Sayce v. Forescout Technologies, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: March 25, 2021
• Docket: 3:20-cv-00076
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CHRISTOPHER L. SAYCE, et al., Case No. 20-cv-00076-SI

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' 9 v. MOTIONS TO DISMISS

10 FORESCOUT TECHNOLOGIES, INC., et Re: Dkt. Nos. 127, 129 al., 11 Defendants. 12 13 Before the Court are motions to dismiss, filed by defendant Forescout Technologies Inc. 14 (“Forescout”) and individual defendants Michael DeCesare and Christopher Harms (collectively 15 “individual defendants”). Dkt. No. 127; 129. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS 16 Forescout’s motion to dismiss and GRANTS individual defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Court 17 GRANTS plaintiffs Christopher Sayce, Meitav Tachlit Mutual Funds Ltd., The Arbitrage Fund, 18 Water Island merger Arbitrage Institutional Comingled Master Fund LP, Water Island LevArb 19 Fund, LP, Water island Diversified Event-Driven Fund (collectively “plaintiffs”) leave to amend. 20 21 BACKGROUND 22 I. Factual Background 23 The following allegations are taken from the Consolidated Amended Complaint (“CAC”), 24 which the Court must treat as true for purposes of this motion. 25 Forescout provides cybersecurity services and technology to businesses and government 26 agencies. Dkt. No. 116, CAC ¶ 45. Defendant Michael DeCesare is Forescout’s Chief Executive 27 Officer. Id. ¶ 6. Defendant Christopher Harms is Forescout’s Chief Financial Officer. Id. at ¶ 3. 1 defendants allegedly made material misrepresentations about Forescout’s sales productivity and 2 pipeline, product deals, Advent International’s (“Advent”) acquisition (“Advent Acquisition”) of 3 Forescout, and revenue projections. 4 5 II. Current Matter 6 On January 1, 2020, plaintiff Christopher Sayce, individually and on behalf of others 7 similarly situated, filed this securities class action lawsuit against defendants. Dkt. No. 1. On May 8 22, 2020, plaintiffs Christopher Sayce, Meitav Tachlit Mutual Funds Ltd., The Arbitrage Fund, 9 Water Island merger Arbitrage Institutional Comingled Master Fund LP, Water Island LevArb 10 Fund, LP, Water Island Diversified Event-Driven Fund filed an amended complaint against 11 defendants. Dkt. No. 31. On December 18, 2020, plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint 12 (“CAC”) against defendants. Dkt. No. 116. 13 Plaintiffs allege violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 14 1934 (“Exchange Act”), 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by the 15 Securities Exchange Commission. CAC ¶¶ 183-198. Plaintiffs allege defendants knowingly made 16 false and misleading statements and failed to disclose (1) dramatic layoffs and departures of 17 Forescout employees beginning in early 2019, particularly from the sales department; (2) declined 18 productivity of Forescout’s sales representatives; (3) lack of “better visibility into the pipeline”; (4) 19 deals with Forescout that did not close; (5) deals in Forescout’s pipeline for the second quarter were 20 not “tech wins”; (6) artificial closing dates listed in Forescout’s Salesforce platform; (7) an objective 21 basis for Forescout’s increased revenue projections; (8) Forescout’s channel stuffing scheme; and 22 (9) conditions of funding. Id. at ¶¶ 108, 110, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128-130, 131, 137, 23 139-140, 143, 148-49. Plaintiffs allege individual defendants are liable under 20(a) of the Exchange 24 Act as Forescout’s senior officers in positions of control and authority. Id. at 193-98. 25 On January 29, 2021, Defendant Forescout filed a motion to dismiss, Dkt. No. 127, and 26 individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss, Dkt. No. 129.1 On February 19, 2021, plaintiffs 27 1 filed an opposition. Dkt. No. 134. On March 5, 2021, defendants filed replies. Dkt. Nos. 135, 136. 2 On March 19, 2021, the Court heard oral arguments on defendants’ motions to dismiss. Dkt. No. 3 138. 4 LEGAL STANDARD 5 To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state 6 a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). 7 This “facial plausibility” standard requires the plaintiff to allege facts that add up to “more than a 8 sheer possibility that a Defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 9 While courts do not require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff must allege facts 10 sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570. “A 11 pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 12 action will not do.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Nor does a 13 complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. 14 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). “While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a 15 complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations.” Id. at 679. 16 In deciding whether a plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the court 17 must assume that the plaintiff's allegations are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the 18 plaintiff's favor. Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). However, the court 19 is not required to accept as true “allegations that contradict exhibits attached to the Complaint or 20 matters properly subject to judicial notice, or allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted 21 deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Daniels–Hall v. Nat'l Educ. Ass'n, 629 F.3d 992, 22 998 (9th Cir. 2010). 23 If the court dismisses a complaint, it must then decide whether to grant leave to amend. The 24 Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly held that a district court should grant leave to amend even if no request 25 26 request the Court take notice of documents incorporated throughout the CAC and of 26 exhibits that include Forescout’s press releases, transcripts of earnings calls, Form 10-Qs and 10-Ks. Dkt. No. 130 at 27 1-5. The Court GRANTS defendants’ requests for incorporation by reference and judicial notice. See Coto Settlement v. Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010) (“On a motion to dismiss, [the Court] 1 to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured 2 by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations and 3 internal quotation marks omitted). 4 5 DISCUSSION 6 Defendants collectively move to dismiss plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claim for failure to 7 adequately plead actionable misstatements, causation, and scienter. Dkt. Nos. 127 at 7-24; 129 at 8 5-22. Individual defendants move to dismiss plaintiffs’ Section 20(a) claim for failure to plead an 9 independent violation of the Exchange Act. Dkt. No. 129 at 22. 10 11 I. Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act 12 Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act makes it unlawful to “use or employ, in connection with 13 the purchase or sale of any security...any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in 14 contravention of such rules and regulations as the [SEC] may prescribe as necessary.” 15 U.S.C. 15 § 78j(b). A plaintiff asserting a claim under Section 10(b) must adequately allege “(1) a material 16 misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between the 17 misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the 18 misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.” In re NVIDIA Corp. Sec. 19 Litig., 768 F.3d 1046, 1052 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). 20 Defendants argue the CAC fails to adequately plead actionable misstatements, causation, 21 and a strong inference of scienter. Dkt. Nos. 127 at 7-24; 129 at 5-22. 22 23 A. Actionable Misstatements 24 1. Forward Looking Statements 25 The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act’s (“PSRLA”) safe harbor “is designed to 26 protect companies and their officials when optimistic projections of growth in revenues and earnings 27 are not borne out by events.” In re Quality Sys., Inc. Sec. Litig., 865 F.3d 1130, 1142 (9th Cir. 1 if it is forward-looking and either is accompanied by cautionary language or is made without actual 2 knowledge that it is false or misleading.” Id. at 1141 (emphasis added). 3 Defendants argue that statements involving revenue projections, sales pipeline, and sales 4 productivity are forward looking statements protected by the safe harbor provision. Dkt. No 127 at 5 8-11. Plaintiffs argue the statements are based on present or historical facts. Dkt. No. 134 at 25. 6 Plaintiffs assert the statements were made with actual knowledge and lacked adequate cautionary 7 language. Id. at 25-27. 8 A forward-looking statement is “a statement containing a projection of revenues, income 9 (including income loss), earnings (including earnings loss) per share, capital expenditures, 10 dividends, capital structure, or other financial items.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u–5(i)(1)(A). Forward looking 11 statements include statements of plans and objectives of management for future operations and 12 statements of the assumptions underlying or relating to those plans and objectives. Wochos v. Tesla 13 Inc., 985 F.3d 1180, 1191 (9th Cir. 2021). Unlike statements indicating that a company is “on track” 14 to meet a particular goal, “concrete factual assertions about a specific present or past circumstances 15 [that go beyond] the assertion of a future goal, and . . . desbrib[e] concrete circumstances that have 16 already occurred . . . [are] not forward-looking.” Id. at 1192. 17 Defendants statements regarding Forescout’s sales productivity, pipeline, and deals contain 18 concrete factual assertions about Forescout’s operations. Compare In re Quality Systems, 856 F.3d 19 at 1146-47 (finding defendant’s revenue projections were forward-looking statements that were 20 accompanied by non-forward looking statements such as “pipeline [is] ‘growing,’”; “there’s nothing 21 out of character in the pipeline that we’re reporting today versus what we have seen in the past 22 couple of years”; and “confidence in the prediction to the state of the current sales pipeline.”) with 23 CAC ¶ 115 (“[W]e feel really good about the pipeline, big deals are part of our business . . . [deals] 24 on track for the back half of the year.”) and CAC ¶ 117 (“[W]e feel like we are tracking very well 25 against our sales productivity, the investment levels that we have been making . . . [follow] that path 26 to profitability and investing at levels below where our top line is growing.”); and CAC ¶ 121 27 (“Those deals are ones where we’ve already got the tech win.”). Defendants’ statements contain 1 readily announce an objective without stating, for example, that the reason why it is achievable . . . 2 If such factual assertions are made and are false, then they are outside the safe harbor and potentially 3 actionable”). Accordingly, the Court finds that defendants’ statements contain non-forward looking 4 statements to the extent the statements involved concrete assertions about defendants’ sales 5 productivity, pipeline, and deals. 6 To the extent that defendants’ statements are forward-looking statements, as discussed 7 below, the Court finds that the statements were not made with actual knowledge of falsity and are 8 protected by the PSLRA’s safe harbor provision. 9 10 2. Falsity 11 Defendants argue that the CAC fails to adequately plead how defendants’ alleged 12 misstatements were false. Dkt. No. 127 at 11-21. 13 To establish falsity, a complaint must state with particularity each statement alleged to have 14 been misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and all facts on which that 15 belief is formed. 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(1). Furthermore, a statement or omission “must be 16 misleading; in other words it must affirmatively create an impression of a state of affairs that differs 17 in a material way from the one that actually exists.” Brody v. Transitional Hosp. Corp., 280 F.3d 18 997, 1006 (9th Cir. 2002). 19 a. Alleged Misstatements about Sales Productivity Hiring 20 Plaintiff argues that DeCesare’s February 7, 2019 statement that Forescout’s sales force was 21 “maturing and ramping nicely . . . trending in the right direction” and March 4, 2019 statement that 22 Forescout was “hiring like crazy” and had “increased visibility” into the sales pipeline were 23 actionable misstatements. Dkt. No. 134 at 12. Plaintiffs assert falsity is established by statements 24 by confidential witnesses (“CW”) 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8, which collectively demonstrate Forescout’s 25 sales department struggled to meet sales quotas, a significant number of sales representatives left 26 Forescout, and Forescout experienced a hiring freeze. Id. at 16-19. 27 However, the statements by CW1, CW2, CW5, CW6, CW7, and CW8 are too vague to 1 (requiring complaints to “provide the requisite particularity to establish that certain statements . . . 2 [by] confidential witnesses are based on the witnesses’ personal knowledge.”). The CWs do not 3 claim that defendants DeCesare and Harms had knowledge of any employee departures or hiring 4 freezes. See In re Quality Systems, 865 F.3d at 1144 (finding CW statement supporting falsity 5 because CW “recounted that [defendant] explained in internal QSI conference calls . . . that the 6 market for new systems ‘had become saturated, and that any sales . . . were largely to replace existing 7 [electronic health record] systems.’”); In re Pivotal Sec. Lit., 19-cv-3589, 2020 WL 4193384 at *7 8 (N.D. Cal. July 21, 2020) (“General optimistic statements . . .[may be actionable if] statements 9 ‘address specific aspects of a company's operation that the speaker knows to be performing poorly’”) 10 (internal citations omitted). 11 DeCesare’s February 7, 2019 statement that Forescout’s sales force was “maturing and 12 ramping nicely . . . [and productivity] trending in the right direction” is vague and non-actionable 13 puffery. The CAC fails to plead facts showing that defendants would have known any of their 14 statements were false. Compare Police Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., 759 F.3d 15 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding statements of “repeated assurances that FDA approval was 16 ‘imminent’” as not puffery because “‘the company, whose financial success depended on FDA 17 approval . . . knew that [approval] was not [imminent].”) with In re Cutera Sec. Litig., 610 F.3d 18 1103, 1111 (9th Cir.2010) (finding statement “[n]one of our employees is represented by a labor 19 union, and we believe our employee relations are good” to be puffery) and Scheller v. Nutanix, 450 20 F.Supp.3d 1024, 1036 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 2020) (“‘we are big on hiring’ and ‘a lot of hiring [is going 21 on]’ are puffery”). 22 Moreover, CW reports about hiring freezes lack requisite details to show that defendants’ 23 statements were false. See Scheller, 450 F.Supp.3d at 1035-36 (holding CW’s report that defendant 24 “implemented hiring freezes of all sales personnel during the Class Period” as inadequate to 25 establish falsity because the CW “failed to provide any details about these hiring freezes, such as 26 how many there were, how long they lasted, how often they were instituted, how many employees 27 they affected, or what locations they covered” or “how each CW would have personal knowledge 1 b. Alleged Misstatements about Deals and the Sales Pipeline 2 Plaintiffs argue that defendants falsely told investors that Forescout had “technology 3 win[s],” Forescout’s rate of closing deals “remain very strong,” and the pipeline “are pointed in the 4 right direction.” Dkt. No. 134 at 12-13. Plaintiffs argue statements by CW7, CW9, CW12, CW13, 5 and CW14 demonstrate that Forescout’s sales pipeline and deals were deteriorating. Id. at 20-21. 6 The CAC fails to adequately plead how defendants’ statements about Forescout’s deals and 7 pipeline are false. Defendants’ statements that the rate of closing deals “remain[s] strong” and the 8 pipeline is “pointed in the right direction” are defendants’ subjective assessments and do not 9 guarantee the closure of every deal on the pipeline. See In re Quality Sys., 865 F.3d at 1143-44 10 (finding statements about a pipeline actionable because “[defendants] did not just describe the 11 pipeline in subjective or emotive terms. Rather, they provided a concrete description of the past and 12 present state of the pipeline. They repeatedly reassured investors during the class period that the 13 number and type of prospective sales in the pipeline was unchanged, or even growing, compared to 14 previous quarters.”). Notably, defendants disclosed that deals on the pipeline could change. See 15 Dkt. No. 128-8 (May 9, 2019 earnings call) (showing DeCesare told investors that “large deals are 16 a component of [Forescout’s] business, and timing and composition of these deals can shift and 17 cause quarter-to-quarter fluctuations” and Harms stated a “decent pipeline review indicated that a 18 handful of deals that we initially expected to close in the second quarter are now expected to close 19 in the latter part of the year.”) 20 Moreover, plaintiffs’ CWs do not establish falsity of defendants’ statements. CW7, CW9, 21 CW13 reported that senior management pressured sales representatives to list certain deals as 22 “closed” or “committed” on the pipeline before the deals closed. CAC ¶ 62, 65, 73, 74. Even 23 though CW13 stated “the pressure to fudge the sales numbers came directly from DeCesare,” 24 CW13’s statement is directly contradicted by CW14’s statement, “the pressure campaign was 25 instigated by both Jensen, the Senior Vice President of Sales for the Americas, and Steve Redman 26 [], the Company’s Chief Revenue Officer.” Id. ¶ 73. Therefore, there is no reliable CW statement 27 that the pressure to artificially list deals as “closed” or “committed” came from individual 1 (finding CW statements unreliable indicators of falsity where the statements “contradict statements 2 made by the same group of witnesses”). 3 Plaintiffs rely on CW12’s statement that Forescout had a high number of deals listed as 4 “committed” on the timeline that did not ultimately close. ¶ 71. However, CW12’s statement is 5 vague and does not specify which deals were improperly listed or when the deals ultimately did not 6 close. Cf. Scheller, 450 F.Supp.3d at 1036 (“[P]laintiffs fail to provide any details about these hiring 7 freezes, such as how many there were, how long they lasted, how often they were instituted, how 8 many employees they affected, or what locations they covered”). Without more, CW12’s statement 9 does establish falsity of statements about “technology wins”. 10 Plaintiffs also assert Forescout’s Form 10-k amendment,2 filed on April 29, 2020, “through 11 its context, falsely reassured investors concerning the likelihood that the [Advent] Acquisition 12 would proceed as planned given . . . the decline in [Forescout’s] operations.” Dkt. No. 134 at 15. As 13 the Court discussed previously, the CAC and plaintiffs’ CWs fail to provide sufficient facts 14 regarding Forescout’s actual sales or hiring operations during the class period. Plaintiffs also fail to 15 explain how Forescout’s expectation of completing the Advent acquisition was false. During oral 16 argument, the Court was told that Forescout and Advent ultimately completed an acquisition deal 17 and that Forescout was acquired by Advent. 18 19 c. Alleged Misstatements about Revenue Projections 20 Plaintiffs argue that defendants’ statements on October 10, 2019, November 6, 2019, and 21 February 6, 2020, stating that Forescout missed revenue projections because of deteriorating 22 macroeconomic conditions in the EMEA, were materially false because (1) artificial deals were 23 included in Forescout’s salesforce platform and forecasts and (2) individual defendants “propped 24 up” stock prices to maximize returns from the Advent Acquisition. CAC ¶¶ 137, 140, 142; Dkt. No. 25 134 at 13. However, as previously discussed, the CAC and plaintiffs’ CWs fail to specify which 26

27 2 The 10-k amendment stated, in relevant part, “Forescout expects the proposed acquisition 1 deals were artificially listed as “closed” or “committed” and when, during the class period, the deals 2 were artificially closed. Moreover, the CAC fails to adequately plead how the inclusion of such 3 deals would render Forescout’s forecasts false—the CAC lacks details of how defendants develop 4 their revenue projections. 5 Plaintiffs argue that, on May 11, 2020, Forescout falsely blamed COVID-19 for missed 6 revenue projections. Dkt. No. 134 at 13. However, plaintiffs fail to demonstrate how Forescout’s 7 statements were false. As stated in the CAC, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 8 was a global pandemic on March 11, 2020—a declaration made before Forescout’s May 11, 2020 9 statement. CAC ¶ 157. Plaintiffs also fail to demonstrate how declines in Forescout’s earnings or 10 financial performance were not caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 12 d. Channel Stuffing 13 Finally, plaintiffs argue defendants engaged in a channel stuffing scheme by artificially 14 closing deals. Dkt. No. 134 at 22-23. Plaintiffs assert an anonymous Forescout whistleblower sent 15 Advent a letter alleging Forescout stuffed channels in connection with the Advent Acquisition. Id. 16 “Channel stuffing is the oversupply of distributors in one quarter to artificially inflate sales, 17 which will then drop in the next quarter as the distributors no longer make orders, while they deplete 18 their excess supply.” Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1298 (9th Cir. 1998). The 19 Ninth Circuit views channel stuffing claims with skepticism because such claims are often 20 “speculation made in hindsight.” Id. 21 Plaintiffs fail to establish a channel stuffing claim. Defendants did not admit to artificially 22 listing deals as closed on the pipeline. See Yaron v. Instersect ENT, Inc., 19-cv-02647-JSW, 2020 23 WL 6750568 at *7 (N.D. Cal. June 19, 2020) (finding channel stuffing claim where defendant 24 “admitted that discounted bulk sales took place over six quarters and that it resulted in inventory 25 build-up worth 2% to 3% of annual sales.”). Moreover, plaintiffs’ vague accusations about 26 Forescouts’ practices and reference to an anonymous whistleblower fail to establish defendants’ 27 alleged method of channel stuffing. See City of Dearborn Heights Act 345 Police & Fire Retire. 1 channel stuffing claim where there are “no facts establishing that Defendants used the inflated 2010 2 revenues that resulted from Cadent’s channel stuffing to conduct its goodwill impairment testing at 3 the end of 2011, and [failure to plead] the exact assumptions that Defendants used.”) 4 5 B. Loss Causation 6 Forescout argues the CAC fails to adequately plead loss causation. Dkt. No. 127 at 24. 7 Forescout asserts there was no traceable harm from any alleged misstatement between October 10, 8 2019 and February 6, 2020. Dkt. No. 127 at 25. Plaintiffs argue the CAC adequately pleads 9 causation because the CAC includes instances when Forescout’s stock price dropped after 10 defendants disclosed a failure to meet revenue projections. Dkt. No. 134 at 43. 11 “To prove loss causation, [a plaintiff] must demonstrate a causal connection between the 12 deceptive acts that form the basis for the claim of securities fraud and the injury suffered by the 13 [Plaintiffs].” Ambassador Hotel Co., Ltd. v. Wei–Chuan Inv., 189 F.3d 1017, 1027 (9th Cir.1999). 14 At the pleading stage, the plaintiff's task is to allege with particularity facts plausibly suggesting that 15 both showings can be made. See Oregon Pub. Emps. Ret. Fund v. Apollo Group, Inc., 774 F.3d 16 598, 605 (9th Cir. 2014) (requiring allegations of loss causation to satisfy Federal Rule of Civil 17 Procedure 9(b)’s heightened “particularity” requirement). However, “when applied to allegations of 18 loss causation . . . Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement usually adds little to the plaintiff's burden.” 19 In re Bofl Holding, Inc. Sec. Litig., 977 F.3d 781, 794 (9th Cir. 2020). “[T]he relevant question for 20 loss causation purposes is whether the market reasonably perceived [a defendant’s statements] as 21 true and acted upon them accordingly.” Id. at 792. 22 The CAC adequately pleads facts showing that the market acted on defendants’ statements. 23 On August 7, 2019, Forescout issued a press release announcing total revenue projections for the 24 2019 third quarter ranging between $ 98.8 million and $101.87 million.3 CAC ¶ 127. On October, 25 10, 2019, Forescout issued another press release announcing revenue projections for the 2019 third 26 quarter ranging between $ 90.6 million and 91.6 million because of “extended approval cycles which 27 1 pushed several deals out of the third quarter . . . most pronounced in the EMEA against the backdrop 2 of a challenging macro-economic environment.” Dkt. No. 128-12. Forescout’s stock declined 3 approximately 37% on heavy trading volume by the end of October 10, 2019. CAC ¶ 137. Similarly, 4 on May 18, 2020, Forescout announced that Forescout’s acquisition deal with Advent International 5 was terminated. CAC ¶ 158. After the Advent termination announcement, Forescout’s stock 6 dropped approximately 24%. Id. The Court finds these subsequent stock drops after Forescout’s 7 disclosures of adverse facts to be adequate to plead loss causation. See In re Bofl Holding, 977 F.3d 8 at 794 (finding sufficient loss causation where disclosure resulted in stock drop of more than 30% 9 on extremely high trading volume); Iron Workers Local 580 Joint Funds v. Nvidia Corporation, 10 18-cv-7669-HSG, 2020 WL 1244936 at *13 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2020) (finding sufficient loss 11 causation where partial disclosure resulted in a 4.9% stock drop and later 28%). 12 13 C. Strong Inference of Scienter 14 “To adequately plead scienter, the complaint must. . . ‘state with particularity facts giving 15 rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.’” Zucco, 552 F.3d 16 at 991 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(2)). “[T]he inference of scienter must be more than merely 17 ‘reasonable’ or ‘permissible’—it must be cogent and compelling, thus strong in light of other 18 explanations.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 324 (2007). The scienter 19 inquiry “is whether all of the facts alleged, taken collectively, give rise to a strong inference of 20 scienter, not whether any individual allegation, scrutinized in isolation, meets that standard.” Id. at 21 322–23. In Zucco, the Ninth Circuit explained that the scienter inquiry requires “a dual inquiry: first, 22 we will determine whether any of the plaintiff's allegations, standing alone, are sufficient to create 23 a strong inference of scienter; second, if no individual allegations are sufficient, we will conduct a 24 ‘holistic’ review of the same allegations to determine whether the insufficient allegations combine 25 to create a strong inference of intentional conduct or deliberate recklessness.” Zucco, 552 F.3d at 26 992. 27 Plaintiffs argue that a strong inference of scienter is established by fifteen confidential 1 temporal proximity between defendants’ statements and adverse facts. Dkt. No. 134 at 27-42. 2 For the reasons stated below, plaintiffs’ allegations, neither individually nor holistically, 3 plead a strong inference of scienter. 4 5 1. CWs 6 Court may rely on statements from a CW if (1) the CW is described with sufficient 7 particularity to establish reliability and personal knowledge of the information alleged; and (2) the 8 statements themselves are indicative of scienter. Zucco, 552 F.3d at 995. 9 Plaintiffs rely on statements from fifteen CWs. All CWs are former employees of Forescout 10 and worked at Forescout during various times during the Class Period. CAC ¶ 51-75. The CAC 11 provides the CWs’ job titles, including named account managers, regional directors, and senior sales 12 development representatives. Id. 13 However, individually and collectively, the CWs’ statements lack detail to establish either 14 the reliability of CWs’ statements or that the statements themselves are indicative of scienter. The 15 CWs’ statements reference general time frames, such as “in the beginning of 2019” or “in August 16 2019,” and do not provide specifics or dates of reported activity. See Zucco, 552 F.3d 981 at 997 17 (“The lack of detail in [CW’s] allegations (he claims only that sometime in 2003, ‘some expenses 18 not directly related to a program were charged to that program’ and that ‘[employee] time was being 19 changed,’ and fails to provide specifics or dates for these activities) further support the conclusion 20 that [CW’s] allegations are not reliable enough to support [] allegations of scienter.”). 21 Moreover, as discussed in Section (I)(A)(2), the CWs’ statements do not reliably indicate 22 that individual defendants had knowledge of any of the details regarding deals, the pipeline, or sales 23 productivity that the CWs allege. See In re Quality Systems, 865 F.3d at 1145 (finding CWs reliable 24 where their “statements establish the existence of ‘funnel reports’ and sales forecasts through the 25 Salesforce software that were . . . automatically delivered to the management team” and defendants 26 had “actual access to the disputed information”). None of the CWs reported to individual defendants 27 about their experiences with sales and hiring or personally heard individual defendants speak about 1 unreliable and lacking personal knowledge where CWs were “simply not positioned to know the 2 information alleged, many report only unreliable hearsay, and others allege conclusory assertions 3 of scienter.”); Robb v. Fitbit, 216 F.Supp.3d 1017, 1032 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (finding CW statements 4 sufficient to establish scienter where CWs complaints and failures to company’s Chief Operations 5 Officer). 6 7 2. Defendants’ Statements 8 Plaintiffs argue defendants’ admissions that defendants tracked “the pipeline” and “big 9 deals” support a strong inference of scienter. Dkt. No. 134 at 28; CAC ¶¶ 107, 115. 10 Scienter is “a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud” Matrixx 11 Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano, 563 U.S. 27, 48 (2011) (citations omitted). As discussed previously, 12 plaintiffs failed to adequately allege how the CWs’ reports contradict defendants’ statements. 13 Therefore, without additional corroboration showing defendants’ statements about the pipeline or 14 big deals were false, defendants’ admissions to monitoring the pipeline and big deals are insufficient 15 to plead a strong inference of scienter. See In re Quality Systems, 865 F.3d at 1145-46 (finding 16 statements comparable those where “‘top executives admit[ted] to having monitored [a] database’ 17 of sales data, and ‘Plaintiffs ... [made] specific allegations . . . [of] sales data that contradict’ those 18 same executives' public statements” as evidence of strong inference of scienter). 19 20 3. Defendants’ Stock Sales 21 Plaintiffs argue defendants’ stock sales were suspicious during the class period. Id. at 37-41. 22 However, all of defendants’ stock sales during the class period were made pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 23 trading plans. See Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colleges, 540 F.3d 1049, 1067 n.11 (9th Cir. 24 2008) (“Sales according to pre-determined plans may rebut [ ] an inference of scienter.’”) (internal 25 citations omitted). Moreover, the CAC fails to adequately plead how defendants’ stock sales were 26 “dramatically out of line with prior trading practices at times calculated to maximize the personal 27 benefit from undisclosed inside information.” Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F.3d 423, 435 (9th Cir. 2001). 1 CAC ¶¶ 167-68. 2 3 4. Financial Motives 4 Plaintiffs assert defendants’ decision to pursue the Advent Acquisition financially motivated 5 defendants to mislead the public about Forescout’s sales pipeline and productivity. Dkt. No. 134 at 6 36-42. However, financial motives arising from the potential acquisition are insufficient to establish 7 a strong inference. Glazer Cap. Mgmt., LP. v. Magistri, 549 F.3d 736, 748 (9th Cir. 2008) (“We join 8 our sister circuits and hold that evidence of a personal profit motive on the part of officers and 9 directors contemplating a merger is insufficient to raise a strong inference of scienter.”) 10 11 5. Temporal Proximity 12 Plaintiffs argue that the temporal proximity between Advent’s May 8, 2020 statement that 13 that Advent was considering terminating the Advent acquisition and defendants’ May 11, 2020 14 statement that Forescout looked forward to completing the Advent Acquisition support a strong 15 inference of scienter. Dkt. No. 134 at 36. However, the CAC fails to provide sufficient facts 16 showing that Advent gave a statement on May 8, 2020.4 Moreover, disclosures alone do not 17 establish a strong inference of scienter. Yourish v. Cal. Amplifier, 191 F.3d 983, 997 (9th Cir. 1999) 18 (explaining that “temporal proximity of an allegedly fraudulent statement or omission and a later 19 disclosure” is insufficient on its own to establish scienter and can only “bolster” an inference based 20 on other allegations). 21 Accordingly, when considering plaintiffs’ scienter factors individually and holistically, the 22 Court finds that the CAC fails to adequately plead a strong inference of scienter. The CAC fails to 23 adequately plead that defendants had actual knowledge of falsity in their alleged misstatements at 24 the time when the alleged misstatements were made during the class period. For this additional 25

26 4 The CAC states that Advent gave this statement during a “Delaware Proceeding.” CAC 27 ¶ 156. When describing the Delaware Proceeding, the CAC simply mentions “filings made in Forescout Technologies, Inc. v. Ferrari Holdings, L.P., C.A. No. 2020-0385-SG (Del. Ch.)” CAC at 1. 1 reason, the Court GRANTS defendants’ motion to dismiss, with leave to amend. 2 3 II. Section 20a of the Exchange Act Any ae 4 Individual defendants move to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims under Section 20(a) of the 5 Securities Exchange Act because the CAC failed to adequately plead a violation of Section 10(b) of 6 || the Securities Exchange Act. Dkt. No. 129 at 22. 7 For the reasons stated above, the Court finds plaintiffs failed to adequately plead a violation 8 of 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act. For this additional reason, the Court GRANTS □□□□□□□□□□□ 9 motion to dismiss, with leave to amend. 10 11 CONCLUSION 12 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS defendant Forescout’s and individual defendants’ motions 5 13 to dismiss and GRANTS plaintiffs with leave to amend. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. a 16 || Dated: March 25, 2021 Stn Ml ee 8 SUSAN ILLSTON. United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28