Segarra v. Federal Reserve Bank of N.Y.
Opinion
14‐1714 Segarra v. Federal Reserve Bank of N.Y.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2014
(Submitted: April 20, 2015 Decided: September 23, 2015)
Docket No. 14‐1714
CARMEN M. SEGARRA,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
‐v.‐
THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK, MICHAEL SILVA, MICHAEL KOH, JOHNATHON KIM,
Defendants‐Appellees.
Before: KEARSE, PARKER, and WESLEY, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff‐Appellant Carmen Segarra filed this whistleblower suit against her former employer, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”), and three of its employees. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the suit by memorandum‐opinion dated April 23, 2014,
and order dated April 24, 2014. The district court determined, inter alia, that Segarra could not maintain claims against FRBNY’s employees under the banking agency whistleblower protection statute, 12 U.S.C. § 1831j(a)(2).
We AFFIRM. Judge Kearse concurs in result only in a separate opinion.
Segarra’s other arguments are addressed in a summary order filed simultaneously with this opinion.
Linda J. Stengle, Stengle Law, Boyertown, PA, for Plaintiff‐Appellant.
Thomas C. Baxter, Jr., David Gross, Thomas M. Noone, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY, for Defendants‐Appellees The Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Michael Koh, and Johnathon Kim.
Richard F. Hans, DLA Piper LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant‐ Appellee Michael Silva.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff‐Appellant Carmen Segarra filed this whistleblower suit against her former employer, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”), and three of its employees. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Abrams, J.) dismissed the suit by memorandum‐opinion dated April 23, 2014, and order dated April 24, 2014. The district court determined, inter alia, that Segarra could not maintain claims against FRBNY’s employees under the banking agency whistleblower protection statute, 12 U.S.C. § 1831j(a)(2).
For the reasons stated below, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
BACKGROUND1
On October 31, 2011, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”)
hired Carmen Segarra as a Senior Bank Examiner. FRBNY is one of twelve banks that, along with a Board of Governors, make up the Federal Reserve System. One of FRBNY’s major responsibilities is to evaluate the “‘soundness’ of banking organizations by assessing an ‘organization’s risk‐management systems, financial condition, and compliance with applicable banking laws and regulations.’” Spec. App. 2 (quoting Compl. ¶ 26). Segarra’s first assignment was to examine the Legal and Compliance division of Goldman Sachs; in particular, her examination focused on Goldman Sachs’s conflict of interest policy and three financial transactions in which the firm had been involved that had received unfavorable media attention. She claims that her examination was hindered by three FRBNY employees: Michael Silva, Michael Koh, and Johnathon Kim. Silva was a relationship manager between FRBNY and Goldman Sachs. Silva’s deputy, Koh, was “embedded on site” at Goldman
1 Unless otherwise noted, the facts are taken from Segarra’s First Amended Complaint.
Sachs. Joint App. 7.6. Kim worked as the Supervising Officer of the Legal and Compliance Risk Team, and he supervised Segarra during the relevant time period.
On November 1, 2011, Kim instructed Segarra to use a document distributed by the Board of Governors as the basis for her examination of Goldman Sachs’s conflict of interest policy. The document entitled “Complex Risk Management Programs and Oversight at Large Banking Organizations with Complex Compliance Profiles” (hereinafter “SR 08‐08”) notes that “[o]rganizations supervised by the Federal Reserve . . . should have effective compliance risk management programs[,]” Joint App. at 7.10 (internal quotation marks omitted). Segarra’s complaint alleges that Goldman Sachs did not provide her with all the documents necessary to evaluate its risk management program and that its employees disclosed to her that it had no firm‐wide conflict of interest policy. She contends that Silva expressed serious concerns that Goldman Sachs would “explode” if consumers and clients learned of its utter lack of a compliant conflict of interest policy. Joint App. 7.14 (internal quotation marks omitted). Segarra further claims that Kim and FRBNY failed to ensure that her examination was unimpeded by other FRBNY employees.
On March 21, 2012, toward the end of Segarra’s examination, she reported to FRBNY’s Legal and Compliance Risk Team, that Goldman Sachs did not have a firm‐wide conflict of interest policy that complied with SR 08‐08. Kim attended that meeting. She alleges that members of the Legal and Compliance Risk Team agreed that Segarra’s finding should be included in FRBNY’s annual examination letter to Goldman Sachs. However, on May 15, 2012, Silva and Koh allegedly met with Segarra and “attempted to force her to change the findings of her examination of Goldman.” Joint App. 7.27. FRBNY fired Segarra on May 23, 2012.
On October 10, 2013, Segarra filed this suit against FRBNY, Silva, Koh, and Kim. She submitted the First Amended Complaint on December 4, 2013. Segarra’s sole federal claim was brought pursuant to the banking agency whistleblower protection statute, 12 U.S.C. § 1831j(a)(2). All Defendants moved to dismiss; in relevant part, Silva, Koh, and Kim (the “Individual Defendants”) argued that they were not within the statute’s reach of individuals subject to liability. The district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss, dismissing all of Segarra’s claims. The court concluded that Silva, Koh, and Kim were not
subject to liability under § 1831j(a)(2) and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Segarra’s state law claims.
DISCUSSION
We review de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 110 (2d Cir. 2010). “In doing so, we are constrained to accept all factual allegations as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” Id. at 110–11 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “When there are well‐ pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678.
Segarra argues that the Individual Defendants are subject to liability under § 1831j(a)(2).2 She submits that Silva, Koh, and Kim fall within the statute’s purview because they indirectly performed a service for the Federal Deposit
2 The summary order filed simultaneously with this opinion addresses Segarra’s primary contention on appeal that the district court erred by dismissing her complaint against FRBNY.
Insurance Corporation (FDIC), as evinced by Silva’s expression of concern that Goldman Sachs’s customers would withdraw money from the firm if they knew it did not have a firm‐wide conflict of interest policy. [Id.] The Individual Defendants respond that the statutory text upon which Segarra relies only reaches FDIC contractors—and Segarra does not plausibly allege that they are FDIC contractors.
In relevant part, the banking agency whistleblower statute provides:
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