Mr. Chief Justice White
delivered the opinion of the court.
The trial court on the verdict of a jury entered judgment against the plaintiff in error for the sum of $800 for the negligent killing of Capehart who was one of its employees, and this writ of error is prosecuted to reverse th§ action of the court below affirming such judgment. (167 Nor. Car. 14.) At the time of his death Capehart was a minor and was employed by the defendant company as a switchman. The accident occurred in North Carolina on an interstate freight train moving from a point in North Carolina to one in Virginia. The suit to recover was specifically based on the Employers’ Liability Act of April 22, 1908, 35 Stat. 65, c. 149, as amended April 5, 1910, 36 Stat. 291, c. 143, and as both parties concede that that act was applicable, that subject may be put out of view.
The deceased was a natural or illegitimate child born in North Carolina, and the next of kin for whose benefit the administrator sued, he having been qualified at the alleged domicile of the deceased .in North Carolina, were three minor children of the deceased’s mother, the issue of a marriage by her contracted after his birth,.she the mother being dead at the time of the accident. There was no question in the court below as to non-liability, because of an absence of negligence, since as pointed out by the court the sole contention pressed upon it for reversal was that the damages for the death had been awarded to persons who were not entitled to the recovery as next of kin finder the act of Congress, even although they were the next of kin by the law of the State-. Thus the court said: “The sole contention of the defendant requiring our consideration, is that the expression ‘next of kin,’ as used in § 1 of this act [the act of Congress] is' to be construed by the common law, disregarding the state law defining those words.” After then quoting from the sta,te statute on the subject, the court further said: “It is very clear that in North Carolina the two half brothers and the sister of the intestate are his next of kin. It seems to us immaterial whether it were formerly otherwise in this State, either by statute or the common law before any statute. The question is, who was the ‘next of kin’ at the time of such death in the State where the wrongful death occurred?” Proceeding to examine and decide this question, it was held that next of kin for the purpose of the recovery under the act of Congress were the next of kin as established by the law of the State where the right to recover obtained. And it is the correctness of this ruling which We are alone called upon to consider, since despite the great number of assignments of error which are made, they all in last analysis depend upon that question. We need not stop to review the assignments to demonstrate this fact, since in argument they are all stated as embracing the solution of three
inquiries, which as we shall see, when we consider them, will be virtually disposed of by deciding the single question concerning the correctness of the ruling of the court below as to the next of kin under the statute. The three questions thus stated áre in substance as follows: First, whether the minor children who under the law of North Carolina were the next of kin of their natural or illegitimate brother because of their common motherhood were the next of kin under the act of Congress? Second, if in the absence of a parent they were so, would the proof of the existence of an asserted father- of the deceased make such person his parent within the act of Congress, excluding the right of. the next of kin to recover the damages? Third, if the minor brothers and sister were next of kin under the act of Congress, had they such dependency on the deceased as gave them any right to recover under the act?
We consider the questions separately.
1. There can be now no question that the act of Congress in so far as it deals with the subjects to which it relates is paramount and exclusive. It is therefore not disputable that recovery under the act can be had' alone in the mode and by and for the persons or class of persons in whose favor the law creates and bestows a right of action.
Second Employers’ Liability Cases,
223 U. S. 1;
Mich. Cent. R. R.
v.
Vreeland,
227 U. S. 59;
Taylor
v.
Taylor,
232 U. S. 363;
Seaboard Air Line
v.
Horton,
233 U. S. 492, 501. But this is irrelevant, since the controversy concerns only the meaning of the act which it is conceded, when rightly interpreted, is entitled to exclusive operation.
Plainly the statute contains no definition of who are to constitute the next of kin to whom a right of recovery is granted. But as, speaking generally, under our dual system of government who are next of kin is determined.by the legislation of the various States to whose authority that subject is normally committed, it would seem to be clear that the absence of a definition in the act of Congress
plainly indicates the purpose of Congress, to leave, the. determination of that question to the state law. But it is urged as next of kin was a term well known at common law, it is to be presumed that the words were used as having their common law significance and therefore as excluding all persons not included in the term under the common law, meaning of course the law of England as it existed at the time of the separation from the mother country. Leaving aside the misapplication of the rule of construction relied upon, it is obvious that the contention amounts to saying that Congress by the mere statement of a class, that is, next of kin, without defining whom the class embraces, must be assumed to have overthrown the local law of the States and substituted another law for it, when conceding that there was power in Congress to do so,, it is clear that no such extreme result could possibly’ be attributed to the act of Congress without express and unambiguous provisions rendering such conclusion necessary. The truth of this view will be made at once additionally apparent by considering the far-reaching consequence of the proposition since if it be well founded, it would apply equally to the other requirements of the statute — to the provisions as to the surviving widow, the husband and children, and to parents, thus for the purposes of the enforcement of the act overthrowing the legislation of the States on subjects of the most intimate domestic character and substituting for it the common law as stereotyped at the time of the separation. The argument that such result must have been intended since it is to be assumed that Congress contemplated uniformity, that is, that the next of kin entitled to take under the statute should be uniformly applied in all the States, after all comes to saying that it must be assumed that Congress intended to create a uniformity on one subject by producing discord and want of uniformity as to many others!
But we need go no ffirther since the want of merit in the
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Mr. Chief Justice White
delivered the opinion of the court.
The trial court on the verdict of a jury entered judgment against the plaintiff in error for the sum of $800 for the negligent killing of Capehart who was one of its employees, and this writ of error is prosecuted to reverse th§ action of the court below affirming such judgment. (167 Nor. Car. 14.) At the time of his death Capehart was a minor and was employed by the defendant company as a switchman. The accident occurred in North Carolina on an interstate freight train moving from a point in North Carolina to one in Virginia. The suit to recover was specifically based on the Employers’ Liability Act of April 22, 1908, 35 Stat. 65, c. 149, as amended April 5, 1910, 36 Stat. 291, c. 143, and as both parties concede that that act was applicable, that subject may be put out of view.
The deceased was a natural or illegitimate child born in North Carolina, and the next of kin for whose benefit the administrator sued, he having been qualified at the alleged domicile of the deceased .in North Carolina, were three minor children of the deceased’s mother, the issue of a marriage by her contracted after his birth,.she the mother being dead at the time of the accident. There was no question in the court below as to non-liability, because of an absence of negligence, since as pointed out by the court the sole contention pressed upon it for reversal was that the damages for the death had been awarded to persons who were not entitled to the recovery as next of kin finder the act of Congress, even although they were the next of kin by the law of the State-. Thus the court said: “The sole contention of the defendant requiring our consideration, is that the expression ‘next of kin,’ as used in § 1 of this act [the act of Congress] is' to be construed by the common law, disregarding the state law defining those words.” After then quoting from the sta,te statute on the subject, the court further said: “It is very clear that in North Carolina the two half brothers and the sister of the intestate are his next of kin. It seems to us immaterial whether it were formerly otherwise in this State, either by statute or the common law before any statute. The question is, who was the ‘next of kin’ at the time of such death in the State where the wrongful death occurred?” Proceeding to examine and decide this question, it was held that next of kin for the purpose of the recovery under the act of Congress were the next of kin as established by the law of the State where the right to recover obtained. And it is the correctness of this ruling which We are alone called upon to consider, since despite the great number of assignments of error which are made, they all in last analysis depend upon that question. We need not stop to review the assignments to demonstrate this fact, since in argument they are all stated as embracing the solution of three
inquiries, which as we shall see, when we consider them, will be virtually disposed of by deciding the single question concerning the correctness of the ruling of the court below as to the next of kin under the statute. The three questions thus stated áre in substance as follows: First, whether the minor children who under the law of North Carolina were the next of kin of their natural or illegitimate brother because of their common motherhood were the next of kin under the act of Congress? Second, if in the absence of a parent they were so, would the proof of the existence of an asserted father- of the deceased make such person his parent within the act of Congress, excluding the right of. the next of kin to recover the damages? Third, if the minor brothers and sister were next of kin under the act of Congress, had they such dependency on the deceased as gave them any right to recover under the act?
We consider the questions separately.
1. There can be now no question that the act of Congress in so far as it deals with the subjects to which it relates is paramount and exclusive. It is therefore not disputable that recovery under the act can be had' alone in the mode and by and for the persons or class of persons in whose favor the law creates and bestows a right of action.
Second Employers’ Liability Cases,
223 U. S. 1;
Mich. Cent. R. R.
v.
Vreeland,
227 U. S. 59;
Taylor
v.
Taylor,
232 U. S. 363;
Seaboard Air Line
v.
Horton,
233 U. S. 492, 501. But this is irrelevant, since the controversy concerns only the meaning of the act which it is conceded, when rightly interpreted, is entitled to exclusive operation.
Plainly the statute contains no definition of who are to constitute the next of kin to whom a right of recovery is granted. But as, speaking generally, under our dual system of government who are next of kin is determined.by the legislation of the various States to whose authority that subject is normally committed, it would seem to be clear that the absence of a definition in the act of Congress
plainly indicates the purpose of Congress, to leave, the. determination of that question to the state law. But it is urged as next of kin was a term well known at common law, it is to be presumed that the words were used as having their common law significance and therefore as excluding all persons not included in the term under the common law, meaning of course the law of England as it existed at the time of the separation from the mother country. Leaving aside the misapplication of the rule of construction relied upon, it is obvious that the contention amounts to saying that Congress by the mere statement of a class, that is, next of kin, without defining whom the class embraces, must be assumed to have overthrown the local law of the States and substituted another law for it, when conceding that there was power in Congress to do so,, it is clear that no such extreme result could possibly’ be attributed to the act of Congress without express and unambiguous provisions rendering such conclusion necessary. The truth of this view will be made at once additionally apparent by considering the far-reaching consequence of the proposition since if it be well founded, it would apply equally to the other requirements of the statute — to the provisions as to the surviving widow, the husband and children, and to parents, thus for the purposes of the enforcement of the act overthrowing the legislation of the States on subjects of the most intimate domestic character and substituting for it the common law as stereotyped at the time of the separation. The argument that such result must have been intended since it is to be assumed that Congress contemplated uniformity, that is, that the next of kin entitled to take under the statute should be uniformly applied in all the States, after all comes to saying that it must be assumed that Congress intended to create a uniformity on one subject by producing discord and want of uniformity as to many others!
But we need go no ffirther since the want of merit in the
contention is fully demonstrated by authority. In
Hutchinson Investment Co.
v.
Caldwell,
152 U. S. 65, the matter under consideration was § 2269, Rev. Stat., giving to the heirs- of a deceased preémptor who had died before completing his entry the right to perfect the same, the statute providing, “But the entry in such cases shall be made in favor of the heirs of the deceased preémptor and a patent thereon shall cause the title to inure to such heirs as if their names had been specially mentioned.’* The controversy was whether the word heirs under the statute should be taken in its common law meaning and therefore not to give a right to complete the entry to illegitimate children, who had been recognized by their father, the preémptor, and who were his heirs under the law of the State of Kansas where the land was situated and where the deceased preémptor was domiciled. The court said: “We are unable to concur with counsel for plaintiffs in error that the intention should, be ascribed to Congress of limiting the words ‘heirs of the deceased preémptor’ as used in the section, to persons who would be heirs at common law (children not born in lawful matrimony being therefore excluded) rather than those who might be such according to the
lex rei sites,
by which, generally speaking, the question of the descent and heirship of real estate is exclusively governed. If such had been the intention, it seems clear that a definition of the word ‘heirs’ would have been given, so as to withdraw patents issued under this section from the operation of the settled rule upon the subject. . . . Bút it is contended that the word ‘heirs’ was used in its common law sense, and it is true that technical legal terms are usually taken, in the absence of a countervailing intent, in their established common law signification, but that consideration has no , controlling weight in the construction of this státute. Undoubtedly the word ‘heirs’ was used as meaning, as at common law, those capable of inheriting, but it does not follow that the question as
to who possessed that capability was thereby designed to be determined otherwise than by the law of the State which was both the situs of the land and. the domicile of the owner ” (pp. 68,69). And there is no ground for taking this case out of the rule thus announced upon the theory that the controversy involved the title to real estate, contracts concerning which are governed by the law of the situs, since we are dealing here with the subject of next of kin which so far as legislative power is concerned under our constitutional system of' government is inherently local and to be determined by the rules of the local law. And this is well illustrated by
Blagge
v.
Balch,
162 U. S. 439, which involved a controversy as to the distribution of French spoliation claims awarded under an act of Congress providing “That in all cases where the original sufferers were adjudicated bankrupts the awards shall be made on behalf of the next of kin instead of to assignees in bankruptcy . . .” Without going into detail concerning the controversy in that case it suffices to say that if the next of kin entitled to take under the act of Congress had been ascertained under the rule of the common law, there would have been one result, and if determined by the law of the State controlling distributions, another and different result followed. Coming to determine the significance of the words “next of kin” from the act itself and its context, the court said (p. 464); “And we are of opinion that Congress, in order to reach the next of kin of the original sufferers, capable of taking at the time of distribution, on principles universally accepted as most just and equitable, intended next of kin according to the statutes of distribution of the respective States of the domicile of the original sufferers.”
2 and 3, The suggestion rather than contention that if the state law be held applicable to determine next of kin, the right should have been recognized to seek to trace the paternity of the illegitimate child so as to make the
asserted father the parent under the. statute, might well be disposed of by saying that no such contention seems to have been urged in either of the courts below. But aside from this, the entire want of merit of the proposition is at once demonstrable from a two-fold point of view: (a) because, it was necessarily foreclosed by the ruling of the court below as to the state law concerning tlie next of Jrin and the right of the brothers and sister of the illegitimate child to inherit from him solely because of a common motherhood, a ruling which excluded by necessary implication the right now contended for. (b) Because as no provision, either of the state law or of the common law, supporting the asserted right is referred to, the suggestion may be taken as simply, a typical illustration of the confusion of thought involved in the main proposition reliéd upon which we have previously adversely disposed'of.
In so far as it is suggested that there was no proof tending to show a dependent relation .between the next of kin who were recognized and the deceased so as to justify recovery under the statute, it suffices, to say that it was expressly foreclosed by the finding of the jury sanctioned by the trial court and was not questioned in the court below, and at all events involves but a controversy as to the tendencies of-all the proof foreclosed by the action of both courts , which we would not reverse without a clear conviction of error, which after an examination of the record on the subject we do not entertain.
Great Northern Ry.
v.
Knapp,
240 U. S. 464.
Affirmed.