adultery or fornication. 8 us to take it.6 Apart from these other sufficient and independent reasons for
declining to supplement the record, we also decline because -- if the proposed supplemental information were to be added to the many
other circumstances already in the case -- we cannot readily say that the result of the case probably would be different from the 30 May result.
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING
The petition for rehearing is DENIED.
6 We do not accept this proposition to be part of the law of evidence: that information -- a “fact” which is an improper subject of judicial notice -- automatically becomes a proper subject of judicial notice if no party objects to the “fact”and that, therefore, an appellate court is bound to take judicial notice of the “fact.” 9