1 Reported in 226 N.W. 211, 701.
Defendant appeals from a judgment against him in contempt proceedings.
Plaintiff and defendant, who had been husband and wife since September, 1910, separated in February, 1926. On June 19, 1926, they entered into a lengthy postnuptial agreement, arrangements being made therein for practically every conceivable contingency. It provided, among other property arrangements, that defendant should pay plaintiff $35 per week until the sale of the homestead, when a lesser payment should be made, subject to the happening of certain contingent events. The homestead has not been sold.
Subdivisions (f) and (g) of paragraph 8 of the agreement are as follows:
"(f) Each of the parties to this agreement accepts the stipulation hereof in lieu of any other right, claim, interest or demand against or upon the other or in or to the property or estate of the other growing out of the marital relation and except as provided by the terms of this agreement, each of such parties forever releases and discharges the other and the property and estate of the other from any and every claim or obligation, whatsoever;
"(g) Nothing in this agreement express or recited shall be held or construed as in any wise preventing either of the parties hereto from instituting proper proceedings against the other for an absolute divorce, but it is expressly stipulated and agreed that in the event either of the parties shall hereafter institute such divorce proceedings, the settlement in this agreement provided, shall be accepted in lieu of any claim by either of the parties against the other for any allowances, temporary or otherwise, or for support, maintenance or alimony, and it is further expressly stipulated that this agreement may be incorporated in the terms of any decree of divorce and that such decree shall accept the terms of this agreement as a full settlement of all rights and claims of whatsoever kind or character on the part of either of the parties hereto against the other or against the property or estate of the other."
In a divorce action instituted by plaintiff against defendant, a final judgment and decree was entered granting her a divorce. Defendant has since remarried. The postnuptial agreement was adopted by the court as a part of the judgment, and defendant was therein, as of September 14, 1927, required to pay plaintiff alimony in the sum of $35 per week. See Brenger v. Brenger, 142 Wis. 26, 125 N.W. 109,26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387, 135 A.S.R. 1050, 19 Ann. Cas. 1136.
Defendant, on September 29, 1928, was in default in making eight of said $35 payments, a total of $280. Contempt proceedings were instituted against defendant for such failure, and as a result the court found him guilty of contempt and he was ordered to appear
before the court on a date stated for the imposition of sentence on account of such contempt. An appeal from that order was taken to this court and dismissed as an unappealable order. Judgment was entered on April 11, 1929, as follows:
"Dr. Sessions, the court by its order of November 8, 1928, as amended, having found you guilty of contempt of court for disobedience of its order, it is adjudged and decreed and ordered that you be committed to the county jail of this county of Hennepin, and state of Minnesota, and be there detained and confined for a period not to exceed 30 days, or until you have paid to the plaintiff, Elizabeth B. Sessions, the sum of $280, and to her attorney the further sum of $100, attorney's fees in this proceeding, as a part of the necessary costs and expenses thereof. This means that the defendant may be released upon the payment of the respective sums named, and that his incarceration shall not exceed a period of 30 days in any event."
From this judgment the appeal is taken.
Defendant's main contention here is that the trial court had no jurisdiction in this case to punish the defendant for contempt or to require defendant to pay $100 or any other sum as attorney's fees.
The district courts of Minnesota have original and exclusive jurisdiction in divorce proceedings. An action in divorce is in rem, the res being the marriage status or relation existing between the parties. Searles v. Searles, 140 Minn. 385,168 N.W. 133. The state is an interested party in every action for divorce. True v. True, 6 Minn. 315 (458); Olmstead v. Olmstead,41 Minn. 297, 43 N.W. 67; Bundermann v. Bundermann, 117 Minn. 366,135 N.W. 998; McElrath v. McElrath, 120 Minn. 380,139 N.W. 708, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505.
The granting of alimony is one of the express statutory powers of the district court in divorce proceedings. G. S. 1923 (2 Mason, 1927) §§ 8593, 8601-8604. In the latter section, referring to the order of the court for the payment of alimony or other allowance ordered or decreed to the wife, it is provided that "if any person or
party shall disobey such order, he may be punished by the court as for contempt." G. S. 1923 (2 Mason, 1927) § 9803, provides:
"If any actual loss or injury to a party in an action or special proceeding, prejudicial to his right therein, is caused by such contempt, the court or officer, in addition to the fine or imprisonment imposed therefor, may order the person guilty of the contempt to pay the party aggrieved a sum of money sufficient to indemnify him and satisfy his costs and expenses, * * *."
It is true that postnuptial agreements between a husband and wife, after separation takes place, are not contrary to public policy and, in the absence of fraud or any other invalidating cause, are valid and enforceable. 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed.) § 4283, and cases cited. These decisions are in no way contrary to the conclusion we reach.
Defendant's contention that the subject of alimony was removed from the jurisdiction of the court by the voluntary action of the parties is as untenable as would be a claim that they could effectively agree upon a divorce and its terms. The power to grant alimony is inherent in divorce proceedings. "Alimony does not arise from any business transaction, but from the relation of marriage. It is not founded on contract, express or implied, but on the natural and legal duty of the husband to support the wife." Audubon v. Shufeldt,181 U.S. 575, 577, 21 S.Ct. 735, 45 L. ed. 1009; Herrick v. Herrick,319 Ill. 146, 149 N.E. 820. As to the meaning of the words "in lieu of alimony" and other pertinent language here involved, see Welty v. Welty, 195 Ill. 335, 63 N.E. 161, 88 A.S.R. 208; Herrick v. Herrick, 319 Ill. 146, 149 N.E. 820; Norris v. Norris, 162 Wis. 356,
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1 Reported in 226 N.W. 211, 701.
Defendant appeals from a judgment against him in contempt proceedings.
Plaintiff and defendant, who had been husband and wife since September, 1910, separated in February, 1926. On June 19, 1926, they entered into a lengthy postnuptial agreement, arrangements being made therein for practically every conceivable contingency. It provided, among other property arrangements, that defendant should pay plaintiff $35 per week until the sale of the homestead, when a lesser payment should be made, subject to the happening of certain contingent events. The homestead has not been sold.
Subdivisions (f) and (g) of paragraph 8 of the agreement are as follows:
"(f) Each of the parties to this agreement accepts the stipulation hereof in lieu of any other right, claim, interest or demand against or upon the other or in or to the property or estate of the other growing out of the marital relation and except as provided by the terms of this agreement, each of such parties forever releases and discharges the other and the property and estate of the other from any and every claim or obligation, whatsoever;
"(g) Nothing in this agreement express or recited shall be held or construed as in any wise preventing either of the parties hereto from instituting proper proceedings against the other for an absolute divorce, but it is expressly stipulated and agreed that in the event either of the parties shall hereafter institute such divorce proceedings, the settlement in this agreement provided, shall be accepted in lieu of any claim by either of the parties against the other for any allowances, temporary or otherwise, or for support, maintenance or alimony, and it is further expressly stipulated that this agreement may be incorporated in the terms of any decree of divorce and that such decree shall accept the terms of this agreement as a full settlement of all rights and claims of whatsoever kind or character on the part of either of the parties hereto against the other or against the property or estate of the other."
In a divorce action instituted by plaintiff against defendant, a final judgment and decree was entered granting her a divorce. Defendant has since remarried. The postnuptial agreement was adopted by the court as a part of the judgment, and defendant was therein, as of September 14, 1927, required to pay plaintiff alimony in the sum of $35 per week. See Brenger v. Brenger, 142 Wis. 26, 125 N.W. 109,26 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387, 135 A.S.R. 1050, 19 Ann. Cas. 1136.
Defendant, on September 29, 1928, was in default in making eight of said $35 payments, a total of $280. Contempt proceedings were instituted against defendant for such failure, and as a result the court found him guilty of contempt and he was ordered to appear
before the court on a date stated for the imposition of sentence on account of such contempt. An appeal from that order was taken to this court and dismissed as an unappealable order. Judgment was entered on April 11, 1929, as follows:
"Dr. Sessions, the court by its order of November 8, 1928, as amended, having found you guilty of contempt of court for disobedience of its order, it is adjudged and decreed and ordered that you be committed to the county jail of this county of Hennepin, and state of Minnesota, and be there detained and confined for a period not to exceed 30 days, or until you have paid to the plaintiff, Elizabeth B. Sessions, the sum of $280, and to her attorney the further sum of $100, attorney's fees in this proceeding, as a part of the necessary costs and expenses thereof. This means that the defendant may be released upon the payment of the respective sums named, and that his incarceration shall not exceed a period of 30 days in any event."
From this judgment the appeal is taken.
Defendant's main contention here is that the trial court had no jurisdiction in this case to punish the defendant for contempt or to require defendant to pay $100 or any other sum as attorney's fees.
The district courts of Minnesota have original and exclusive jurisdiction in divorce proceedings. An action in divorce is in rem, the res being the marriage status or relation existing between the parties. Searles v. Searles, 140 Minn. 385,168 N.W. 133. The state is an interested party in every action for divorce. True v. True, 6 Minn. 315 (458); Olmstead v. Olmstead,41 Minn. 297, 43 N.W. 67; Bundermann v. Bundermann, 117 Minn. 366,135 N.W. 998; McElrath v. McElrath, 120 Minn. 380,139 N.W. 708, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 505.
The granting of alimony is one of the express statutory powers of the district court in divorce proceedings. G. S. 1923 (2 Mason, 1927) §§ 8593, 8601-8604. In the latter section, referring to the order of the court for the payment of alimony or other allowance ordered or decreed to the wife, it is provided that "if any person or
party shall disobey such order, he may be punished by the court as for contempt." G. S. 1923 (2 Mason, 1927) § 9803, provides:
"If any actual loss or injury to a party in an action or special proceeding, prejudicial to his right therein, is caused by such contempt, the court or officer, in addition to the fine or imprisonment imposed therefor, may order the person guilty of the contempt to pay the party aggrieved a sum of money sufficient to indemnify him and satisfy his costs and expenses, * * *."
It is true that postnuptial agreements between a husband and wife, after separation takes place, are not contrary to public policy and, in the absence of fraud or any other invalidating cause, are valid and enforceable. 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed.) § 4283, and cases cited. These decisions are in no way contrary to the conclusion we reach.
Defendant's contention that the subject of alimony was removed from the jurisdiction of the court by the voluntary action of the parties is as untenable as would be a claim that they could effectively agree upon a divorce and its terms. The power to grant alimony is inherent in divorce proceedings. "Alimony does not arise from any business transaction, but from the relation of marriage. It is not founded on contract, express or implied, but on the natural and legal duty of the husband to support the wife." Audubon v. Shufeldt,181 U.S. 575, 577, 21 S.Ct. 735, 45 L. ed. 1009; Herrick v. Herrick,319 Ill. 146, 149 N.E. 820. As to the meaning of the words "in lieu of alimony" and other pertinent language here involved, see Welty v. Welty, 195 Ill. 335, 63 N.E. 161, 88 A.S.R. 208; Herrick v. Herrick, 319 Ill. 146, 149 N.E. 820; Norris v. Norris, 162 Wis. 356, 156 N.W. 778. Parties may not, by agreement, oust the court of jurisdiction to award alimony and to punish for contempt a failure to comply with the judgment awarding alimony.3 Had there been no divorce proceedings, the claim for payment of $35 per week in the agreement could have been enforced as any other proper obligation in an agreement. Here the court, by incorporating
the agreement in the judgment, provided for alimony — the weekly payments — as it had a right to do. It could have fixed it at a different sum. A strikingly similar and instructive case is found in Messler v. Jackson Circuit Judge, 188 Mich. 195,154 N.W. 63. The future increasing or decreasing of the amount to be paid, provided changed conditions warrant the same, remains within the power of the court. Warren v. Warren,116 Minn. 458, 133 N.W. 1009; Herrick v. Herrick, 319 Ill. 146,149 N.E. 820.
The judgment expressly provided for an application to the court by either party for such other relief as might be proper in the premises. A full and comprehensive discussion of alimony is found in Bensel v. Hall, 177 Minn. 178, 225 N.W. 104. The allowance of attorney's fees was proper. G. S. 1923 (2 Mason, 1927) § 9803; State ex rel. Hoefs v. District Court, 113 Minn. 304,129 N.W. 583; Campbell v. Motion P. M. Operators,151 Minn. 238, 186 N.W. 787. See also Spratt v. Spratt, 151 Minn. 458,185 N.W. 509, 187 N.W. 227. The judgment in the contempt proceedings should be and it is hereby affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
UPON APPLICATION FOR REARGUMENT.
On September 6, 1929, the following opinion was filed:
When payment of attorney fees may be coerced by imprisonment. [Reporter]
3 See opinion, after reargument, on pages 80, 81 [Reporter].