Allen, J.
Does the "name and retain” provision of. the 1972 amendment to the dramshop act
mandate that in an action brought by a father for the medical expenses of his minor son, allegedly incurred by reason of being served intoxicants, the son must be joined as a party defendant? This issue of first impression arises by leave granted on the following facts.
Plaintiff Donald R. Scholten was struck and injured on September 9, 1972, by a motorcycle operated by Rodney Allen Rhoades as Scholten walked across a street in Kalamazoo County. He and his father, Robert Scholten, commenced this action against Rhoades and defendant Walter J. Miskowski, owner-operator of a beer and wine store known as the Quick Stop. Plaintiffs’ complaint averred that immediately before the accident, Donald R. Scholten purchased beer at the Quick Stop although he was a minor at the time; he consumed the beer subsequent to the sale, which sale and consumption were the proximate cause of his injury; as a result of his consumption of intoxicating beverages, his judgment was im
paired, causing him to misjudge the distance and direction of the motorcycle and impairing his ability to take evasive action to avoid the collision.
Defendant Miskowski moved for summary judgment against both plaintiffs. Although the lower court granted the motion as to Donald R. Scholten on the grounds that his negligence barred him from recovery as a matter of law, summary judgment as to Robert Scholten, grounded upon the failure of Robert Scholten to add his son as a party defendant pursuant to the "name and retain” provision of the dramshop act, was denied. Defendant Miskowski successfully sought leave to appeal in this Court.
Defendant claims that under the clear language of the dramshop act, Robert Scholten was required to add Donald R. Scholten as a party defendant in order to maintain this suit. Plaintiffs submit the Legislature never intended that an injured minor or intoxicated person be named as a defendant in a suit brought by one responsible for his medical expense where the intoxicated person or minor is injured as a result of his own actions due to the effects of the wrongful sale of intoxicating beverages and argue that statutes should be construed to conform to the intent of the Legislature. The trial judge agreed with plaintiffs.
The pivotal part of the statute appears in the third from the final sentence of the amendatory act,
supra,
which reads as follows:
"No action against a retailer or wholesaler or anyone covered by this act or his surety, shall be commenced unless the minor or the alleged intoxicated person is a named defendant in the action and is retained in the action until the litigation is concluded by trial or settlement.”
The basic provisions of the dramshop act have been in existence since 1887. See
Eddy v Courtright,
91 Mich 264, 267;51 NW 887 (1892). Language virtually identical to the present dramshop act in its pre-1972 form sets forth who may be a party plaintiff and under what conditions suit may be instituted. Over the years this language has been consistently construed liberally.
"In
Eddy v Courtright,
91 Mich 264, 267, this Court said:
" 'This Court has always construed this statute liberally, and has not deemed that the true legislative intent was to be ascertained by any strained or narrow construction of the words employed.’
"The Court then proceeded to cite other cases as illustrative of the fact that the Court has uniformly given a liberal construction to the language of the act.
King v Haley,
86 Ill 106 (29 Am Rep 14);
Thomas v Dansby
74 Mich 398 [41 NW 1088(1889)];
Doty v Postal, 87
Mich 143 [49 NW 534 (1891)].”
LaBlue v Specker,
358 Mich 558, 568; 100 NW2d 445 (1960).
See also
Barton v Benedict,
39 Mich App 517, 521; 197 NW2d 898 (1972). Under the construction given the statute, dramshop actions may be broadly classified in three groups (I) by a parent or child killed or injured
by a third party
as a result of intoxicants served to the third party by a defendant dramshop establishment; (II) by a parent or child killed or injured
through the child’s or parent’s own misdoing
by reason of intoxicants served to them by a defendant dramshop establish
ment; (III) by an intoxicated adult or minor for injuries sustained as a result of being served intoxicants by defendant dramshop establishment. Group I cases are far and away the typical case which has been addressed by the court on many occasions. In such cases recovery is allowed upon proofs properly presented.
Barton v Benedict, supra, Podbielski v Argyle Bowl, Inc,
44 Mich App 280; 205 NW2d 240 (1973),
aff'd
392 Mich 380; 220 NW2d 397 (1974). Group II is the atypical and less frequent situation. Nevertheless, recovery is allowed and the fact that the minor child or adult contributed to his own intoxication is no defense. In
Eddy v Courtright,
91 Mich 264; 51 NW 887 (1892), plaintiff brought action under the dram-shop statute of 1887
to recover for an injury occasioned plaintiff when defendant sold intoxicants to her adult son on whom she depended in part for her support, who by reason of his intoxication was drowned. Recovery was allowed. In
La-Blue v Specker, supra,
the guardian of a minor child who was conceived but as yet unborn prior to the father’s death brought suit under the current dramshop statute (pre-1972 amendment form) for loss of support when her father, a minor, purchased intoxicants at defendant’s place of business and as a result of such intoxication was killed in an accident while driving in an intoxicated condition. Again recovery was allowed.
Robertson v Devereaux,
32 Mich App 85; 188 NW2d 209 (1971), was an action brought by the mother, as executrix, against defendant beer and wine licensee for damages when defendant allegedly made sales of beer to her son who became intoxicated and drove his automobile in a grossly negligent manner result
ing in his death. Summary judgment in favor of the defendant, on the grounds that the personal representative of the deceased person was not a proper party plaintiff under the dramshop act, was reversed.
In Group III situations the courts have consistently denied recovery on the rationale that the person who caused the evil by purchasing liquor may not complain of evil which he himself has caused.
Rosecrants v Shoemaker;
60 Mich 4; 26 NW 794 (1886),
Malone v Lambrecht,
305 Mich 58; 8 NW2d 910
(1943), Kangas v Suchorski,
372 Mich 396; 126 NW2d 803 (1964). However, though the injured intoxicant himself may not recover his dependents may recover.
"Frequently, as in
Bourrie,
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Allen, J.
Does the "name and retain” provision of. the 1972 amendment to the dramshop act
mandate that in an action brought by a father for the medical expenses of his minor son, allegedly incurred by reason of being served intoxicants, the son must be joined as a party defendant? This issue of first impression arises by leave granted on the following facts.
Plaintiff Donald R. Scholten was struck and injured on September 9, 1972, by a motorcycle operated by Rodney Allen Rhoades as Scholten walked across a street in Kalamazoo County. He and his father, Robert Scholten, commenced this action against Rhoades and defendant Walter J. Miskowski, owner-operator of a beer and wine store known as the Quick Stop. Plaintiffs’ complaint averred that immediately before the accident, Donald R. Scholten purchased beer at the Quick Stop although he was a minor at the time; he consumed the beer subsequent to the sale, which sale and consumption were the proximate cause of his injury; as a result of his consumption of intoxicating beverages, his judgment was im
paired, causing him to misjudge the distance and direction of the motorcycle and impairing his ability to take evasive action to avoid the collision.
Defendant Miskowski moved for summary judgment against both plaintiffs. Although the lower court granted the motion as to Donald R. Scholten on the grounds that his negligence barred him from recovery as a matter of law, summary judgment as to Robert Scholten, grounded upon the failure of Robert Scholten to add his son as a party defendant pursuant to the "name and retain” provision of the dramshop act, was denied. Defendant Miskowski successfully sought leave to appeal in this Court.
Defendant claims that under the clear language of the dramshop act, Robert Scholten was required to add Donald R. Scholten as a party defendant in order to maintain this suit. Plaintiffs submit the Legislature never intended that an injured minor or intoxicated person be named as a defendant in a suit brought by one responsible for his medical expense where the intoxicated person or minor is injured as a result of his own actions due to the effects of the wrongful sale of intoxicating beverages and argue that statutes should be construed to conform to the intent of the Legislature. The trial judge agreed with plaintiffs.
The pivotal part of the statute appears in the third from the final sentence of the amendatory act,
supra,
which reads as follows:
"No action against a retailer or wholesaler or anyone covered by this act or his surety, shall be commenced unless the minor or the alleged intoxicated person is a named defendant in the action and is retained in the action until the litigation is concluded by trial or settlement.”
The basic provisions of the dramshop act have been in existence since 1887. See
Eddy v Courtright,
91 Mich 264, 267;51 NW 887 (1892). Language virtually identical to the present dramshop act in its pre-1972 form sets forth who may be a party plaintiff and under what conditions suit may be instituted. Over the years this language has been consistently construed liberally.
"In
Eddy v Courtright,
91 Mich 264, 267, this Court said:
" 'This Court has always construed this statute liberally, and has not deemed that the true legislative intent was to be ascertained by any strained or narrow construction of the words employed.’
"The Court then proceeded to cite other cases as illustrative of the fact that the Court has uniformly given a liberal construction to the language of the act.
King v Haley,
86 Ill 106 (29 Am Rep 14);
Thomas v Dansby
74 Mich 398 [41 NW 1088(1889)];
Doty v Postal, 87
Mich 143 [49 NW 534 (1891)].”
LaBlue v Specker,
358 Mich 558, 568; 100 NW2d 445 (1960).
See also
Barton v Benedict,
39 Mich App 517, 521; 197 NW2d 898 (1972). Under the construction given the statute, dramshop actions may be broadly classified in three groups (I) by a parent or child killed or injured
by a third party
as a result of intoxicants served to the third party by a defendant dramshop establishment; (II) by a parent or child killed or injured
through the child’s or parent’s own misdoing
by reason of intoxicants served to them by a defendant dramshop establish
ment; (III) by an intoxicated adult or minor for injuries sustained as a result of being served intoxicants by defendant dramshop establishment. Group I cases are far and away the typical case which has been addressed by the court on many occasions. In such cases recovery is allowed upon proofs properly presented.
Barton v Benedict, supra, Podbielski v Argyle Bowl, Inc,
44 Mich App 280; 205 NW2d 240 (1973),
aff'd
392 Mich 380; 220 NW2d 397 (1974). Group II is the atypical and less frequent situation. Nevertheless, recovery is allowed and the fact that the minor child or adult contributed to his own intoxication is no defense. In
Eddy v Courtright,
91 Mich 264; 51 NW 887 (1892), plaintiff brought action under the dram-shop statute of 1887
to recover for an injury occasioned plaintiff when defendant sold intoxicants to her adult son on whom she depended in part for her support, who by reason of his intoxication was drowned. Recovery was allowed. In
La-Blue v Specker, supra,
the guardian of a minor child who was conceived but as yet unborn prior to the father’s death brought suit under the current dramshop statute (pre-1972 amendment form) for loss of support when her father, a minor, purchased intoxicants at defendant’s place of business and as a result of such intoxication was killed in an accident while driving in an intoxicated condition. Again recovery was allowed.
Robertson v Devereaux,
32 Mich App 85; 188 NW2d 209 (1971), was an action brought by the mother, as executrix, against defendant beer and wine licensee for damages when defendant allegedly made sales of beer to her son who became intoxicated and drove his automobile in a grossly negligent manner result
ing in his death. Summary judgment in favor of the defendant, on the grounds that the personal representative of the deceased person was not a proper party plaintiff under the dramshop act, was reversed.
In Group III situations the courts have consistently denied recovery on the rationale that the person who caused the evil by purchasing liquor may not complain of evil which he himself has caused.
Rosecrants v Shoemaker;
60 Mich 4; 26 NW 794 (1886),
Malone v Lambrecht,
305 Mich 58; 8 NW2d 910
(1943), Kangas v Suchorski,
372 Mich 396; 126 NW2d 803 (1964). However, though the injured intoxicant himself may not recover his dependents may recover.
"Frequently, as in
Bourrie,
the deceased person was himself intoxicated at the time he suffered physical injuries and cannot recover because of his own fault; under the dramshop act his dependents may, nevertheless, recover even though the decedent upon whom they are dependent was intoxicated or at fault.”
Robertson v Devereaux, supra
at 91.
The dramshop statute gives the parent an action in his own name and the action is not a derivative suit.
Matson v State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co,
65 Mich App 713; 238 NW2d 380 (1975).
Given this background we now turn to our consideration of the "name and retain” amendment 1972 PA 196 effective June 29, 1972. This amendment has been construed by this Court:
Salas v Clements,
57 Mich App 367; 226 NW2d 101 (1975), Spaccarotelli v Ferdibar, 67 Mich App 29; 239 NW2d 750 (1976).
In both cases this Court held
that the dramshop action may not be maintained if plaintiff fails to name and retain the alleged intoxicated person. However, both of these cases involved Group I situations. No case has yet presented a Group II situation. Thus, the narrow issue involved in the present appeal is whether the Legislature, in enacting the amendment referred to, intended that it mandatorily apply in all suits or whether it intended that it be mandatory only where a third party intoxicant precipitated the loss or where special circumstances would, sans dramshop suit, give plaintiff a recognized cause of action.
We hold the latter interpretation to be correct.
In sustaining the amendment in Salas v Clements, supra, the court referred to the sound policy reason supporting the amendment that the provision would eliminate the practice under which the third party intoxicated person enters into a settlement with the injured plaintiff for a token sum and thereafter joins forces with the plaintiff against the tavern owner. In this manner the third party intoxicant relieves himself of any possible excess coverage liability. This rationale policy reason is nonexistent in the Group II situation. A parent is legally responsible for the medical bills of his minor child and to secure a judgment for such sums against the child is meaningless. Furthermore, unlike Group I situations where plaintiff has a recognized cause of action against the third party intoxicant, a child has no cause of action against his father or father’s estate for injuries or death of the father due to the father’s voluntary
intoxication. Nor does a parent have a cause of action against his minor child for expenses incurred by the father on behalf of the child due to the child’s voluntary intoxication.
While it makes good sense to name and retain a party defendant where there is a cause of action against the defendant it makes no sense at all to do so where recovery is impossible because no cause of action exists. Additionally, we more than faintly suspect that were we to hold that the plaintiff father must name and retain the minor child as a party defendant the effect would be to confuse a jury and thus deny to the parent a right of recovery which existed prior to the amendment. We agree with the trial judge that this was not the intent of the Legislature. We do not believe that rights of action long recognized under
Eddy v Courtright, supra,
and similar cases cited herein were intended to be scuttled under a procedural amendment. As has been stated previously the amendment was designed to be basically procedural and not to do away with rights which existed before.
Salas v Clements, supra,
372,
Koehler v DRT Sportservice, Inc, supra,
575. In short, we find that in situations where no cause of action otherwise exists by a parent against a child who is not a third party tortfeasor, the mandatory application of the name and retain amendment is awkward, strained and absurd.
We are well aware of the rule that where a statutory provision is clear and unambiguous, it is
the court’s duty to enforce the provision as written.
Ypsilanti Police Officers Association v Eastern Michigan University,
62 Mich App 87, 92-93; 233 NW2d 497 (1975). But a statute which is clear and unambiguous is nonetheless not to be given a construction which is absurd. In
People v Schoenberg,
161 Mich 88; 125 NW 779 (1910), defendant importuned the court to construe a liquor regulating statute which, if literally construed, would have wiped out all offenses under the previously existing statute. The court declined, saying that to do so would lead to an absurd result. Where a construction of a statute would lead to an absurd result, it is presumed that some exception or qualification was intended by the Legislature.
Attorney General v Detroit U R Co,
210 Mich 227; 177 NW 726 (1920). Further, we cannot say that viewed in its historical context the amendment is truly clear and unambiguous. Obviously it is inconsistent with the court’s holding in
Eddy v Courtright, supra,
and certainly it is strained to name as a party defendant a person against whom no cause of action exists.
" 'A thing which is within the spirit of a statute is within the statute, although not within the letter; and
a thing within the letter is not within the statute, unless within the intention.’ Common Council of City of Detroit v Rush,
82 Mich 532, 542 [46 NW 951] (10 LRA 171) [1890].”
Posselius v First National Bank
— Detroit, 264 Mich 687, 689; 251 NW 429 (1933) (Emphasis supplied.)
Laws are assumed to be enacted by the Legislature with some knowledge of and regard to existing laws as well as decisions by the court of last resort in reference to such existing laws.
People v Buckley,
302 Mich 12; 4 NW2d 448 (1942). In construing
a statute the entire act must be read and the meaning to be given to any one section arrived at after due consideration of the other sections of the act, so as to produce, if possible, a harmonious and consistent enactment as a whole.
City of Grand Rapids v Crocker,
219 Mich 178; 189 NW 221 (1922). Application of these rules of construction leads us to conclude that a harmonious interpretation of the name and retain amendment, totally compatible with prior judicial decisions and giving full effect to the remedial intent of the Legislature as described in
Salas v Clements, supra,
results by our holding that the name and retain amendment is mandatory where a cause of action exists against the minor or alleged intoxicant but is not, as in the instant case, mandatory where plaintiff has no recognized right of recovery against the minor or intoxicated person. Such construction, we believe, is totally compatible with the legislative intent.
Affirmed. Costs to plaintiffs.