UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________
No. 95-30259 Summary Calendar _____________________
RUSSELL SAYRIE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
PENROD DRILLING CORP.,
Defendant-Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana (93-CV-1982) _________________________________________________________________ August 31, 1995
Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:1
Russell Sayrie appeals an adverse judgment on a jury verdict,
contending that the district court erred in ruling on his
objections under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). We
AFFIRM.
I.
Sayrie, a black male, sued Penrod, now known as Ensco Offshore
Company, under the Jones Act to recover damages for injuries he
1 Local Rule 47.5.1 provides: "The publication of opinions that have no precedential value and merely decide particular cases on the basis of well-settled principles of law imposes needless expense on the public and burdens on the legal profession." Pursuant to that rule, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published. allegedly sustained while working aboard an Ensco vessel. Ensco
used its peremptory challenges to strike three venirepersons, one
of whom was female. After the court empaneled the jury, and the
venire had been released, Sayrie objected under Batson, claiming
that the venirepersons peremptorily struck by Ensco were black, and
contending that Ensco had used its peremptory challenges to
discriminate against the two male venirepersons because of their
race, and against the female venireperson because of her race,
gender, and economic status.2
The district court immediately conducted a comprehensive
Batson hearing, and Ensco offered discrimination-neutral reasons
for the strikes. Among other things, Ensco's counsel provided his
notes taken during voir dire to the court, and they are in the
record. The court found the explanations of Ensco's counsel to be
credible, and overruled Sayrie's Batson objection. The jury
returned a verdict in favor of Ensco.
II.
A party in a civil action may challenge another party's use of
a peremptory strike that excludes a prospective juror on the basis
of that juror's race or gender. Great Plains Equip., Inc. v. Koch
Gathering Sys., Inc., 45 F.3d 962, 964 (5th Cir. 1995); J.E.B. v.
2 Sayrie's objection was untimely, to say the least. See United States v. Romero-Reyna, 867 F.2d 834, 837 (5th Cir. 1989) (Batson objections must be made before dismissal of the venire), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1084 (1990). A contemporaneous objection is required because "[t]he nature of the claim requires that it be raised when the strikes are made". See Jones v. Butler, 864 F.2d 348, 369 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1075 (1989). Moreover, except for the assertions of Sayrie's counsel, the record does not reflect the race of the challenged venirepersons.
- 2 - Alabama ex rel. T.B., ___ U.S. ___, 114 S. Ct. 1419 (1994).
[T]he complaining party must make a prima facie showing that opposing counsel has exercised a peremptory challenge on the basis of race [or gender]. Once this showing has been made, the burden shifts to the striking party to articulate a race [or gender]-neutral explanation for the strike. Thereafter, the court must determine whether the Batson claimant has proven purposeful discrimination.
Great Plains, 45 F.2d at 964-65.3 "[T]he ultimate inquiry for the
judge is not whether counsel's reason is suspect, or weak, or
irrational, but whether counsel is telling the truth in his or her
assertion that the challenge is not race [or gender]-based".
United States v. Bentley-Smith, 2 F.3d 1368, 1375 (5th Cir. 1993).
"We pay great deference to the trial judge's decision
regarding a Batson motion". Palmer v. Lares, 42 F.3d 975, 979 (5th
Cir. 1995). Because the decision rests upon a credibility
determination, we will interfere with it "only if it is clearly
erroneous or an abuse of discretion". Id.
A.
1.
Ensco stated that it challenged venireperson Spain because he
never made eye contact with its counsel, but freely made eye
contact with Sayrie and his counsel, and because Spain's nephew had
3 Ensco contends that, because the record is silent as to the race of all but one of the venirepersons, Sayrie failed to establish a prima facie case. But, when the striking party has offered a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenges and the district court has ruled on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination, the preliminary issue whether the challenging party has made a prima facie showing becomes moot. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359 (1991).
- 3 - had back surgery, and might sympathize with Sayrie, who had
undergone back surgery also. Sayrie contends that Spain's alleged
failure to make eye contact was pretextual, because Ensco's counsel
did not ask Spain any questions. He asserts that other
venirepersons indicated that there was a back injury or an injury
from a work-related accident within their family history, but Spain
was the only venireperson struck for this reason.
Failure to make eye contact with counsel during voir dire is
an acceptable race-neutral ground for a peremptory challenge. See
Polk v. Dixie Ins. Co., 972 F.2d 83, 86 (5th Cir. 1992), cert.
denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 982 (1993). The fact that other
venirepersons with back problems were not struck is irrelevant,
because there is no evidence that those venirepersons refused to
make eye contact with defense counsel. The district court did not
abuse its discretion.
2.
Ensco stated that it challenged venireperson Dauphine because
he was the only member of the venire who had attended school with
Sayrie. Counsel anticipated that some witnesses would not be
truthful, and he did not want, on the jury, a "wild card" who knew
Sayrie. Sayrie points out that the record indicates that he and
Dauphine were casually acquainted, at most; that nothing suggested
that the two socialized together or had seen one another since
attending school together; and that Dauphine testified that their
friendship would not affect his decision.
Sayrie relies on Bennett v. Collins, 852 F. Supp. 570 (E.D.
- 4 - Tex. 1994), a habeas case in which the district court determined,
despite Bennett's failure to object during jury selection, that the
apparently legitimate, race-neutral reasons provided by the State,
years after the original criminal trial, were a pretext for
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________
No. 95-30259 Summary Calendar _____________________
RUSSELL SAYRIE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
PENROD DRILLING CORP.,
Defendant-Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana (93-CV-1982) _________________________________________________________________ August 31, 1995
Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:1
Russell Sayrie appeals an adverse judgment on a jury verdict,
contending that the district court erred in ruling on his
objections under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). We
AFFIRM.
I.
Sayrie, a black male, sued Penrod, now known as Ensco Offshore
Company, under the Jones Act to recover damages for injuries he
1 Local Rule 47.5.1 provides: "The publication of opinions that have no precedential value and merely decide particular cases on the basis of well-settled principles of law imposes needless expense on the public and burdens on the legal profession." Pursuant to that rule, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published. allegedly sustained while working aboard an Ensco vessel. Ensco
used its peremptory challenges to strike three venirepersons, one
of whom was female. After the court empaneled the jury, and the
venire had been released, Sayrie objected under Batson, claiming
that the venirepersons peremptorily struck by Ensco were black, and
contending that Ensco had used its peremptory challenges to
discriminate against the two male venirepersons because of their
race, and against the female venireperson because of her race,
gender, and economic status.2
The district court immediately conducted a comprehensive
Batson hearing, and Ensco offered discrimination-neutral reasons
for the strikes. Among other things, Ensco's counsel provided his
notes taken during voir dire to the court, and they are in the
record. The court found the explanations of Ensco's counsel to be
credible, and overruled Sayrie's Batson objection. The jury
returned a verdict in favor of Ensco.
II.
A party in a civil action may challenge another party's use of
a peremptory strike that excludes a prospective juror on the basis
of that juror's race or gender. Great Plains Equip., Inc. v. Koch
Gathering Sys., Inc., 45 F.3d 962, 964 (5th Cir. 1995); J.E.B. v.
2 Sayrie's objection was untimely, to say the least. See United States v. Romero-Reyna, 867 F.2d 834, 837 (5th Cir. 1989) (Batson objections must be made before dismissal of the venire), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1084 (1990). A contemporaneous objection is required because "[t]he nature of the claim requires that it be raised when the strikes are made". See Jones v. Butler, 864 F.2d 348, 369 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1075 (1989). Moreover, except for the assertions of Sayrie's counsel, the record does not reflect the race of the challenged venirepersons.
- 2 - Alabama ex rel. T.B., ___ U.S. ___, 114 S. Ct. 1419 (1994).
[T]he complaining party must make a prima facie showing that opposing counsel has exercised a peremptory challenge on the basis of race [or gender]. Once this showing has been made, the burden shifts to the striking party to articulate a race [or gender]-neutral explanation for the strike. Thereafter, the court must determine whether the Batson claimant has proven purposeful discrimination.
Great Plains, 45 F.2d at 964-65.3 "[T]he ultimate inquiry for the
judge is not whether counsel's reason is suspect, or weak, or
irrational, but whether counsel is telling the truth in his or her
assertion that the challenge is not race [or gender]-based".
United States v. Bentley-Smith, 2 F.3d 1368, 1375 (5th Cir. 1993).
"We pay great deference to the trial judge's decision
regarding a Batson motion". Palmer v. Lares, 42 F.3d 975, 979 (5th
Cir. 1995). Because the decision rests upon a credibility
determination, we will interfere with it "only if it is clearly
erroneous or an abuse of discretion". Id.
A.
1.
Ensco stated that it challenged venireperson Spain because he
never made eye contact with its counsel, but freely made eye
contact with Sayrie and his counsel, and because Spain's nephew had
3 Ensco contends that, because the record is silent as to the race of all but one of the venirepersons, Sayrie failed to establish a prima facie case. But, when the striking party has offered a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenges and the district court has ruled on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination, the preliminary issue whether the challenging party has made a prima facie showing becomes moot. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359 (1991).
- 3 - had back surgery, and might sympathize with Sayrie, who had
undergone back surgery also. Sayrie contends that Spain's alleged
failure to make eye contact was pretextual, because Ensco's counsel
did not ask Spain any questions. He asserts that other
venirepersons indicated that there was a back injury or an injury
from a work-related accident within their family history, but Spain
was the only venireperson struck for this reason.
Failure to make eye contact with counsel during voir dire is
an acceptable race-neutral ground for a peremptory challenge. See
Polk v. Dixie Ins. Co., 972 F.2d 83, 86 (5th Cir. 1992), cert.
denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 982 (1993). The fact that other
venirepersons with back problems were not struck is irrelevant,
because there is no evidence that those venirepersons refused to
make eye contact with defense counsel. The district court did not
abuse its discretion.
2.
Ensco stated that it challenged venireperson Dauphine because
he was the only member of the venire who had attended school with
Sayrie. Counsel anticipated that some witnesses would not be
truthful, and he did not want, on the jury, a "wild card" who knew
Sayrie. Sayrie points out that the record indicates that he and
Dauphine were casually acquainted, at most; that nothing suggested
that the two socialized together or had seen one another since
attending school together; and that Dauphine testified that their
friendship would not affect his decision.
Sayrie relies on Bennett v. Collins, 852 F. Supp. 570 (E.D.
- 4 - Tex. 1994), a habeas case in which the district court determined,
despite Bennett's failure to object during jury selection, that the
apparently legitimate, race-neutral reasons provided by the State,
years after the original criminal trial, were a pretext for
challenging venirepersons because they were black, in violation of
Batson. Bennett, 852 F. Supp. at 584-85. The court was
unpersuaded by the prosecutor's explanation that a challenged
venireman was excluded because he knew the defendant's mother. Id.
at 578-80. Sayrie contends that because his case arose in New
Iberia, Louisiana, a small community, it is not surprising that one
of the venirepersons was acquainted with him, and that the
exclusion of someone on that basis would have an impermissible
effect of excluding a disproportionate number of blacks.
Even assuming that Bennett was correctly decided, it is
distinguishable. Unlike in Bennett, the district court held a
nearly contemporaneous hearing to assess Ensco's intentions. The
district court is in the best position to evaluate an attorney's
justification for striking a prospective juror. See United States
v. Lance, 853 F.2d 1177, 1181 (5th Cir. 1988). The court found
counsel's explanations credible. That finding is not clearly
erroneous.
3.
Finally, Ensco stated that it challenged venireperson Pierre,
who was unemployed, single, and had no discernible source of
income, because of her lack of background and her poor demeanor.
Sayrie contends that Ensco excluded Pierre because of her race,
- 5 - gender, and economic status. Sayrie maintains that Ensco's
explanation was pretextual because it did not strike two white
jurors who were unmarried, unemployed, and had no source of income.
Sayrie urges us to extend Batson to prohibit the use of
peremptory challenges to exclude a venireperson on the basis of
economic status, citing 28 U.S.C. § 1862's proscription against
"economic status" as a basis for exclusion from jury service.4 He
contends further that strikes based on unemployment have a
disparate impact on minorities.
Our court has accepted economic status as a non-racial
motivation for a peremptory strike. See United States v. Pofahl,
990 F.2d 1456, 1466 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.
Ct. 266, 560 (1993). And, we recently considered a similar
contention in United States v. Jackson, 50 F.3d 1335, 1341 & n.11
(5th Cir. 1995). We noted that, in extending Batson to prohibit
gender-based strikes, the Supreme Court had expressly disavowed the
implication that peremptory challenges were being eliminated. Id.
(citing J.E.B., ___ U.S. at ___, 114 S. Ct. at 1429). We stated
also that it was "most arguable that extending Batson [to prohibit
strikes on the basis of economic status] would go far toward
achieving that precise result". Id. We did not reach the issue,
however, because the strike was motivated not only by the
venireman's economic status, but also because of the prosecutor's
4 28 U.S.C. § 1862 provides that "[n]o citizen shall be excluded from service as a grand or petit juror in the district courts of the United States ... on account of race, color, religion, sex, national origin or economic status".
- 6 - perception that the venireman had given him a hostile look. Id. at
1341. We agreed with the district court that such was the "sort of
intuitive judgment that courts generally must rely on counsel to
exercise in good faith". Id.
Likewise, we need not reach the issue in this case, because
the record reflects that Ensco struck Pierre not simply because of
her economic status, but in large part because of her demeanor.
Ensco explains that Pierre had no history of employment or
schooling, unlike the unemployed white jurors, one of whom
previously had owned and operated two businesses, and the other of
whom was attending college. The district court agreed with Ensco's
counsel that Pierre "was negative". The district court had the
benefit of observing Ensco's counsel first-hand and, as noted, of
reviewing counsel's notes taken during voir dire. The court
determined that counsel was "giving honest reasons". The district
court did not abuse its discretion in accepting counsel's
explanation, and Sayrie has not established that the court's
finding was clearly erroneous.
B.
Sayrie contends that the district court erroneously
interpreted Batson and its progeny to mean that the presence of a
black on the jury was sufficient to cure an equal protection
violation. When a black juror is accepted by the party alleged to
have violated Batson, the contention that its peremptory strikes
were based solely on race is weakened. United States v. Mixon, 977
F.2d 921, 923 (5th Cir. 1992). Accordingly, the district court
- 7 - properly considered the fact that one of the empaneled jurors was
black in making its ultimate determination that Sayrie had not
established purposeful discrimination.5
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is
AFFIRMED.
5 Sayrie contends, for the first time on appeal, that the district court tainted the jury and its verdict by requesting only one juror to identify her race. We refuse to consider this contention because Sayrie did not present it to the district court. See Highlands Ins. Co. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 27 F.3d 1027, 1031-32 (5th Cir. 1994) (applying, in civil case, plain error analysis of United States v. Olano, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 1770 (1993)), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S. Ct. 903 (1995).
- 8 -