Scott Lee Van Hawk v. State of Indiana
This text of Scott Lee Van Hawk v. State of Indiana (Scott Lee Van Hawk v. State of Indiana) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Indiana Court of Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana FILED Scotty Lee Van Hawk, Feb 06 2026, 8:57 am
Appellant-Defendant CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court v.
State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff
February 6, 2026 Court of Appeals Case No. 24A-CR-3161 Appeal from the Kosciusko Circuit Court The Honorable Michael W. Reed, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 43C01-2303-F5-214
Opinion by Judge Weissmann Judges Bradford and DeBoer concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 1 of 43 Weissmann, Judge.
[1] After repeatedly contacting and harassing his ex-wife in violation of multiple
protective orders, Scotty Lee Van Hawk was charged with and convicted of
three counts of Level 5 felony stalking. Van Hawk waived his right to trial
counsel and represented himself at trial. Now he appeals, by counsel, claiming
the trial court violated his speedy trial rights and denied him a fair trial by
refusing to sever his charges, failing to accommodate his hearing impairment,
deeming his waiver of counsel valid and denying him standby counsel,
providing inadequate notice of the trial date, and restricting his presentation of
evidence. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts [2] Van Hawk and N.V. were married for around 15 years and have a son and a
daughter (the Children). “In the beginning,” Van Hawk and N.V.’s marriage
“was great.” Tr. Vol. III, p. 105. But Van Hawk’s behavior eventually “turned
abusive and scary,” and when N.V. filed for divorce in 2019, Van Hawk reacted
angrily. Id.
[3] The Children were around seven and nine years old when N.V. and Van Hawk
divorced. N.V. tried to cooperate with Van Hawk over parenting time, but his
aggressive behavior eventually led her to seek, and be granted, a protective
order that prohibited Van Hawk from “harassing, annoying, telephoning,
contacting, or directly or indirectly communicating with [N.V.] . . . [e]xcept
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 2 of 43 reasonable, civil communications” involving the Children. Exh. Vol. V, p. 18.
This first order of protection was in effect for two years, from December 27,
2019, to December 27, 2021, though another similar protective order would
follow.
I. Events Leading to Stalking Charges
A. Count I: March 5, 2020 – September 4, 2020 [4] Soon after the first protective order was issued at the end of 2019, Van Hawk
began texting N.V. with such frequency that the police had to “give him a
talking to about how much he was texting.” Tr. Vol. IV, p. 12. Though his
communications generally related to parenting issues, the effect was often
harassing toward N.V. and included statements like: “[Y]ou’re a special kind of
evil”; “[y]ou’re a lying waste of oxygen”; and “[y]our evil reign is nearly over
and you won’t be able to hurt [the Children] anymore.” Exh. Vol. V, pp. 34, 40,
54.
[5] In addition to the harassing text messages, N.V. testified to several concerning
incidents that occurred during the Count I timeframe. In March 2020, N.V.
took the Children to the YMCA to swim. There, N.V. saw Van Hawk looking
through a window into where the Children had been swimming. The couple’s
daughter, then around ten years old, approached Van Hawk and asked him to
leave, which he did. However, the incident “scared” N.V., and she called the
police as soon as she “felt safe enough” to do so. Tr. Vol. III, p. 108.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 3 of 43 [6] The following month, Van Hawk, who purported to be of “native” heritage,
claimed the Children had “tribal rights” and threatened to take them “to a
reservation where the tribal law would be protecting them against [N.V.].” Id. at
115, 120. He disappeared temporarily with the Children, causing N.V. to fear
he had made good on his threat. N.V. reported the matter to the police, and the
Children were eventually returned to her care.
[7] In August 2020, N.V. decided to enroll the Children in public school after years
of homeschooling. Van Hawk disagreed with that decision and likened N.V.’s
choice to kidnapping the Children. Because the Children lacked the necessary
physicals and vaccines, N.V. took them to the doctor. This prompted Van
Hawk to accuse N.V. of allowing the doctor to molest his son when the doctor
performed a testicular exam. Van Hawk then delayed returning the Children to
N.V. the night before school was to start. He claimed that the Children’s
summer vacation did not end until after Labor Day and that school did not
begin until mid-September. Though he was not the custodial parent, he
messaged N.V. that he would be homeschooling the Children. When N.V.
sought help from the police, Van Hawk texted, “[The Children are] on summer
break with me after you held them hostage for months torturing them keeping
them from me.” Exh. Vol. V, p. 61.
[8] Later that month, Van Hawk created a website aimed at N.V. and her parents.
He accused N.V.’s parents of supporting child molesters based on his belief that
they had not done enough to protect N.V. from a molestation by her cousin
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 4 of 43 when she was 8 years old. N.V. had confided in Van Hawk about the abuse
when they were married, and he encouraged her to keep a diary. When she left
the marriage, she left the diary behind, and Van Hawk published one of her
diary entries on a flier and distributed it to about 70 of N.V.’s and her parents’
neighbors.
[9] Van Hawk’s actions from March 2020 to September 2020, were the basis for
Count I, Level 5 felony stalking in the instant case.
B. Count II: February 23, 2021 – March 17, 2021 [10] In 2021, Van Hawk continued to text N.V. harassing messages. The messages
generally focused on the Children but contained strong language aimed at N.V.,
such as: “[Y]ou’re just the epitome of evil”; “[y]ou’re a lying piece of sh*t”; and
“[k]eep proving your (sic) insane and the kids aren’t safe with you[,] all you
child molester cousin f**king daddy sucking sickos.” Id. at 90, 91, 125.
[11] Between February and March 2021, Van Hawk and N.V. conducted their
parenting time exchanges of the Children at a police station. However, after an
exchange in late February, Van Hawk began following N.V. home, driving
erratically and slamming on his brakes, trying to swerve into N.V.’s car. Based
on this behavior, a police officer instructed Van Hawk to drive away from the
police station first after the next exchange in March. But Van Hawk merely
circled the building and waited to follow N.V. home. Van Hawk also used the
Children’s cell phones to track them and N.V.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 5 of 43 [12] Also in March 2021, N.V. was sued by the “Child Protection Corp,” an entity
Van Hawk had formed using an alias. The lawsuit accused N.V. of “physically,
emotionally, and psychologically abus[ing] children put in [her] care” and
demanded a $1,500 judgment. Id. at 107. The same day the lawsuit was filed,
N.V. received an email from a Child Protection Corp email address, accusing
her of abducting unnamed children and demanding she return them to “their 1 Tsalagi father[.]” Id. at 121. A day later, in the same court as the Child
Protection Corp lawsuit, Van Hawk petitioned to have N.V.
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IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana FILED Scotty Lee Van Hawk, Feb 06 2026, 8:57 am
Appellant-Defendant CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court v.
State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff
February 6, 2026 Court of Appeals Case No. 24A-CR-3161 Appeal from the Kosciusko Circuit Court The Honorable Michael W. Reed, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 43C01-2303-F5-214
Opinion by Judge Weissmann Judges Bradford and DeBoer concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 1 of 43 Weissmann, Judge.
[1] After repeatedly contacting and harassing his ex-wife in violation of multiple
protective orders, Scotty Lee Van Hawk was charged with and convicted of
three counts of Level 5 felony stalking. Van Hawk waived his right to trial
counsel and represented himself at trial. Now he appeals, by counsel, claiming
the trial court violated his speedy trial rights and denied him a fair trial by
refusing to sever his charges, failing to accommodate his hearing impairment,
deeming his waiver of counsel valid and denying him standby counsel,
providing inadequate notice of the trial date, and restricting his presentation of
evidence. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts [2] Van Hawk and N.V. were married for around 15 years and have a son and a
daughter (the Children). “In the beginning,” Van Hawk and N.V.’s marriage
“was great.” Tr. Vol. III, p. 105. But Van Hawk’s behavior eventually “turned
abusive and scary,” and when N.V. filed for divorce in 2019, Van Hawk reacted
angrily. Id.
[3] The Children were around seven and nine years old when N.V. and Van Hawk
divorced. N.V. tried to cooperate with Van Hawk over parenting time, but his
aggressive behavior eventually led her to seek, and be granted, a protective
order that prohibited Van Hawk from “harassing, annoying, telephoning,
contacting, or directly or indirectly communicating with [N.V.] . . . [e]xcept
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 2 of 43 reasonable, civil communications” involving the Children. Exh. Vol. V, p. 18.
This first order of protection was in effect for two years, from December 27,
2019, to December 27, 2021, though another similar protective order would
follow.
I. Events Leading to Stalking Charges
A. Count I: March 5, 2020 – September 4, 2020 [4] Soon after the first protective order was issued at the end of 2019, Van Hawk
began texting N.V. with such frequency that the police had to “give him a
talking to about how much he was texting.” Tr. Vol. IV, p. 12. Though his
communications generally related to parenting issues, the effect was often
harassing toward N.V. and included statements like: “[Y]ou’re a special kind of
evil”; “[y]ou’re a lying waste of oxygen”; and “[y]our evil reign is nearly over
and you won’t be able to hurt [the Children] anymore.” Exh. Vol. V, pp. 34, 40,
54.
[5] In addition to the harassing text messages, N.V. testified to several concerning
incidents that occurred during the Count I timeframe. In March 2020, N.V.
took the Children to the YMCA to swim. There, N.V. saw Van Hawk looking
through a window into where the Children had been swimming. The couple’s
daughter, then around ten years old, approached Van Hawk and asked him to
leave, which he did. However, the incident “scared” N.V., and she called the
police as soon as she “felt safe enough” to do so. Tr. Vol. III, p. 108.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 3 of 43 [6] The following month, Van Hawk, who purported to be of “native” heritage,
claimed the Children had “tribal rights” and threatened to take them “to a
reservation where the tribal law would be protecting them against [N.V.].” Id. at
115, 120. He disappeared temporarily with the Children, causing N.V. to fear
he had made good on his threat. N.V. reported the matter to the police, and the
Children were eventually returned to her care.
[7] In August 2020, N.V. decided to enroll the Children in public school after years
of homeschooling. Van Hawk disagreed with that decision and likened N.V.’s
choice to kidnapping the Children. Because the Children lacked the necessary
physicals and vaccines, N.V. took them to the doctor. This prompted Van
Hawk to accuse N.V. of allowing the doctor to molest his son when the doctor
performed a testicular exam. Van Hawk then delayed returning the Children to
N.V. the night before school was to start. He claimed that the Children’s
summer vacation did not end until after Labor Day and that school did not
begin until mid-September. Though he was not the custodial parent, he
messaged N.V. that he would be homeschooling the Children. When N.V.
sought help from the police, Van Hawk texted, “[The Children are] on summer
break with me after you held them hostage for months torturing them keeping
them from me.” Exh. Vol. V, p. 61.
[8] Later that month, Van Hawk created a website aimed at N.V. and her parents.
He accused N.V.’s parents of supporting child molesters based on his belief that
they had not done enough to protect N.V. from a molestation by her cousin
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 4 of 43 when she was 8 years old. N.V. had confided in Van Hawk about the abuse
when they were married, and he encouraged her to keep a diary. When she left
the marriage, she left the diary behind, and Van Hawk published one of her
diary entries on a flier and distributed it to about 70 of N.V.’s and her parents’
neighbors.
[9] Van Hawk’s actions from March 2020 to September 2020, were the basis for
Count I, Level 5 felony stalking in the instant case.
B. Count II: February 23, 2021 – March 17, 2021 [10] In 2021, Van Hawk continued to text N.V. harassing messages. The messages
generally focused on the Children but contained strong language aimed at N.V.,
such as: “[Y]ou’re just the epitome of evil”; “[y]ou’re a lying piece of sh*t”; and
“[k]eep proving your (sic) insane and the kids aren’t safe with you[,] all you
child molester cousin f**king daddy sucking sickos.” Id. at 90, 91, 125.
[11] Between February and March 2021, Van Hawk and N.V. conducted their
parenting time exchanges of the Children at a police station. However, after an
exchange in late February, Van Hawk began following N.V. home, driving
erratically and slamming on his brakes, trying to swerve into N.V.’s car. Based
on this behavior, a police officer instructed Van Hawk to drive away from the
police station first after the next exchange in March. But Van Hawk merely
circled the building and waited to follow N.V. home. Van Hawk also used the
Children’s cell phones to track them and N.V.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 5 of 43 [12] Also in March 2021, N.V. was sued by the “Child Protection Corp,” an entity
Van Hawk had formed using an alias. The lawsuit accused N.V. of “physically,
emotionally, and psychologically abus[ing] children put in [her] care” and
demanded a $1,500 judgment. Id. at 107. The same day the lawsuit was filed,
N.V. received an email from a Child Protection Corp email address, accusing
her of abducting unnamed children and demanding she return them to “their 1 Tsalagi father[.]” Id. at 121. A day later, in the same court as the Child
Protection Corp lawsuit, Van Hawk petitioned to have N.V. involuntarily
committed. His petition alleged that N.V. had delusions related to her
molestation incident, used the police to scare the Children, and “repeatedly
caused emotional and psychological trauma to minor children.” Id. at 122.
[13] Van Hawk was then charged in March 2021 with stalking, invasion of privacy, 2 and intimidation under a separate cause. As a result of those charges, the trial
court issued a second protective order, prohibiting Van Hawk from having any
contact with N.V. “in person, by telephone or letter, through an intermediary,
or in any other way, directly or indirectly, except through an attorney of
record[.]” Id. at 21. While these separate charges were pending, Van Hawk
went to jail, where he remained until February 2023. Van Hawk’s conduct from
1 According to N.V., “Tsalagi” is a word from the Cherokee language. Tr. Vol. III, p. 166. 2 In March 2021, under Cause Number 43C01-2103-F5-281, Van Hawk was charged with one count of Level 5 felony stalking, three counts of Class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy, and two counts of Class A misdemeanor intimidation.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 6 of 43 February 2021 until March 2021 eventually formed the basis for the Level 5
felony stalking charge as alleged in Count II of this case.
C. Count III: February 9, 2023 – March 20, 2023 [14] When Van Hawk was released from jail on February 9, 2023, he immediately
began contacting N.V. by email, text messages, and phone calls. Van Hawk
also drove by the home N.V. shared with her parents and pulled into the
driveway.
[15] According to N.V., Van Hawk’s behavior and the threats he made against her
and the Children “frightened” and “terrorized” her and ultimately caused her
and the Children to experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Tr. Vol. III, p.
183. N.V. reported constantly looking over her shoulder and worrying that Van
Hawk would show up at her location to “harm [her] or the children.” Id. She
still suffers from “night terrors” and needs medication to sleep at night. Id. In
her words, “[it’s] just a constant battle. . . . Nothing has stopped him. And I fear
for my life every day” that Van Hawk is out of jail. Id. Van Hawk’s behavior
between February and March 2023 served as the basis for Count III, Level 5
felony stalking.
II. Procedural History [16] On March 22, 2023, the State charged Van Hawk in this case—Cause Number
43C01-2303-F5-214 (“F5-214”)—with one count of Level 5 felony stalking and
two counts of Class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy. His initial hearing was
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 7 of 43 held the following day. Van Hawk requested a “fast and speedy jury trial,” and
the trial court set the trial for April 25, 2023. Tr. Vol. II, p. 6. Van Hawk posted
bond later that day, was released from jail, and placed on pretrial home
detention and GPS electronic monitoring.
A. Counsel Issues [17] Van Hawk’s appointed counsel entered his appearance on April 3, 2023. That
same day, counsel filed, and the trial court granted, a motion to vacate the April
25 trial date. Counsel noted in his motion that Van Hawk had been released
from jail, and counsel needed additional time to prepare for trial. Counsel also
asked the trial court to schedule a pretrial conference for June 12. As for the
delay the motion caused, the court noted on a pretrial conference memo—
signed by both Van Hawk and his counsel—that Van Hawk “accepts the delay
for [Criminal Rule 4] purposes.” App. Vol. II, p. 75.
[18] On June 13, 2023, counsel filed a motion to withdraw from the case due to a
breakdown in the attorney-client relationship, which the trial court granted on
June 15. This proved to be just the beginning of Van Hawk’s fraught
relationships with his court-appointed attorneys. Between June 2023 and
August 2024, Van Hawk was represented by three different attorneys, and he
found fault with the representation provided by all of them. After repeated
disagreements with Van Hawk and breakdowns in the attorney-client
relationships, each of the attorneys filed—and the trial court granted—motions
to withdraw their appearances.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 8 of 43 B. Joinder and Severance [19] Van Hawk’s behavior in the years following his divorce ultimately resulted in
the State filing around 23 criminal charges against him under seven different
causes. The charges all stemmed from Van Hawk’s actions toward N.V. and
violations of the protective orders. In August 2023, the State successfully moved
to join all seven pending causes under the single cause that formed the basis of
this appeal—F5-214. In March 2024, the State moved to amend the charges,
replacing the 23 counts with just three counts of Level 5 felony stalking. And
around six months later, Van Hawk’s counsel filed a motion to sever the joined
causes, requesting “separate trials for all alleged offenses.” Id. at 177. The trial
court denied the motion to sever.
C. Speedy Trial Requests [20] Meanwhile, between July 2023 and March 2024, while represented by counsel,
Van Hawk filed three pro se motions for discharge, arguing that his speedy trial
rights had been violated. Because counsel represented him at that time, the trial
court took no action on the motions. In October 2023, Van Hawk, by counsel,
filed a motion for discharge based on Criminal Rule 4 grounds, which the trial 3 court denied.
3 The trial court granted Van Hawk’s request to certify for interlocutory appeal the denial of his motion for discharge. On January 19, 2024, a motions panel of this Court declined to accept jurisdiction over the interlocutory appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 9 of 43 [21] Counsel also filed a motion to dismiss the three felony stalking charges, alleging
a violation of Criminal Rule 4 and Van Hawk’s constitutional right to a speedy
trial. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion.
D. Self-Representation [22] Between April and September 2024, Van Hawk began to make it known that he
wanted to proceed pro se. In April, while still represented by counsel, Van
Hawk filed a motion with the trial court asserting his right to self-
representation. He doctored the motion to make it appear that counsel had
submitted it, but counsel informed the court that the motion had been filed
without counsel’s consent. Following a hearing held in May, the trial court
issued an order finding, among other things, that Van Hawk had withdrawn his
“Motion to Waive representation and to proceed pro se.” App. Vol. III, p. 204.
In an amended order, the trial court noted that Van Hawk had been provided
“in writing the advice for self-represented defendants” and that said document
was attached to the amended order. Id. at 205.
[23] At a status conference held in September 2024, the trial court told Van Hawk
that his “last attorney” had withdrawn his appearance. Tr. Vol. II, p. 159.
Because Van Hawk had “no attorney in this case,” the court asked him how he
wanted to proceed. Id. Van Hawk told the court, “Let’s proceed with the jury
selection. Let’s get this done.” Id. at 160. Extensive colloquy followed, during
which the court asked Van Hawk to reread the waiver of counsel document he
had previously been provided then sign and date it. Van Hawk signed the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 10 of 43 waiver document, and the court allowed him to waive counsel and proceed pro
se. Van Hawk’s jury trial was set to begin on September 10, 2024.
E. Hearing Impairment [24] The trial court learned that Van Hawk had a hearing impairment early in the
proceedings of this case. Therefore, based on a recommendation from the
Indiana Supreme Court’s Office of Judicial Administration, the court arranged
for amplification devices and real-time closed captioning to be used in the
courtroom.
[25] The parties appeared for the jury trial on September 10, 2024. However, as jury
selection commenced, Van Hawk, now proceeding pro se, told the court he was
unable to participate because he could not “hear what’s happening.” Id. at 223.
He requested a continuance so he could obtain a live transcriptionist, as he was
unhappy with the amplification devices and real-time captioning that the court
had provided. The court granted Van Hawk’s request and directed him to
promptly provide the court with the name of the service he wished to use and
verify that the company would appear for trial. Van Hawk failed to do so.
[26] At a status conference held a week later, the trial court attempted to reset the
jury trial for December 2024, but Van Hawk balked at the date. The court then
set the trial for November 19 and 20, 2024. The court again directed Van Hawk
to have his chosen live transcription service contact the court so arrangements
could be made for the trial.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 11 of 43 [27] When an earlier trial date became available, the court issued an order on
September 17, 2024, rescheduling the jury trial for October 8, 2024, noting Van
Hawk’s previous dissatisfaction with the proposed December date. The court
further ordered that, if Van Hawk wished to use the live transcription service,
he needed to arrange for the service to be available at the jury trial on October
8. To ensure Van Hawk received notice of the new trial date, the trial court had
the order sent by email to Van Hawk on September 18 and also had the sheriff
serve him with a copy of the order. That service by sheriff occurred on
September 27. Van Hawk did not file an objection to the new trial date.
F. Jury Trial [28] At his October 8 trial, Van Hawk complained about the date change and
receiving notice only on September 27. He also told the court he had contacted
the transcription service about appearing for trial on November 19, the previous
date on which the trial had been scheduled to begin. When the court asked Van
Hawk if he was “making a motion to continue the trial,” Van Hawk replied,
“No, your honor,” and the trial commenced. Tr. Vol. III, p. 7.
During the three-day jury trial, Van Hawk questioned and cross-examined
witnesses, took the stand and testified on his own behalf, lodged objections, and
presented an opening statement and closing argument. The jury found him
guilty on all three counts of Level 5 felony stalking, and the trial court entered
judgments of conviction accordingly. The court later sentenced Van Hawk to 3
years on each count—to be served consecutively—for an aggregate term of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 12 of 43 9 years, with 4½ years served at the Indiana Department of Correction and the
balance served on formal probation. The court also ordered Van Hawk to
comply with a no-contact order protecting N.V. This appeal followed.
Discussion and Decision [29] Van Hawk appeals his convictions, arguing that the trial court violated his right
to a fast and speedy trial under Indiana Criminal Rule 4 and both the United
States and Indiana Constitutions. He also claims he was denied a fair trial
because the trial court refused to sever the joined criminal charges; failed to
provide an effective accommodation at trial for his hearing impairment; deemed
his waiver of counsel valid and compelled him to proceed without counsel or
standby counsel; failed to give adequate notice of the rescheduled October 8,
2024 trial date; and cut short his cross-examination, case-in-chief, and closing
argument. We address each argument and affirm.
I. Right to a Speedy Trial [30] “The right to a speedy trial is one of this country’s most basic, fundamental
guarantees . . . .” Watson v. State, 155 N.E.3d 608, 614 (Ind. 2020) (citing Klopfer
v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 223-24, (1967)). “It protects against ‘prolonged
detention without trial’ as well as unreasonable ‘delay in trial.’” Id. (quoting
Klopfer, 386 U.S. at 224). “To safeguard these protections, the State and the
courts—together, the government—have an obligation to ensure the timely
prosecution of criminal defendants.” Id. “At times, however, that obligation
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 13 of 43 may remain unfulfilled.” Id. “When that happens, a defendant can draw on
three sources to assert a violation of this fundamental right.” Id. They are the
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 12 of the
Indiana Constitution, and Indiana Criminal Rule 4. Id. at 614-15. Van Hawk
contends that his right to a speedy trial was violated under all three of these
sources.
A. Discharge Under Indiana Criminal Rule 4 [31] Where, as here, a Criminal Rule 4 case presents “‘a question of law applied to
undisputed facts, the standard of review—like for all questions of law—is de
novo.’” State v. Larkin, 100 N.E.3d 700, 703 (Ind. 2018) (quoting Austin v. State,
997 N.E.2d 1027, 1039 (Ind. 2013)). “When the trial court makes factual
findings (of congestion or emergency to justify a deadline extension), appellate
courts show ‘reasonable deference’ to those findings and reverse only for ‘clear
error.’” Bradley v. State, 248 N.E.3d 563, 567 (Ind. 2024) (quoting Austin, 997
N.E.2d at 1040).
1. Criminal Rule 4(B)
[32] Van Hawk first argues that, as a defendant on home detention with GPS
monitoring, he was entitled to a trial within 70 days of his speedy trial request
under Criminal Rule 4(B). That rule provides, in relevant part, that an
incarcerated defendant “held in jail” may “move for an early trial” and the
defendant will be discharged “if not brought to trial within seventy (70)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 14 of 43 4 calendar days from the date of such motion.” Ind. Crim. Rule 4(B)(1) (2023).
The only exceptions to this rule are when the defendant seeks a continuance
within the 70-day period, the delay is otherwise caused by the defendant’s act,
or court congestion prevents the defendant’s trial from occurring within the 70-
day period. Crim. R. 4(B).
[33] Van Hawk requested an early trial pursuant to this rule on March 23, 2023.
Seventy days from that date was June 1. The trial court initially set the trial for
April 25, which was well within the 70-day deadline. But on April 3, Van
Hawk, by counsel, moved to vacate the trial date and acknowledged that Van
Hawk had been released from jail, “and therefore, is no longer entitled to a Fast
and Speedy Trial.” App. Vol. II, p. 70. The trial court granted the motion and
set a pretrial conference for April 24. However, at that conference, where both
Van Hawk and his counsel appeared, counsel asked the court to schedule
another pretrial conference for June 12—11 days beyond the June 1, 70-day
deadline. The court noted on its pretrial conference memo, signed by both Van
Hawk and his counsel, that Van Hawk “accepts the delay for [Criminal Rule 4]
purposes.” Id. at 75.
4 Criminal Rule 4 was amended effective January 1, 2024, while Van Hawk’s case was pending. Order Amending the Rules of Crim. Proc., No. 23S-MS-10 (Ind. June 23, 2023). We apply the prior version of Criminal Rule 4, which was in effect at the time of Van Hawk’s motion, but note that the changes are immaterial to Van Hawk’s arguments. We observe, however, that prior versions of the rule referred to “discharge,” whereas the current version refers to “dismissal.” See Grimes v. State, 235 N.E.3d 1224, 1230 (Ind. 2024) (noting the change in language in Criminal Rule 4(B) but holding that the Court’s opinion was equally applicable under the old and newer versions of the rule).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 15 of 43 [34] Van Hawk’s argument that the trial court should have granted his motion for
discharge fails for two reasons. First, Van Hawk was represented by counsel
when he agreed to the vacation of the April 25 trial date and the setting of a
pretrial conference beyond the 70-day deadline. It is well-settled that “if a
defendant is represented by counsel, the defendant speaks to the trial court
through that counsel.” Flowers v. State, 154 N.E.3d 854, 867 (Ind. Ct. App.
2020). And a defendant who “seeks or acquiesces to the setting of a hearing
beyond the time limitations of Criminal Rule 4(B) necessarily agrees to be tried
beyond such date.” Talbott v. State, 204 N.E.3d 288, 299 (Ind. Ct. App. 2023)
(citing Goudy v. State, 689 N.E.2d 686, 691 (Ind. 1997)). Also, Van Hawk agreed
to the setting of a pretrial conference 11 days after the 70-day clock would have
expired. See, e.g, Goudy, 689 N.E.2d at 691 (holding that “defendant waived his
earlier speedy trial request by acquiescing in the setting of an omnibus date, and
by necessary implication, a trial date, beyond the seventy day limit permitted by
Criminal Rule 4(B)(1)”).
[35] Second, contrary to Van Hawk’s assertions, he was not eligible for discharge
under Criminal Rule 4(B) because he was on home detention, and not “in jail,”
while the 70-day clock was ticking. Crim. Rule 4(B)(1). This Court has
previously rejected the argument that home detention is equivalent to
incarceration in prison. See, e.g., Barton v. State, 598 N.E.2d 623, 624 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1992) (stating, unlike confinement in jail, “[h]ome detention allows
defendants to live at home, work or seek employment, receive medical
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 16 of 43 treatments, go to school, and attend church services”); Molden v. State, 750
N.E.2d 448, 451 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (concluding, for purposes of awarding jail
credit time, “time spent in pretrial home detention is not equivalent to pretrial
time served in a prison or jail”).
[36] Given the foregoing, Van Hawk was not entitled to discharge under Criminal
Rule 4(B). Thus, the trial court did not violate his right to a speedy trial under
that rule.
2. Criminal Rule 4(C) [37] Next, Van Hawk maintains he should have been discharged based on the
State’s failure to bring him to trial within one year of the date he was charged,
as required by Criminal Rule 4(C). That Rule states in relevant part:
No person shall be held on recognizance or otherwise to answer a criminal charge for a period in aggregate embracing more than one year from the date the criminal charge against such defendant is filed, or from the date of his arrest on such charge, whichever is later; except where a continuance was had on his motion, or the delay was caused by his act, or where there was not sufficient time to try him during such period because of congestion of the court calendar[.]
Crim. R. 4(C).
[38] Van Hawk focuses on the Level 5 felony stalking charges that were ultimately
alleged in Counts II and III of this case, arguing that the Criminal Rule 4(C)
time period for those counts began in March 2021, when the charges were
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 17 of 43 originally filed under Cause Numbers 43C01-2103-F5-281 (“F5-281”) and
43C01-2103-F5-282 (“F5-282”), respectively. Van Hawk accuses the State of
dismissing the March 2021 charges and then refiling them “to evade” his
speedy trial request. Appellant’s Br., p. 27. However, Van Hawk’s accusations
are unavailing, as a review of the chronological case summaries (“CCS”) for the
respective causes indicates that Van Hawk caused a significant amount of delay
and confusion by his own acts, such that the State, effectively, could not bring
him to trial within the 1-year period.
[39] For instance, in F5-281, between March 2021 and March 2023, Van Hawk: (1)
failed to appear for a pretrial conference, causing a delay of around 2½ months;
(2) sought and was granted numerous continuances, both by counsel and acting
pro se; and (3) had four attorneys in succession withdraw from representing
him. Additionally, he filed a motion requesting a change of judge, a federal writ
of habeas corpus, and numerous sundry pro se motions.
[40] In F5-282, matters progressed similarly. During the same timeframe, Van
Hawk: (1) failed to appear for a pretrial conference; (2) filed numerous
continuances; (3) had five attorneys in succession withdraw from representing
him; and filed many sundry pro se motions.
[41] In its order denying Van Hawk’s motion for discharge under Criminal Rule
4(C), the trial court noted that the “record in [F5-281 and F5-282] is chaotic and
confusing, but the delays caused by [Van Hawk’s] continuances [and]
procedural challenges” amounted to “at least 16 delays” in each of the causes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 18 of 43 App. Vol. II, p. 137. Indeed, the CCS for the causes reveals that Van Hawk was
responsible for an overwhelming amount of delay in bringing him to trial.
Therefore, he was not entitled to discharge under Criminal Rule 4(C).
[42] Likewise, Van Hawk was not entitled to discharge in this case, F5-214, as the
delays were attributable to him. On March 22, 2023, the State charged Van
Hawk in F5-214 with the offenses that would become the instant Level 5
stalking Counts I, II, and III. The trial court granted his speedy trial motion and
set his trial to begin on April 25, thus beginning the clock for Criminal Rule
4(C) purposes. The time, however, was tolled on April 3, after Van Hawk
successfully moved to vacate the April 25 trial date. And the time did not begin
to accrue again until 70 days later, on June 12, when the court held a pretrial
conference at Van Hawk’s request.
[43] Thereafter, the Criminal Rule 4(C) period was tolled for an additional 114 days,
between June 12 and October 4, 2023, because Van Hawk became dissatisfied
with his legal representation. This led to the withdrawal of two of his attorneys
in succession, and accordingly, further rescheduling. After resetting Van
Hawk’s trial to September 26, the court had to reset it again to October 17 and
noted in its written order that the delay was attributable to Van Hawk. In a
subsequent order issued on October 4, the trial court vacated the October 17
trial date so it could appoint new counsel for Van Hawk, and the court again
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 19 of 43 5 noted that the delay was attributable to Van Hawk. And to the extent Van
Hawk argues the trial court failed to “make adequate record entries regarding
the reasons for delay,” his claim lacks merit. Appellant’s Br., p. 28.
[44] Based on these delays, the 1-year time period to bring Van Hawk to trial was
extended by 184 days, to September 22, 2024. Van Hawk’s jury trial began on
September 10, 2024, before the Criminal Rule 4(C) period had run. However,
Van Hawk—by then proceeding pro se—told the court he was unable to
participate in the trial. He requested and was granted a continuance so he could
obtain a live transcriptionist for his trial due to his dissatisfaction with the court-
provided accommodations for his hearing impairment. Thus, the 28 days
between September 10 and October 8, 2024—the date Van Hawk’s rescheduled
trial began—further tolled the Rule 4(C) period.
[45] In total, 565 days passed between the date Van Hawk was charged in F5-214
and the beginning of his October 2024 trial; and all but 353 of those days were
tolled for Criminal Rule 4(C) purposes. Therefore, Van Hawk was not entitled
to discharge under that rule.
5 Between November 24, 2023, and January 19, 2024, Van Hawk pursued an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s denial of his motion for dismissal, which further delayed his case. See United States v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 316 (1986) (“A defendant who resorts to an interlocutory appeal normally should not be able upon return to the district court to reap the reward of dismissal for failure to receive a speedy trial.”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 20 of 43 B. Constitution-Based Speedy Trial Rights [46] Van Hawk also asserts that the significant delay in his case violated his
constitutional right to a speedy trial under both the United States and Indiana
Constitutions. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
guarantees the accused in all criminal prosecutions “the right to a speedy and
public trial[.]” Article 1, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution provides:
“Justice shall be administered freely, and without purchase; completely, and
without denial; speedily, and without delay.” We resolve both state and federal
speedy trial claims by applying the analysis required by Barker v. Wingo, 407
U.S. 514 (1972); S.L. v. State, 16 N.E.3d 953, 961 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).
[47] In Barker, the United States Supreme Court identified four factors to balance in
determining whether a defendant has been deprived of the speedy trial right: (1)
length of the delay; (2) reason(s) for the delay; (3) defendant’s assertion of the
right; and (4) prejudice to the defendant. 407 U.S. at 530.
1. Length of Delay [48] The State charged Van Hawk in March 2023, and the trial court held his jury
trial 565 days later, in October 2024. “Delays approaching one year generally”
are considered to be “presumptively prejudicial.” Watson, 155 N.E.3d at 617.
This approximately 18-month delay is sufficient to trigger the Barker analysis.
See id. at 616-17.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 21 of 43 2. Reason for Delay [49] Next, we assess “who is more responsible for the delay: the government or the
defendant.” Id. at 617 (citing Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651 (1992)).
“Reasons for delay generally fall into three categories: (1) justifiable, like a
missing witness; (2) neutral, like negligence or court congestion; or (3) bad
faith, like a purposeful attempt to hinder the defense.” Id. (citing Barker, 407
U.S. at 531). “Only those reasons falling in the latter two categories weigh
against the government, with one grounded in bad faith weighing most
heavily.” Id. (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531). “On the other side of the scale, any
delay caused by the defense falls on the defendant.” Id. (citing Vermont v. Brillon,
556 U.S. 81, 90 (2009)).
[50] Although the delay here was approximately 18 months, the reasons for the
delay are attributable largely to Van Hawk. As previously discussed, he
repeatedly dismissed his counsel, causing newly appointed counsel to seek
continuances and the trial court to reset pretrial conferences as well as his jury
trial date. He also sought an interlocutory appeal. And while represented by
counsel, he filed numerous pro se pleadings. Therefore, this Barker factor
weighs against Van Hawk.
3. Assertion of Right [51] We next examine “whether and how a defendant asserted the speedy trial
right.” Watson, 155 N.E.3d at 618 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531). Our inquiry
“is a fluid one: we determine whether the State and court were put on notice
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 22 of 43 that a defendant has asserted their speedy trial right, while remaining mindful
of any conduct by the defendant to the contrary.” Id. (citing United States v. Loud
Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 314 (1986)).
[52] Although Van Hawk promptly requested a speedy trial, less than two weeks
later, he asked the trial court to vacate the trial date. The string of counsel
appointed to represent him necessitated counsel to seek multiple continuances.
Through counsel and acting pro se, Van Hawk filed motions for discharge and
a motion for dismissal, despite also repeatedly causing his trial to be delayed.
However, because he consistently asserted his speedy trial rights under
Criminal Rule 4, this was sufficient to put the trial court on notice regarding his
constitutional speedy trial rights. This factor, thus, favors Van Hawk.
4. Prejudice [53] Finally, we assess the prejudice that Van Hawk suffered as a result of the delay.
“We assess prejudice in light of the three interests the speedy trial guarantee
was designed to protect: (1) preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration; (2)
minimizing the anxiety and concern of the accused; and (3) limiting the
possibility that the defense will be impaired.” Watson, 155 N.E.3d at 619 (citing
Barker, 407 U.S. at 532). The most important of the three is limiting the
possibility of defense impairment. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. It is the defendant’s
burden to show actual prejudice because of the delay. Johnson v. State, 83
N.E.3d 81, 87 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 23 of 43 [54] Van Hawk’s only claims of prejudice are that his home detention and GPS
monitoring while awaiting trial amounted to a “significant restriction on his
liberty,” and the delay in bringing him to trial increased his anxiety. Appellant’s
Br., p. 31. While he may have waited roughly 18 months for trial and suffered
some anxiety, he was not in jail during that time, and his own actions caused
the majority of the delays. In addition, he makes no argument regarding the
most important factor, that the delay undermined or impaired his defense.
Indeed, many of the delays appear to have aided Van Hawk’s defense, either by
giving new counsel time to prepare or allowing for accommodations for Van
Hawk’s hearing impairment. Accordingly, we find this factor weighs against
Van Hawk.
[55] In balancing the Barker factors—and considering that Van Hawk caused the
majority of the delays and failed to show he was prejudiced—Van Hawk is not
entitled to relief under Barker. Therefore, his constitutional right to a speedy
trial under the United States and Indiana constitutions was not violated.
II. Right to a Fair Trial [56] We now turn to Van Hawk’s claims that the trial court denied him a fair trial
by: (A) refusing to sever the charges; (B) failing to accommodate his hearing
impairment; (C) deeming his waiver of counsel valid and denying him standby
counsel; (D) providing inadequate notice of the trial date; and (E) restricting his
presentation of evidence. We address each argument and affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 24 of 43 A. Joinder and Motion to Sever [57] Van Hawk argues that he was entitled to a severance of the three Level 5 felony
stalking charges as a matter of right, and alternatively, even if he had no right to
a severance, the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to sever.
However, he failed to renew his motion at trial as required by Indiana Code §
35-34-1-12(b). Consequently, the State correctly argues that he has waived the
matter for appeal. See Ennik v. State, 40 N.E.3d 868, 875 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015)
(issue of defendant’s request for separate trial was waived on appeal where his
pretrial motion for severance was denied, and he failed to renew motion during
trial). Waiver notwithstanding, we find his arguments unpersuasive.
[58] Two or more offenses may be joined in the same charging information when
they are either of the same or similar character or constitute part of a single
scheme or plan. Ind. Code § 35-34-1-9(a). After causes are joined, a defendant’s
right to severance will vary on the basis for joinder:
Where the offenses have been joined solely because they are of the same or similar character, a defendant is entitled to severance as a matter of right. The trial court thus has no discretion to deny such a motion, and we will review its decision de novo. But where the offenses have been joined because the defendant’s underlying acts are connected together, we review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion.
Pierce v. State, 29 N.E.3d 1258, 1264 (Ind. 2015) (internal citations omitted).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 25 of 43 [59] When a defendant is not entitled to severance as a matter of right, the court
shall grant a severance of offenses whenever the court determines that severance is appropriate to promote a fair determination of the defendant’s guilt or innocence of each offense considering:
(1) the number of the offenses charged;
(2) the complexity of the evidence to be offered; and
(3) whether the trier of fact will be able to distinguish the evidence and apply the law intelligently as to each offense.
Ind. Code § 35-34-1-11(a).
[60] Van Hawk first argues that he is entitled to severance of the charges as a matter
of right under Indiana Code § 35-34-1-9(a), claiming the charged offenses were
joined “solely because they are of the same or similar character” and because
the charges “concern vastly different time periods” and “lack the necessary
temporal and factual nexus to be considered ‘connected together.’” Appellant’s
Br., pp. 35, 36. In determining whether joined offenses are connected by the
defendant’s “underlying acts” and are not merely of the “same or similar
character,” “we ask whether the operative facts establish a pattern of activity
beyond mere satisfaction of the statutory elements.” Pierce, 29 N.E.3d at 1264,
1266. A defendant’s “modus operandi” and “motive” are relevant to
determining whether charges are connected by the defendant’s underlying acts
and are not merely similar in character based on the statutory elements. Id. at
1266.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 26 of 43 [61] Here, the record reveals that Van Hawk’s stalking charges were not joined
solely because they were of the same or similar character. Although the charges
stemmed from different time periods, they were all based on a pattern of
activity and the modus operandi of Van Hawk repeatedly contacting and
harassing his ex-wife—by email, text messages, lawsuits, bizarre antics, and in-
person contacts—in violation of multiple protective orders. The charges were
also united by Van Hawk’s motive of harassing N.V. over the choices she made
for the couple’s children. As such, Van Hawk was not entitled to severance as a
matter of right.
[62] In the alternative, Van Hawk contends severance was appropriate under
Indiana Code § 35-34-1-11(a) “to promote a fair determination” of his “guilt or
innocence of each offense.” As noted supra ¶ 60, this provision requires
consideration of “(1) the number of offenses charged; (2) the complexity of the
evidence to be offered; and (3) whether the trier of fact will be able to
distinguish the evidence and apply the law intelligently as to each offense.” Id.
A trial court has discretion in weighing these factors, and we review the court’s
decision only for an abuse of that discretion. Pierce, 29 N.E.3d at 1264. A
defendant seeking reversal based on the denial of severance must show that,
given what actually occurred at trial, the denial was prejudicial. Harvey v. State,
719 N.E.2d 406, 409 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
[63] Van Hawk argues the “cumulative impact of three separate charges spanning
multiple years likely created a prejudicial impression of persistent wrongdoing
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 27 of 43 that would not have existed had the charges been tried separately.” Appellant’s
Br., p. 38. We disagree. The State charged Van Hawk with three counts of
Level 5 felony stalking and amended the charges such that each count spanned
a different and distinct time period. Van Hawk has not identified anything
particularly complex regarding the counts, demonstrated that the jury had
trouble distinguishing the evidence and applying the law intelligently to each
offense, or shown he was prejudiced by the denial of the motion for severance.
See Vasquez v. State, 174 NE.3d 623, 631 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021) (trial court did
not abuse its discretion by denying motion for severance when the evidence was
not complex and could be distinguished by jury). Therefore, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it denied Van Hawk’s motion to sever.
B. Hearing Impairment Accommodation [64] Next, Van Hawk argues he was unable to be “fully present and involved” in his
trial because the trial court failed to provide him with an effective
accommodation for his hearing impairment. Appellant’s Br., p. 41. During trial,
from start to finish, he repeatedly objected to the closed captioning system the
court provided, arguing that the system was failing him in three ways: (1) it did
not identify the speakers, making it “impossible” for him to know who was
speaking at any given time; (2) it did not include a feature allowing him to scroll
up and review prior statements and testimony; and (3) the automatic
transcription made typographical errors. Id. at 40.
[65] On appeal, Van Hawk claims a violation of due process on grounds that the
court-provided system did not meet the standards set by The Americans with Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 28 of 43 Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (42 U.S.C. § 12132); his numerous objections to
the system were ignored by the court; and the court wrongfully placed the
burden on him to secure a real-time transcriptionist for his trial. Where, as here,
a party claims that he was denied due process, we review the matter de novo.
Hilligoss v. State, 45 N.E.3d 1228, 1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[66] Under the ADA, a public entity is prohibited from discriminating against any
individual with a disability because of that disability. 42 U.S.C. § 12132.
Regarding communications for a disabled individual, the implementing
regulation of the ADA provides in relevant part that the “type of auxiliary aid
or service necessary to ensure effective communication” varies based on the
“method of communication used by the individual; the nature, length, and
complexity of the communication involved; and the context in which the
communication is taking place.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.160(b)(2). In deciding “what
types of auxiliary aids and services are necessary,” it is imperative to give
“primary consideration to the requests of individuals with disabilities.” Id.
[67] Appropriate “[a]uxiliary aids and services” include:
Qualified interpreters on-site or through video remote interpreting (VRI) services; . . . real-time computer-aided transcription services; . . . telephone handset amplifiers; assistive listening devices; assistive listening systems; . . . closed caption decoders; open and closed captioning, including real-time captioning; . . . videotext displays; . . . or other effective methods of making aurally delivered information available to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing[.]
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 29 of 43 28 C.F.R. § 35.104. The “auxiliary aids and services must be provided in
accessible formats, in a timely manner, and in such a way as to protect the
privacy and independence of the individual with a disability.” 28 C.F.R. §
35.160(b)(2).
[68] Early in the proceedings, the trial court arranged amplification devices and real-
time closed captioning for Van Hawk’s hearing impairment based on a
recommendation from the Indiana Supreme Court’s Office of Judicial
Administration. Despite being afforded a reasonable accommodation approved
by our Supreme Court and the ADA, Van Hawk insisted on other technology.
The court did not deny his request, telling Van Hawk: “You get me the
information on the device that you want and I’ll arrange to have it. I don’t
know what more I can do for you. I’ll give you what you ask for.” Tr. Vol. II, p.
19. Yet Van Hawk did not provide the information to the court. Later in the
proceedings, the court “updated” the accommodation to a different real-time
closed captioning computer program, noting that the program appeared to be
“at least 95 percent or plus accurate.” Id. at 85, 90.
[69] When the jury trial commenced on September 10, 2024, Van Hawk told the
court he could not “hear what’s happening” and requested a continuance to
obtain a live transcriptionist. Id. at 223. The court granted the continuance and
directed Van Hawk to promptly provide the name of the service and verify its
availability, but he failed to do so. One week later, the trial court ordered Van
Hawk to arrange for transcription services if he wished to use them. But he did
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 30 of 43 not provide the information the court previously had requested. And on
October 8, 2024, when his rescheduled jury trial began, he proceeded to trial
and did not request a continuance to allow himself time to arrange for a live
transcriptionist.
[70] Van Hawk has not established that the trial court failed to accommodate his
hearing impairment. The record reveals that during the jury trial, Van Hawk
questioned witnesses, lodged objections, and addressed the court and the jury.
Though he repeatedly complained about the court-provided accommodations
for his hearing impairment, he failed to follow the court’s directive to provide
the court with the pertinent information for the transcription service of his
choice. And while there were imperfections in the computer-aided
transcription, we are satisfied from our review of the record that those
imperfections were limited and did not interfere with Van Hawk’s ability to be
fully present and involved in his trial. Therefore, Van Hawk’s due process right
to a fair trial was not violated.
C. Waiver of Counsel and Denial of Standby Counsel [71] Next, Van Hawk argues that the trial court “conducted an inadequate inquiry”
regarding whether he made a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of his
right to counsel. Appellant’s Br., p. 44. He contends the record is silent as to
whether he was sufficiently advised about the perils of self-representation.
[72] Both the United States and Indiana Constitutions guarantee a criminal
defendant the right to representation by counsel. U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV;
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 31 of 43 Ind. Const. art. 1, § 13. Implicit in the right to counsel is the right to self-
representation. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 807 (1975). A defendant’s
assertion of the right of self-representation must be “unequivocal.” Wright v.
State, 168 N.E.3d 244, 259 (Ind. 2021). “We review de novo a trial court’s
finding that a defendant waived his right to counsel.” Butler v. State, 951 N.E.2d
255, 260 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
[73] When a criminal defendant waives his right to counsel and elects to proceed pro
se, we must decide whether the trial court properly determined that the
defendant’s waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Jones v. State, 783
N.E.2d 1132, 1138 (Ind. 2003). “Waiver of assistance of counsel may be
established based upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding the
case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” Id.
Among the factors we consider are:
(1) the extent of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s decision[;] (2) other evidence in the record that establishes whether the defendant understood the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation[;] (3) the background and experience of the defendant[;] and (4) the context of the defendant’s decision to proceed pro se.
Poynter v. State, 749 N.E.2d 1122, 1127 (Ind. 2001) (quoting United States v.
Hoskins, 243 F.3d 407, 411 (7th Cir. 2001)).
[74] There are no prescribed “talking points” the court is required to include in its
advisement to the defendant; it need only come to a considered determination
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 32 of 43 that the defendant is making a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver. Id. at
1126. The defendant should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of
self-representation so the record will establish that he knows what he is doing
and his choice is made “with eyes open.” Leonard v. State, 579 N.E.2d 1294,
1295 (Ind. 1991) (citing Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835). Because a trial court is
uniquely situated to assess whether a defendant has waived the right to counsel,
we will most likely uphold the trial court’s decision “to honor or deny the
defendant’s request to represent himself.” Wright, 168 N.E.3d at 255.
[75] Here, the trial court noted in its May 2024 amended order that Van Hawk had
been given a waiver of counsel document setting forth an extensive advisement
for individuals seeking to represent themselves. The document explained that
Van Hawk had the right to counsel as well as the right to represent himself. It
outlined in detail the benefits and skills an attorney would provide, specifically,
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the case, investigating the case,
explaining the charges, gathering evidence, examining and cross-examining
witnesses at trial, recognizing “objectionable and unfavorable” evidence,
presenting “favorable opening and closing statements,” preparing jury
instructions, and selecting the jury. App. Vol. III, p. 206. The document stated
that by proceeding pro se, Van Hawk would not receive “any special treatment”
with his defense and would have to follow “all the same rules and procedures”
as an attorney would. Id. The document further provided that if Van Hawk
decided to proceed pro se, “and the result turns out badly,” he would not “be
able to complain” that he was not an “effective attorney.” Id. Additionally, the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 33 of 43 document advised that proceeding pro se “can turn out to be a very bad
decision.” Id.
[76] The document also contained several questions Van Hawk should ask himself
before deciding to proceed pro se, such as the skills and knowledge he had that
would help him in his self-representation; whether he had ever studied criminal
law; his previous experience with the criminal justice system; whether he had
participated in a jury trial; and his education level, his ability to read and write
well, and his oratory skills.
[77] After providing Van Hawk with the waiver of counsel document, the trial
court—at a status conference held in September 2024—again considered Van
Hawk’s decision to waive his right to counsel and proceed pro se. And during
the status conference, the court engaged Van Hawk in extensive discourse about
proceeding pro se. First, the court informed Van Hawk that his “last attorney”
had withdrawn his appearance. Tr. Vol. II, p. 159. And when the court then
asked him how he wanted to proceed, Van Hawk replied, “Let’s proceed with
the jury selection. Let’s get this done.” Id. at 160.
[78] The court asked Van Hawk multiple times if he wanted an attorney. After much
back and forth, where Van Hawk often talked over the court, Van Hawk stated:
“I have the right to represent myself. That’s my constitutional right.” Id. at 167-
68. The court noted that Van Hawk possessed “the intelligence” to represent
himself. Id. at 168. And as the court attempted to question Van Hawk about the
intricacies of a jury trial, including selecting a jury, Van Hawk told the court:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 34 of 43 “I’ve requested to represent myself, as is my constitutional right. If you have a
problem with the way, I’m doing it when it proceeds. That’s another story.” Id.
at 169. The court then explained to Van Hawk that he would have to follow
“the decorum in the courtroom,” and would be responsible for jury selection,
opening statements, questioning witnesses, and lodging objections. Id. at 170.
[79] The court also told Van Hawk that if he “want[ed] to proceed pro se,” he
needed to reread the waiver of counsel document and, after “contemplat[ing]
it,” sign and date it. Id. at 177. Van Hawk told the court, “I’ve read it, your
honor. I’ve seen it.” Id. The court stated, “Those warnings have been given to
you. You’ve told me you’ve considered them. You told me you want to risk
representing yourself.” Id.
[80] The court also attempted to dissuade Van Hawk from self-representation and
persuade him that he could not effectively do so, telling Van Hawk, “I do think
it’s a mistake for you to represent yourself. A serious mistake but okay.” Id. at
175. And the court tried to continue the jury trial and find an attorney to
represent Van Hawk, but Van Hawk told the court, “I’m representing myself. . .
. I will not accept another attorney. It’s my right to represent myself.” Id. at 179-
80. The court told Van Hawk to sign the waiver of counsel document, and he
did so, thus, acknowledging he had read the advisements. Though Van Hawk
now disputes that he signed the waiver and claims it was not included in the
appellate record, the waiver is indeed included in the record, bearing his
signature and dated September 4, 2024. See App. Vol. III, p. 226-27.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 35 of 43 [81] Van Hawk attempts to shift the blame for his proceeding pro se entirely onto
the trial court. Yet, the record reveals that Van Hawk fired all of his attorneys
and insisted on representing himself—even after extensive warnings from the
trial court against proceeding pro se—only hesitating or expressing doubt about
his choice when his trial did not appear to be progressing as he had hoped. Van
Hawk was informed of the self-representation warnings and advisements in
writing, then verbally at the September 4, 2024, status conference, and then
again in writing during the status conference. And that same day, he signed the
waiver of counsel document.
[82] The facts and circumstances presented in this case establish that the trial court
conducted an adequate inquiry and properly determined that Van Hawk
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his right to counsel. Thus, the 6 trial court did not err in allowing him to proceed pro se.
[83] As for Van Hawk’s argument that the trial court abused its discretion by
denying him standby counsel when it was “plainly warranted,” we are not
persuaded. Appellant’s Br., p. 45. A defendant who proceeds pro se has no right
to demand the appointment of standby counsel for assistance. Kindred v. State,
6 We note that, in his reply brief, Van Hawk raises new arguments to support his contention that he did not make a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of counsel. He claims his refusal to file a pro se appearance, as required under Indiana Criminal Rule 1.3(C), and the fact that he wrote “under duress” beneath his signature on the waiver of counsel document, established that he did not choose to represent himself but, instead, was forced to do so. Reply Br., p. 17. However, because Van Hawk raises these issues for the first time in his Reply Brief, they are waived. See Curtis v. State, 948 N.E.2d 1143, 1148 (Ind. 2011) (citing Appellate Rule 46(C) and explaining that party “may not raise an issue . . . for the first time in a reply brief”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 36 of 43 521 NE.2d 320, 323 (Ind. 1998). Rather, the decision is within the trial court’s
discretion. Id.
[84] We acknowledge Van Hawk’s lack of familiarity with the nuances of a criminal
trial, as well as the use of standby counsel to eliminate the disadvantages
associated with pro se representation. See Wilson v. State, 94 N.E.3d 312, 324
(Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (appointment of standby counsel can be an appropriate
prophylactic device when a defendant assumes burden of conducting his own
defense). However, in this case, Van Hawk rejected court-appointed counsel,
rejected the trial court’s repeated offers to appoint counsel, insisted on self-
representation, and exhibited a fierce determination to represent himself at trial,
notwithstanding the trial court’s warnings about the risks of proceeding pro se.
Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying his request for standby counsel.
D. Notice of Jury Trial [85] Next, Van Hawk contends that the trial court violated his right to due process
by advancing his jury trial date from November 19, 2024, to October 8, leaving
him insufficient time to file pretrial motions, submit proposed jury instructions,
address evidentiary matters, and arrange for a live transcriptionist at his trial.
He maintains that the advanced trial date amounted to “a sort of procedural
ambush” and provided a “one-sided advantage to the State.” Appellant’s Br.,
pp. 47, 48. We review a party’s claim that he was denied due process de novo.
Hilligoss, 45 N.E.3d at 1230.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 37 of 43 [86] At the September 17, 2024, status conference, the trial court attempted to
reschedule Van Hawk’s jury trial for December, but Van Hawk rejected the
date, stating: “this is ridiculous” and “it’s not even remotely acceptable.” Tr.
Vol. II, p. 234. The court then orally set the trial for November 19 and 20 and
directed Van Hawk to have his chosen live transcription service contact the
court. However, when an earlier trial date became available—and in light of the
deep dissatisfaction that Van Hawk expressed with the December trial date—
the court issued a written order on September 17, rescheduling the trial to
October 8. The court sent the order to Van Hawk by email on September 18
and had the sheriff serve him with the order on September 27. And though the
order noted the court had “found on several prior occasions” that the existing
accommodations the court had provided for Van Hawk’s hearing impairment
were reasonable, it directed Van Hawk to arrange for transcription services if he
wished to use them for the October 8 trial. App. Vol. IV, p. 10. Van Hawk did
not file an objection to the new trial date.
[87] Instead, at the start of the October 8 trial, Van Hawk complained that he did
not receive notice of the rescheduled trial date until he was served with the
order on September 27, and he informed the court that he had contacted the
transcription service about the November 19 date, not the October 8 date. Yet,
when the court asked if he “was making a motion to continue the trial,” Van
Hawk replied, “No, your honor,” and the trial commenced. Tr. Vol. III, p. 7.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 38 of 43 [88] Because Van Hawk chose to proceed to trial as scheduled rather than request a
continuance, he cannot now complain that his right to due process was violated
and he was denied a fair trial. Thus, no error occurred here.
E. Presentation of Evidence [89] Next, Van Hawk contends that he was denied a fair trial and “the opportunity
to present a full defense” because the trial court cut short his cross-examination
of his ex-wife, N.V.; the presentation of his testimony during his case-in-chief;
and his closing argument. Appellant’s Br., p. 51. We first note that Van Hawk
has failed to develop and present cogent arguments that the trial court unfairly
limited his ability to present his testimony and his closing argument. Therefore,
he has waived these issues for review. See Shane v. State, 716 N.E.2d 391, 398
n.3 (Ind. 1999) (holding that defendant waived argument on appeal by failing to
develop cogent argument); see also generally Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a)
(providing that an appellant’s brief “must contain the contentions of the
appellant on the issues presented, supported by cogent reasoning”).
[90] Turning to Van Hawk’s remaining cross-examination argument, we find he has
waived it as well by failing both to preserve the issue at trial and to present a
cogent argument on appeal.
[91] After allowing Van Hawk to cross-examine N.V. at length, the court told him
that he had asked only a handful of “legitimate questions,” had “badgered the
witness, . . . assumed facts that [we]re not in evidence, and . . . wasted [the
court’s] time[.]” Tr. Vol. III, p. 232. The court warned Van Hawk that it would
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 39 of 43 terminate his cross-examination if he did not ask “legitimate questions” related
to the substance of N.V.’s testimony or her credibility. Id.
[92] The State sought to end the questioning pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule
611, which provides that courts “should exercise reasonable control over the
mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence,” with an aim
to “(1) make those procedures effective for determining the truth; (2) avoid
wasting time; and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue
embarrassment.” And, per the Rule, the scope of cross-examination “should
not go beyond the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting
the witness’s credibility.” Evid. R. 611.
[93] Here, the trial court allowed Van Hawk to continue with his cross-examination
for about ten minutes after its warning. Then, the court granted the State’s
request to terminate the cross-examination, telling Van Hawk:
Yes, the time limit is when you waste our time. When you bring up issues that are not relevant. When you badger the witness. When you assume facts that are not in evidence and this actually (sic) when you should be proving this in your case. I don’t see how we’ve gotten anywhere in any of this timeframe and it’s, it’s been nonproductive. I grant the State’s request. I terminate this cross-examination. You may have a seat sir.
Tr. Vol. III, pp. 241-42. The court found that “every part of Rule 611 applies,”
because, in addition to badgering the witness and wasting time, Van Hawk’s
cross-examination had gone “beyond the scope of the direct examinations.” Id.
at 242.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 40 of 43 [94] On appeal, Van Hawk does not challenge the trial court’s Rule 611 ruling, per
se. Instead, he frames his argument as a violation of his constitutional right to
confront witnesses by terminating his cross-examination of N.V. The
Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution specifies that, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S.
Const. amend. VI. This right is made applicable to the states through the
Fourteenth Amendment. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406 (1965). “The
essential purpose of the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation is to ensure
that the defendant has the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses against
him.” Howard v. State, 853 N.E.2d 461, 465 (Ind. 2006). We review
constitutional challenges de novo. Ackerman v. State, 51 N.E.3d 171, 177 (Ind.
2016), cert. denied.
[95] But, as noted supra ¶ 90, Van Hawk has waived his confrontation claim in two
ways. First, as the State points out, he did not raise a Sixth Amendment
objection at trial. See Small v. State, 736 N.E.2d 742, 747 (Ind. 2000) (defendant
waived confrontation issue where his trial objection was based solely on other
grounds). Second, on appeal, his confrontation argument is perfunctory at best
and insufficient to merit appellate review. For instance, he does not flesh out his
argument; instead, he baldly asserts that the trial court’s “termination of [his]
cross-examination of the alleged victim on the basis that ‘time is up’ and that
the questioning was ‘non-productive’ violated his constitutional right to
confront witnesses against him[.]” Appellant’s Br., p. 50.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 41 of 43 [96] We will not become an advocate for an appellant by supplementing an
argument lacking essential analysis. Rodts v. Heart City Auto., Inc., 933 N.E.2d
548, 554 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010); see also Keller v. State, 549 N.E.2d 372, 373 (Ind.
1980) (observing that a court runs the risk of being an advocate rather than an
adjudicator when it searches the record and makes up its own arguments
because a party presented them in a perfunctory manner). Given the dearth of
Van Hawk’s Confrontation Clause analysis, he has waived this claim. See App.
R. 46(A)(8)(a).
F. Cumulative Error [97] Finally, Van Hawk argues that the “cumulative effect of the trial court’s
decisions created a perfect storm that rendered [his] trial fundamentally unfair.”
Appellant’s Br., p. 52. However, because we have concluded that there was no
error in the trial court’s rulings on the speedy trial motions, severance,
accommodations, waiver of counsel and standby counsel, notice of trial, or
presentation of evidence and trial management, we also conclude that there was
no cumulative error.
Conclusion [98] For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
[99] Affirmed.
Bradford, J., and DeBoer, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 42 of 43 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Donald R. Shuler Barkes, Kolbus, Rife & Shuler, LLP Goshen, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Theodore E. Rokita Attorney General of Indiana George P. Sherman Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-3161 | February 6, 2026 Page 43 of 43
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