313 Ga. 48 FINAL COPY
S22A0059. SAXTON v. THE STATE.
NAHMIAS, Chief Justice.
Appellant Chandler Saxton was convicted of malice murder
and a firearm offense in connection with the shooting death of John
Jones. In his sole enumeration of error in this appeal, he contends
that the trial court erred by allowing the State’s lead investigator to
testify about the direction in which one of the bullets that struck
Jones traveled. Assuming without deciding that this testimony was
erroneously admitted, it was harmless, so we affirm.1
1 The crimes occurred on July 31, 2014. In September 2015, a Muscogee
County grand jury indicted Appellant for malice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The final count was bifurcated before Appellant’s trial, which began on July 18, 2016. On July 21, the jury found him guilty of the other counts. The trial court sentenced Appellant to serve life in prison without the possibility of parole for malice murder and five consecutive years for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. The court nolle prossed the count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and merged the remaining counts (although the felony murder count was actually vacated by operation of law, see Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 374 (434 SE2d 479) (1993)). Appellant filed a timely motion for new trial, which he amended twice through new counsel in December 2020 and January 2021. 1. The evidence presented at Appellant’s trial showed the
following. Appellant was involved in a romantic relationship with
the mother of Jones’s child and was “jealous” of Jones. In April or
May 2014, after Jones said during a phone call that he and the
child’s mother would “always have history,” Appellant replied,
“Well, you know I can make you disappear.”
On the evening of July 31, 2014, Jones’s friend Jaqwuane
Crocker drove Jones to a gas station and convenience store on Illges
Road in Columbus so that Jones could fill a gas can. Crocker testified
as follows. Jones paid for the gas inside the convenience store and
then began filling his container at one of the fuel pumps, while
Crocker put gas in his car at an adjacent pump. A man, whom
Crocker did not know but identified at trial as Appellant,
approached Jones, and the two men talked calmly. Crocker saw
Jones lean over to put the gas can down and heard one of the men
say, “You a little man folk.” Crocker then heard gunshots and ran
After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion in April 2021. Appellant then filed a timely notice of appeal, and his case was docketed to the term of this Court beginning in December 2021 and submitted for a decision on the briefs. 2 away. Moments later, he ran back toward the gas station and saw
that Jones had been shot and Appellant had fled. Jones then pulled
out his own gun and shot randomly toward the surrounding
buildings before collapsing behind Crocker’s car.
Crocker called 911, took Jones’s gun (which Crocker had not
seen before the shooting), and hid it in some nearby bushes. When
police officers arrived, Crocker admitted that he had taken Jones’s
gun and showed them where it was hidden.2 Another eyewitness
testified that a man had approached Jones and then “just pulled out
a gun and started shooting.” Jones, who had been shot twice, was
transported to a hospital, where he died two days later.
The lead investigator obtained surveillance video recordings
2 On cross-examination, Crocker acknowledged that even though he had
admitted to police officers that he had removed Jones’s gun and said during a later police interview that he regularly smoked marijuana, he was not charged with any crimes based on that conduct. Crocker also admitted that in 2013, he was convicted of possession of marijuana; in 2016, he was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime; and at the time of trial, he was on probation and facing felony drug charges in Muscogee County. Crocker said that he hoped that his testimony would result in “a good deal” with the State, but on re-direct examination, he said that no one had discussed his current charges in connection with his testifying or promised him anything in exchange for his testimony. 3 from the gas station and convenience store. At trial, the prosecutor
played portions of the recordings, which show the following. At 7:32
p.m., the man whom Crocker identified at trial as Appellant entered
the convenience store. About three minutes later, Jones and Crocker
pulled into the gas station. Jones went inside the store and paid the
cashier, without any apparent interaction with Appellant; Jones
then exited the store and began filling his gas container at a pump.
Right after Jones exited, Appellant left the store, stood outside the
door for about 25 seconds, and then walked toward Jones. After the
two men spoke to each other for roughly 15 seconds, Jones put down
the gas container; a few seconds later, Appellant suddenly pulled out
a handgun and fired at Jones, who was facing Appellant and had
nothing visible in his hands. As Appellant fired three more shots,
Jones turned to his right and ran, ducking behind Crocker’s car,
which was parked at the adjacent pump. Crocker, who was standing
near the driver-side door of his car, fled. After Appellant ran down
the street and out of view, Jones, who had blood on the front and
back of his shirt, emerged from behind the car firing his own gun
4 several times toward the nearby buildings. He then collapsed near
the trunk of the car. Crocker ran back toward the car, apparently
talking on a cell phone, took the gun from Jones’s hand, and ran
away.
On the day after the shooting, the police gave the news media
a still photo of the shooter taken from one of the video recordings.
Two days later, Appellant turned himself in at a Columbus police
station. He did not testify at trial or introduce any evidence. Closing
arguments were not transcribed, but based on the final charge to the
jury, it appears that he asserted claims of self-defense and voluntary
manslaughter.
2. In this Court, Appellant’s sole contention is that the trial
court erred by allowing the State’s lead investigator to testify about
the trajectory of one of the bullets that struck Jones. As explained
below, we need not decide whether the court abused its discretion by
admitting this testimony, because any such evidentiary error was
harmless.
(a) Before trial, the parties stipulated to the authenticity of the
5 report of Jones’s autopsy, with the conditions that the medical
examiner who performed the autopsy would not testify at trial and
that the report would be introduced into evidence during the State’s
case-in-chief. During the trial, the prosecutor told the court outside
the presence of the jury that he intended to have the lead
investigator testify about the report, and Appellant’s counsel agreed.
The investigator’s direct examination focused on the surveillance
videos. Toward the end of the examination, the prosecutor informed
the jury of the stipulation, and the autopsy report was admitted into
evidence (and later given to the jury during its deliberations).
In pertinent part, the autopsy report said the following. Jones
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313 Ga. 48 FINAL COPY
S22A0059. SAXTON v. THE STATE.
NAHMIAS, Chief Justice.
Appellant Chandler Saxton was convicted of malice murder
and a firearm offense in connection with the shooting death of John
Jones. In his sole enumeration of error in this appeal, he contends
that the trial court erred by allowing the State’s lead investigator to
testify about the direction in which one of the bullets that struck
Jones traveled. Assuming without deciding that this testimony was
erroneously admitted, it was harmless, so we affirm.1
1 The crimes occurred on July 31, 2014. In September 2015, a Muscogee
County grand jury indicted Appellant for malice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The final count was bifurcated before Appellant’s trial, which began on July 18, 2016. On July 21, the jury found him guilty of the other counts. The trial court sentenced Appellant to serve life in prison without the possibility of parole for malice murder and five consecutive years for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. The court nolle prossed the count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and merged the remaining counts (although the felony murder count was actually vacated by operation of law, see Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 374 (434 SE2d 479) (1993)). Appellant filed a timely motion for new trial, which he amended twice through new counsel in December 2020 and January 2021. 1. The evidence presented at Appellant’s trial showed the
following. Appellant was involved in a romantic relationship with
the mother of Jones’s child and was “jealous” of Jones. In April or
May 2014, after Jones said during a phone call that he and the
child’s mother would “always have history,” Appellant replied,
“Well, you know I can make you disappear.”
On the evening of July 31, 2014, Jones’s friend Jaqwuane
Crocker drove Jones to a gas station and convenience store on Illges
Road in Columbus so that Jones could fill a gas can. Crocker testified
as follows. Jones paid for the gas inside the convenience store and
then began filling his container at one of the fuel pumps, while
Crocker put gas in his car at an adjacent pump. A man, whom
Crocker did not know but identified at trial as Appellant,
approached Jones, and the two men talked calmly. Crocker saw
Jones lean over to put the gas can down and heard one of the men
say, “You a little man folk.” Crocker then heard gunshots and ran
After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion in April 2021. Appellant then filed a timely notice of appeal, and his case was docketed to the term of this Court beginning in December 2021 and submitted for a decision on the briefs. 2 away. Moments later, he ran back toward the gas station and saw
that Jones had been shot and Appellant had fled. Jones then pulled
out his own gun and shot randomly toward the surrounding
buildings before collapsing behind Crocker’s car.
Crocker called 911, took Jones’s gun (which Crocker had not
seen before the shooting), and hid it in some nearby bushes. When
police officers arrived, Crocker admitted that he had taken Jones’s
gun and showed them where it was hidden.2 Another eyewitness
testified that a man had approached Jones and then “just pulled out
a gun and started shooting.” Jones, who had been shot twice, was
transported to a hospital, where he died two days later.
The lead investigator obtained surveillance video recordings
2 On cross-examination, Crocker acknowledged that even though he had
admitted to police officers that he had removed Jones’s gun and said during a later police interview that he regularly smoked marijuana, he was not charged with any crimes based on that conduct. Crocker also admitted that in 2013, he was convicted of possession of marijuana; in 2016, he was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime; and at the time of trial, he was on probation and facing felony drug charges in Muscogee County. Crocker said that he hoped that his testimony would result in “a good deal” with the State, but on re-direct examination, he said that no one had discussed his current charges in connection with his testifying or promised him anything in exchange for his testimony. 3 from the gas station and convenience store. At trial, the prosecutor
played portions of the recordings, which show the following. At 7:32
p.m., the man whom Crocker identified at trial as Appellant entered
the convenience store. About three minutes later, Jones and Crocker
pulled into the gas station. Jones went inside the store and paid the
cashier, without any apparent interaction with Appellant; Jones
then exited the store and began filling his gas container at a pump.
Right after Jones exited, Appellant left the store, stood outside the
door for about 25 seconds, and then walked toward Jones. After the
two men spoke to each other for roughly 15 seconds, Jones put down
the gas container; a few seconds later, Appellant suddenly pulled out
a handgun and fired at Jones, who was facing Appellant and had
nothing visible in his hands. As Appellant fired three more shots,
Jones turned to his right and ran, ducking behind Crocker’s car,
which was parked at the adjacent pump. Crocker, who was standing
near the driver-side door of his car, fled. After Appellant ran down
the street and out of view, Jones, who had blood on the front and
back of his shirt, emerged from behind the car firing his own gun
4 several times toward the nearby buildings. He then collapsed near
the trunk of the car. Crocker ran back toward the car, apparently
talking on a cell phone, took the gun from Jones’s hand, and ran
away.
On the day after the shooting, the police gave the news media
a still photo of the shooter taken from one of the video recordings.
Two days later, Appellant turned himself in at a Columbus police
station. He did not testify at trial or introduce any evidence. Closing
arguments were not transcribed, but based on the final charge to the
jury, it appears that he asserted claims of self-defense and voluntary
manslaughter.
2. In this Court, Appellant’s sole contention is that the trial
court erred by allowing the State’s lead investigator to testify about
the trajectory of one of the bullets that struck Jones. As explained
below, we need not decide whether the court abused its discretion by
admitting this testimony, because any such evidentiary error was
harmless.
(a) Before trial, the parties stipulated to the authenticity of the
5 report of Jones’s autopsy, with the conditions that the medical
examiner who performed the autopsy would not testify at trial and
that the report would be introduced into evidence during the State’s
case-in-chief. During the trial, the prosecutor told the court outside
the presence of the jury that he intended to have the lead
investigator testify about the report, and Appellant’s counsel agreed.
The investigator’s direct examination focused on the surveillance
videos. Toward the end of the examination, the prosecutor informed
the jury of the stipulation, and the autopsy report was admitted into
evidence (and later given to the jury during its deliberations).
In pertinent part, the autopsy report said the following. Jones
had been shot twice, resulting in four gunshot wounds to his body
that caused his death, and the manner of death was homicide. One
of the bullets, which caused two gunshot wounds, entered the left
side of Jones’s chest and exited his back, traveling from front to
back, left to right, and downward. The other bullet also caused two
gunshot wounds — one to Jones’s right thigh and one to his left
buttock — but the medical examiner could not determine which
6 wound was caused by the bullet’s entry and which wound was
caused by its exit.
During his testimony, the investigator relayed this information
from the report. The prosecutor then said:
In your investigation, knowing what you know from the autopsy report and from the video — I know the autopsy report states that it’s unclear which, the thigh or buttock wound, is an entry or exit. Based on you observing the video, do you believe that you could see which is which, which is the exit, which is the entry wound?
Appellant’s counsel objected, arguing that the investigator had not
been qualified as an expert and that, alternatively, the jurors could
determine the issue for themselves by viewing the surveillance
recordings. The trial court ruled that the investigator could answer
the prosecutor’s question, “if he’s able to make that determination.”
The investigator then testified, “As . . . Jones turned to run and the
shots continued to be fired in his direction, the most obvious would
be that the bullet would have entered in through his left buttock[ ],
which means the exit would have been to the right thigh.”
(b) Appellant argues that the trial court improperly admitted
this testimony because the investigator’s opinion about the direction 7 of the bullet that struck Jones in his thigh and buttock was based
on scientific knowledge. Although Appellant does not cite any
pertinent evidence law, it appears that he contends that the
testimony was inadmissible under OCGA § 24-7-701 (a), which
permits lay witness testimony in the form of opinions or inferences
that are rationally based on the witness’s perception, helpful to a
clear understanding of the witness’s testimony or the determination
of a fact in issue, and not based on scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge. We can assume (without deciding) that the
admission of the investigator’s opinion was an abuse of discretion,
because it was harmless in any event.
The test for determining whether a nonconstitutional
evidentiary error was harmless is whether it is highly probable that
the error did not contribute to the verdicts. See Thornton v. State,
312 Ga. 224, 228 (862 SE2d 113) (2021). See also OCGA § 24-1-103
(a). In conducting harmless-error analysis, “we review the record de
novo and weigh the evidence as we would expect reasonable jurors
to have done.” Thornton, 312 Ga. at 228. In his brief here, Appellant
8 offers no explanation as to how the investigator’s allegedly improper
opinion affected the jury’s verdicts. The path of the bullet that
caused Jones’s left buttock and right thigh wounds can be readily
inferred from the surveillance video, as Jones was facing Appellant
when the first shot was fired and turned to his right to flee as
Appellant fired the other shots. There is no reason to believe that
the investigator’s brief testimony noting this point persuaded the
jury to reject Appellant’s claims that he shot Jones in self-defense or
with an irresistible passion resulting from serious provocation.3
There was little, if any, evidence to support those claims, while the
properly admitted evidence of Appellant’s guilt was compelling.
As discussed in Division 1 above, the evidence of Appellant’s
guilt, which included testimony from two eyewitnesses and the
surveillance video recordings, showed that Appellant, who was
3 OCGA § 16-5-2 (a) defines “voluntary manslaughter” as the killing of
another person under circumstances that would otherwise be murder when the killer “acts solely as the result of a sudden, violent, and irresistible passion resulting from serious provocation sufficient to excite such passion in a reasonable person.” We express no opinion regarding whether a voluntary manslaughter instruction was properly given in this case. 9 jealous of Jones and had threatened to make him “disappear,”
approached Jones at the gas station, and they spoke calmly for a few
moments. After one of the men said, “You a little man folk,”
Appellant suddenly pulled out a gun and fired four shots at Jones,
who had nothing in his hands and turned to run, pulling out his own
gun only after he had been shot. Given this evidence, the jury quite
reasonably rejected Appellant’s claims of self-defense and voluntary
manslaughter. See, e.g., Townsend v. State, 312 Ga. 276, 281 n.3
(862 SE2d 304) (2021) (noting that “‘it is well established that words
alone, regardless of the degree of their insulting nature, will not in
any case justify the excitement of passion so as to reduce the crime
from murder to manslaughter’” and that evidence of an appellant’s
“‘generally antagonistic relationship with the victim’” also does not
support a voluntary manslaughter charge (citations omitted));
McNeil v. State, 284 Ga. 586, 588 (669 SE2d 111) (2008) (explaining
that the jury was free to reject the appellant’s claim of self-defense
where an eyewitness saw the appellant and the victim engage in a
verbal altercation before the appellant shot the victim, who had a
10 folded knife in his pocket but no weapon in his hands).
Moreover, the issue of the path of the bullet was not discussed
at any other point during the presentation of the evidence. And
although the closing arguments were not transcribed, Appellant
does not contend that the prosecutor emphasized (or even
mentioned) the objected-to testimony during his closing. See
Jackson v. State, 306 Ga. 69, 80 (829 SE2d 142) (2019).
For these reasons, it is highly probable that any error in
admitting the investigator’s opinion testimony did not contribute to
the jury’s guilty verdicts. See Thornton, 312 Ga. at 229 (holding that
any error in the admission of a GBI agent’s testimony about how a
particular bloodstain was formed was harmless, because there was
no dispute that the victim was stabbed numerous times, the
testimony did not implicate the appellant, and the evidence of his
guilt was strong); Carter v. State, 310 Ga. 559, 564 (852 SE2d 542)
(2020) (concluding in the context of an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim that the appellant could not show that he was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to object to a GBI agent’s lay
11 witness testimony that shoeprints found at the crime scene had
characteristics similar to the appellant’s shoes on the ground that
the testimony did not meet the requirements of OCGA § 24-7-701
(a), because the testimony “was of negligible importance, and the
other evidence of [the] [a]ppellant’s guilt was compelling”); Brannon
v. State, 298 Ga. 601, 609-610 (783 SE2d 642) (2016) (holding that
any error in the trial court’s permitting a detective to offer opinion
testimony identifying the victim in a surveillance recording was
harmless, partly because the evidence of the appellant’s guilt was
overwhelming and misidentification of the victim was not the basis
of his defense).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
12 Decided December 14, 2021.
Murder. Muscogee Superior Court. Before Judge
Gottfried.
Anthony L. Johnson, for appellant.
Mark P. Jones, District Attorney, Frederick Lewis,
Assistant District Attorney; Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General,
Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K.
Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Alex M. Bernick, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.