Ogden, J.
In 1853 the parents of appellees died in Harris county, leaving them orphans, without relatives in this coun[301]*301try, at the respective ages of about six and ten years. J. W. Schrimpf, who was a countryman and friend of appellees’ deceased father, took the boys into his own family, where the) remained until about the time of their majority.
After appellees arrived at them majority they each brought suit against the administratrix of J. W. Schrimpf, he having previously died, for the value of their labor and services rendered during their minority. The two cases having been consolidated by the consent of the parties were tried at the spring term of the District Court, 1872, and a judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff, Joseph Settegast, for the sum of two thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine dollars and eighty-two cents, and in favor of Julius Settegast for two thousand four hundred and twenty dollars and eighty-nine cents, from which judgment the administratrix has appealed to this court, and seeks a reversal of the judgment, for errors in the charge of the court, for errors of the court in refusing the charges asked by the defendant, and for the error of the court in refusing a new trial.
The charge of the court instructs the jury that under our laws no person has any right or power to constitute himself the guardian of an orphan minor child, nor to exercise any authority or control over the person, or time, or service, of such minor ; and the charge closes by instructing the jury that “ in every case “ when any person so assumes to take charge of, and puts “ such minor to work for him, then such minor, upon arriv- “ ing at age, has a right to recover from such person the rea- “ sonable value of the services rendered for the time he was so “ in the service of such person.” As a general rule the charge may be a correct proposition of law, and yet in justice, equity, and humanity, there must be many exceptions to so rigid a rule; and we think the court should have referred the jury to the facts of this case for their determination whether this should not be considered as constituting one of the many exceptions.
It may be admitted as a general rule of law, that whenever services have been rendered to another, a contract for hiring [302]*302and an obligation to pay will be presumed. (2 Parsons on Contracts, 46.) But such a presumption is said not to arise in the case of parent and child, or of relations of blood (2 Kent’s Com., 192; Lantz v. Frey, 14 Penn., 201; Defrance v. Austin, 9 Penn., 309), and this presumption may be rebutted in other cases, by proof of facts or circumstances which would show that neither party intended a contract for services and pecuniary compensation (2 Parsons on Contracts, 47; Hartman’s Appeal, 3 Grant’s Cases, 271; and Williams v. Hutchinson, 5 Barb., 122); as where a person, influenced by motives of great friendship, lives in the family of another and renders service, or when such services have been rendered because of the expectancy of a legacy, or when a person receives another into his family through motives of charity or humanity.
We have not been referred by either counsel in their brief, to any adjudicated case directly deciding the question presented in the charge of the court, but we find in many cases the reasons for a correct rule which should define and regulate the rights and duties of parties, in the relation presupposed by that portion of the charge of the court herein referred to. Chancellor Kent, in discussing the relative duties of parent and child, lays down the general rule that the father is bound to support and educate his minor children, and has a right to their services without compensation. “But,” he says, “a husband is not “ liable for the expense of maintenance of the child of his wife “ by a former husband. If, however, he takes the wife’s child “into his own house, he is then considered as standing in loco “parentis, and is responsible for the maintenance and education “ of the child, so long as it lives with him.” We can see no legal difference in the rights and duties of a person towards a step-son, and the same of a stranger; indeed, they are both strangers, and there is no legal obligation for support, and no corresponding duty of obedience and service in either case. But we are of the opinion that the weight of authority has established a doctrine that would hold a person who had, through motives of kindness or charity, received an orphan child into [303]*303his family, whether it be a step-child or an entire stranger, and treated it as a member of his family, as standing in loco parentis, so long as such child should see fit to remain in such family, or so long as it should be permitted thus to remain; and while that relation should exist, the party who stood in loco parentis would be bound for the maintenance, care, and education of such child, and would be entitled to his reasonable services, without being-liable to pay for the same, only in the way of support, unless there had been an express promise to that effect. (14 Penn., 201; 9 Penn., 309; 3 Grant, 271; Andrews v. Foster, 17 Vt., 556; Amey’s Appeal, 14 Penn., 127; 5 Barb., 125.) The last cited case was an action by a step-child against the husband of his mother, and Johnson J., delivering the opinion of the court, after reviewing the whole law, bearing not only upon the particular case before the court, but the law regulating the services of minors generally, says: “ the books are full of “ cases to show that under such circumstances the law will not “ imply a promise to pay for services thus rendered, or permit “a recovery, unless an express promise is shown, or something “ to prove that such was the expectation on both sides.” In that case Wells J. delivered a very able dissenting opinion, in which he claimed nothing on account of the relation of stepfather and step-son, but upon the general principle that the plaintiff had performed services, and that the law would presume a promise to pay; that as the child was a minor he could make no binding contract, and therefore, as an express promise was impossible, the law for protection of infants will presume or assume one. And the learned judge claims that the plaintiff was entitled to receive the full value of the services rendered, after deducting the actual expenses of his living and education. He, however, seems to have lost sight of the fact, that when a child is reared with care and kindness, and taught principles of truth, honor, and industry, and educated to a degree that would make him a skilled, successful, and useful member of society, the repayment of the actual pecuniary expense bestowed on him would be but a poor compensation indeed, for [304]*304the care, trouble, and anxiety necessarily bestowed. This cause, and particularly the dissenting opinion of Justice Wells, was most thoroughly reviewed by Justice Pratt in the same case, on an appeal from the Supreme Court to the Court of Appeals (3 Comstock, 317), in which the dissenting opinion of Justice Wells is criticised to a considerable length, and directly overruled, and declared not to be the law. In that case the plaintiff, at the age of eleven years, was adopted into the family of the defendant, and was educated and treated as one of the family, and the court of appeals held, that after his -majority he had no right to claim compensation for services. That case is in many respects parallel with the one at bar, and we are of the opinion that the same law should govern both cases.
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Ogden, J.
In 1853 the parents of appellees died in Harris county, leaving them orphans, without relatives in this coun[301]*301try, at the respective ages of about six and ten years. J. W. Schrimpf, who was a countryman and friend of appellees’ deceased father, took the boys into his own family, where the) remained until about the time of their majority.
After appellees arrived at them majority they each brought suit against the administratrix of J. W. Schrimpf, he having previously died, for the value of their labor and services rendered during their minority. The two cases having been consolidated by the consent of the parties were tried at the spring term of the District Court, 1872, and a judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff, Joseph Settegast, for the sum of two thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine dollars and eighty-two cents, and in favor of Julius Settegast for two thousand four hundred and twenty dollars and eighty-nine cents, from which judgment the administratrix has appealed to this court, and seeks a reversal of the judgment, for errors in the charge of the court, for errors of the court in refusing the charges asked by the defendant, and for the error of the court in refusing a new trial.
The charge of the court instructs the jury that under our laws no person has any right or power to constitute himself the guardian of an orphan minor child, nor to exercise any authority or control over the person, or time, or service, of such minor ; and the charge closes by instructing the jury that “ in every case “ when any person so assumes to take charge of, and puts “ such minor to work for him, then such minor, upon arriv- “ ing at age, has a right to recover from such person the rea- “ sonable value of the services rendered for the time he was so “ in the service of such person.” As a general rule the charge may be a correct proposition of law, and yet in justice, equity, and humanity, there must be many exceptions to so rigid a rule; and we think the court should have referred the jury to the facts of this case for their determination whether this should not be considered as constituting one of the many exceptions.
It may be admitted as a general rule of law, that whenever services have been rendered to another, a contract for hiring [302]*302and an obligation to pay will be presumed. (2 Parsons on Contracts, 46.) But such a presumption is said not to arise in the case of parent and child, or of relations of blood (2 Kent’s Com., 192; Lantz v. Frey, 14 Penn., 201; Defrance v. Austin, 9 Penn., 309), and this presumption may be rebutted in other cases, by proof of facts or circumstances which would show that neither party intended a contract for services and pecuniary compensation (2 Parsons on Contracts, 47; Hartman’s Appeal, 3 Grant’s Cases, 271; and Williams v. Hutchinson, 5 Barb., 122); as where a person, influenced by motives of great friendship, lives in the family of another and renders service, or when such services have been rendered because of the expectancy of a legacy, or when a person receives another into his family through motives of charity or humanity.
We have not been referred by either counsel in their brief, to any adjudicated case directly deciding the question presented in the charge of the court, but we find in many cases the reasons for a correct rule which should define and regulate the rights and duties of parties, in the relation presupposed by that portion of the charge of the court herein referred to. Chancellor Kent, in discussing the relative duties of parent and child, lays down the general rule that the father is bound to support and educate his minor children, and has a right to their services without compensation. “But,” he says, “a husband is not “ liable for the expense of maintenance of the child of his wife “ by a former husband. If, however, he takes the wife’s child “into his own house, he is then considered as standing in loco “parentis, and is responsible for the maintenance and education “ of the child, so long as it lives with him.” We can see no legal difference in the rights and duties of a person towards a step-son, and the same of a stranger; indeed, they are both strangers, and there is no legal obligation for support, and no corresponding duty of obedience and service in either case. But we are of the opinion that the weight of authority has established a doctrine that would hold a person who had, through motives of kindness or charity, received an orphan child into [303]*303his family, whether it be a step-child or an entire stranger, and treated it as a member of his family, as standing in loco parentis, so long as such child should see fit to remain in such family, or so long as it should be permitted thus to remain; and while that relation should exist, the party who stood in loco parentis would be bound for the maintenance, care, and education of such child, and would be entitled to his reasonable services, without being-liable to pay for the same, only in the way of support, unless there had been an express promise to that effect. (14 Penn., 201; 9 Penn., 309; 3 Grant, 271; Andrews v. Foster, 17 Vt., 556; Amey’s Appeal, 14 Penn., 127; 5 Barb., 125.) The last cited case was an action by a step-child against the husband of his mother, and Johnson J., delivering the opinion of the court, after reviewing the whole law, bearing not only upon the particular case before the court, but the law regulating the services of minors generally, says: “ the books are full of “ cases to show that under such circumstances the law will not “ imply a promise to pay for services thus rendered, or permit “a recovery, unless an express promise is shown, or something “ to prove that such was the expectation on both sides.” In that case Wells J. delivered a very able dissenting opinion, in which he claimed nothing on account of the relation of stepfather and step-son, but upon the general principle that the plaintiff had performed services, and that the law would presume a promise to pay; that as the child was a minor he could make no binding contract, and therefore, as an express promise was impossible, the law for protection of infants will presume or assume one. And the learned judge claims that the plaintiff was entitled to receive the full value of the services rendered, after deducting the actual expenses of his living and education. He, however, seems to have lost sight of the fact, that when a child is reared with care and kindness, and taught principles of truth, honor, and industry, and educated to a degree that would make him a skilled, successful, and useful member of society, the repayment of the actual pecuniary expense bestowed on him would be but a poor compensation indeed, for [304]*304the care, trouble, and anxiety necessarily bestowed. This cause, and particularly the dissenting opinion of Justice Wells, was most thoroughly reviewed by Justice Pratt in the same case, on an appeal from the Supreme Court to the Court of Appeals (3 Comstock, 317), in which the dissenting opinion of Justice Wells is criticised to a considerable length, and directly overruled, and declared not to be the law. In that case the plaintiff, at the age of eleven years, was adopted into the family of the defendant, and was educated and treated as one of the family, and the court of appeals held, that after his -majority he had no right to claim compensation for services. That case is in many respects parallel with the one at bar, and we are of the opinion that the same law should govern both cases.
Counsel for appellees appear to put great stress upon the fact that appellees were sometimes not well clothed; that they received but a limited education ; and that therefore they were entitled to a large sum as compensation for their services. The proof, however, establishes the fact that when they were received into the family of J. W. Schrimpf, they were both sickly and almost helpless; that they were cared for and well fed; that they soon became useful and industrious boys ; that they received a moderate education, which, together with their regular habits, qualified them to become good business men; and further, that they were both taught a good trade, by which they in a few short years have thoroughly established themselves in a permanent and lucrative business. We are decidedly of the opinion that for all these advantages and benefits they are indebted to some one, and if to J. W. Schrimpf, or his family, then the jury should have been at least instructed to place an estimate on these benefits, if they could, as an offset against the claim for services.
Justice Parker in the case referred to says: “I should feel “ much more inclined to hold a man standing in loco parentis “ responsible, who has furnished his adopted child with needful “ clothing and education, and had neglected to train him up in “ habits of industry.” We think this language may be applied [305]*305to the case at bar, as a rule by which to measure, at least to some extent, the responsibility of the appellant. We think the court erred in instructing the jury in effect that J. W. Schrimpf, when he found the appellees orphans, sick and without friends, at the tender ages of six and ten years, could not extend to them the hand of charity or humanity, until he had an order of the probate judge, binding them out-to him, without making himself responsible for their services. The learned judge may not have intended to carry his instructions to that extent, but,after a careful reading of the whole charge, we think that such a conclusion is but a legal deduction.
We do not wish to be understood as deciding that in no event are the appellees entitled to recover any sum whatever, but that must depend upon the fact whether J. W. Schrimpf during his lifetime treated appellees with that care and kindness which was due to them as adopted children, and gave them such an education and advantages as his position in life and pecuniary situation would permit; and these facts are to be found by a jury. But we do decide that under the testimony in this case the verdict in our opinion is excessive and unconscionable; and we send it back to be again submitted to a jury under proper instructions from the court, that justice and equity may be attained. The judgment is therefore reversed, and the cause is remanded.
Beversed and remanded.