1 2 O 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 SATA Gmbh & CO. KG, ) Case No. CV 20-02131 DDP (JPRx) ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 13 v. ) TO DISMISS COUNTERCLAIM ) ) [Dkt 67, 68] 15 Defendants. ) ) 16 Presently before the court is Plaintiff SATA GmbH & Co. KG 17 (“SATA”)’s Motion to Dismiss Counterclaim. Having considered the 18 submissions of the parties and heard oral argument, the court 19 denies the motion and adopts the following Order. 20 I. Background 21 Plaintiff SATA GmbH & Co. KG (“SATA”) manufactures, among 22 other things, paint spray guns. (First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) ¶ 23 8.) SATA also owns a design patent, U.S. D552,213 (“the Patent”), 24 in an ornamental design for a paint spray gun. (Id. ¶ 23.) 25 Harbor Freight also sells paint spray guns. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 16.) In 26 1999, SATA brought suit against Harbor Freight, alleging trade 27 dress infringement and associated claims related to Harbor 28 Freight’s sale of paint spray guns. (Id. ¶ 14.) In 2000, the 1 parties settled all claims and entered into a Settlement Agreement 2 (“the Agreement”). (Id.) The Agreement included a confidentiality 3 provision, under which both parties agreed not to disclose the 4 Agreement, or its terms, to third parties.1 (FAC, Ex. A ¶ 18.) 5 In 2020, SATA filed the instant action for patent infringement 6 and breach of the 2000 Agreement. SATA filed the Agreement on the 7 publicly-accessible court docket as Exhibit A to SATA’s original 8 Complaint. (Dkt. 1.) The next day, counsel for Harbor Freight 9 contacted SATA’s counsel, contending that SATA’s public filing of 10 the Agreement constituted breach of the Agreement’s confidentiality 11 provision, and requesting that SATA take remedial steps to shield 12 the Agreement from public view. (Declaration of Dakota S. Speas in 13 Opposition to Motion to Dismiss Counterclaim, Ex. 1.) SATA’s 14 counsel replied that the Agreement was “accidentally filed in open 15 court,” and represented that SATA was taking steps to “rectify” the 16 situation. (Id.) That same day, SATA filed an emergency motion to 17 seal the Complaint, arguing that the existence of the 18 confidentiality provision within the Agreement constituted good 19 cause to seal the Complaint. (Dkt. 10.) This Court granted SATA’s 20 emergency motion the following day. (Dkt. 6, 10.) 21 Harbor Freight alleges that, notwithstanding the eventual 22 sealing of SATA’s Complaint, the confidential Agreement was 23 publicly accessible through the court’s electronic system and 24 through third party websites. (Counterclaim ¶ 9.) Although Harbor 25 26 1 The Agreement recognized that SATA might need to disclose information about the Agreement “in connection with its ongoing 27 policing efforts,” and allowed SATA to do so, provided that any third party also agreed to treat information about the Agreement as 28 confidential. 1 Freight requested that SATA facilitate the removal of the Agreement 2 from third party services, SATA allegedly declined to respond to 3 that request or to make any remedial efforts to contact third-party 4 services. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12.) Harbor Freight therefore undertook its 5 own efforts to contact third-party websites and ensure that 6 Agreement was no longer publicly accessible. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 14.) 7 Harbor Freight later filed a counterclaim against SATA in the 8 instant action, alleging that SATA violated the confidentiality 9 provision of, and therefore breached, the Agreement by filing the 10 Agreement publicly. SATA now moves to dismiss Harbor Freight’s 11 breach of contract counterclaim. 12 II. Legal Standard 13 A complaint will survive a motion to dismiss when it 14 “contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 15 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 16 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 17 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a 18 court must “accept as true all allegations of material fact and 19 must construe those facts in the light most favorable to the 20 plaintiff.” Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000). 21 Although a complaint need not include “detailed factual 22 allegations,” it must offer “more than an unadorned, 23 the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal,556 U.S. at 24 678. Conclusory allegations or allegations that are no more than a 25 statement of a legal conclusion “are not entitled to the assumption 26 of truth.” Id. at 679. In other words, a pleading that merely 27 offers “labels and conclusions,” a “formulaic recitation of the 28 elements,” or “naked assertions” will not be sufficient to state a 1 claim upon which relief can be granted. Id. at 678 (citations and 2 internal quotation marks omitted). 3 “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court 4 should assume their veracity and then determine whether they 5 plausibly give rise to an entitlement of relief.” Iqbal,556 U.S. 6 at 679. Plaintiffs must allege “plausible grounds to infer” that 7 their claims rise “above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. 8 at 555-56. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible 9 claim for relief” is “a context-specific task that requires the 10 reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common 11 sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. 12 III. Discussion 13 A. Mitigation damages 14 SATA contends that Harbor Freight’s breach of contract 15 counterclaim does not adequately allege damages resulting from 16 SATA’s public filing of the confidential Agreement. Damages are, 17 of course, “[a]n essential element of a claim for breach of 18 contract.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Am. Dynasty Surplus 19 Lines Ins. Co., 101 Cal. App. 4th 1038, 1060 (2002). The 20 counterclaim alleges that Harbor Freight “expended resources to 21 have its attorneys mitigate harm by SATA’s breach by interacting 22 with numerous third parties to get the publicly-filed materials 23 removed from publicly-accessible platforms.” (Counterclaim ¶ 14.) 24 The counterclaim further alleges that members of the public, 25 including Harbor Freight’s competitors, were able to learn the 26 terms of the confidential Agreement. (Counterclaim ¶¶ 9-14.) 27 It is well-settled “that an injured party who makes a 28 reasonable attempt to mitigate his damages is allowed to recover the cost of such reasonable mitigation effort as damages from the party who breached the contract.” Brandon & Tibbs v. George 3] Kevorkian Acct. Corp., 226 Cal. App. 3d 442, 462 (1990); see also Barnes v. Berendes, 139 Cal. 32, 36 (1903). Nevertheless, SATA 5} contends that Harbor Freight cannot recover its mitigation expenses because those expenses were incurred in the form of attorney’s fees. As an initial matter, the counterclaim does not characterize the expenses as “attorney’s fees,” but rather alleges that attorneys “interacted” with third-party services to ensure that the 10}| confidential Agreement was removed from publicly-accessible 11] platforms. In any event, SATA reads too much into cases stating, 12}/in the insurance context, that attorney’s fees do not constitute “damages” for the purpose of triggering insurance coverage. See, 14] e.g., Travelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am. v. KFx Med. Corp., 637 F. 15] App’ x 989, 991 (9th Cir. 2016) (unpublished disposition); Great Am. E &€ S Ins. Co. v. Theos Med. Sys., Inc., 357 F. Supp. 3d 953, 967 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (“[Defendant] does not appear to dispute that attorneys’ fees and sanctions are not covered as ‘damages’ under the [insurance] policies.
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1 2 O 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 SATA Gmbh & CO. KG, ) Case No. CV 20-02131 DDP (JPRx) ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 13 v. ) TO DISMISS COUNTERCLAIM ) ) [Dkt 67, 68] 15 Defendants. ) ) 16 Presently before the court is Plaintiff SATA GmbH & Co. KG 17 (“SATA”)’s Motion to Dismiss Counterclaim. Having considered the 18 submissions of the parties and heard oral argument, the court 19 denies the motion and adopts the following Order. 20 I. Background 21 Plaintiff SATA GmbH & Co. KG (“SATA”) manufactures, among 22 other things, paint spray guns. (First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) ¶ 23 8.) SATA also owns a design patent, U.S. D552,213 (“the Patent”), 24 in an ornamental design for a paint spray gun. (Id. ¶ 23.) 25 Harbor Freight also sells paint spray guns. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 16.) In 26 1999, SATA brought suit against Harbor Freight, alleging trade 27 dress infringement and associated claims related to Harbor 28 Freight’s sale of paint spray guns. (Id. ¶ 14.) In 2000, the 1 parties settled all claims and entered into a Settlement Agreement 2 (“the Agreement”). (Id.) The Agreement included a confidentiality 3 provision, under which both parties agreed not to disclose the 4 Agreement, or its terms, to third parties.1 (FAC, Ex. A ¶ 18.) 5 In 2020, SATA filed the instant action for patent infringement 6 and breach of the 2000 Agreement. SATA filed the Agreement on the 7 publicly-accessible court docket as Exhibit A to SATA’s original 8 Complaint. (Dkt. 1.) The next day, counsel for Harbor Freight 9 contacted SATA’s counsel, contending that SATA’s public filing of 10 the Agreement constituted breach of the Agreement’s confidentiality 11 provision, and requesting that SATA take remedial steps to shield 12 the Agreement from public view. (Declaration of Dakota S. Speas in 13 Opposition to Motion to Dismiss Counterclaim, Ex. 1.) SATA’s 14 counsel replied that the Agreement was “accidentally filed in open 15 court,” and represented that SATA was taking steps to “rectify” the 16 situation. (Id.) That same day, SATA filed an emergency motion to 17 seal the Complaint, arguing that the existence of the 18 confidentiality provision within the Agreement constituted good 19 cause to seal the Complaint. (Dkt. 10.) This Court granted SATA’s 20 emergency motion the following day. (Dkt. 6, 10.) 21 Harbor Freight alleges that, notwithstanding the eventual 22 sealing of SATA’s Complaint, the confidential Agreement was 23 publicly accessible through the court’s electronic system and 24 through third party websites. (Counterclaim ¶ 9.) Although Harbor 25 26 1 The Agreement recognized that SATA might need to disclose information about the Agreement “in connection with its ongoing 27 policing efforts,” and allowed SATA to do so, provided that any third party also agreed to treat information about the Agreement as 28 confidential. 1 Freight requested that SATA facilitate the removal of the Agreement 2 from third party services, SATA allegedly declined to respond to 3 that request or to make any remedial efforts to contact third-party 4 services. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12.) Harbor Freight therefore undertook its 5 own efforts to contact third-party websites and ensure that 6 Agreement was no longer publicly accessible. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 14.) 7 Harbor Freight later filed a counterclaim against SATA in the 8 instant action, alleging that SATA violated the confidentiality 9 provision of, and therefore breached, the Agreement by filing the 10 Agreement publicly. SATA now moves to dismiss Harbor Freight’s 11 breach of contract counterclaim. 12 II. Legal Standard 13 A complaint will survive a motion to dismiss when it 14 “contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 15 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 16 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 17 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a 18 court must “accept as true all allegations of material fact and 19 must construe those facts in the light most favorable to the 20 plaintiff.” Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000). 21 Although a complaint need not include “detailed factual 22 allegations,” it must offer “more than an unadorned, 23 the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal,556 U.S. at 24 678. Conclusory allegations or allegations that are no more than a 25 statement of a legal conclusion “are not entitled to the assumption 26 of truth.” Id. at 679. In other words, a pleading that merely 27 offers “labels and conclusions,” a “formulaic recitation of the 28 elements,” or “naked assertions” will not be sufficient to state a 1 claim upon which relief can be granted. Id. at 678 (citations and 2 internal quotation marks omitted). 3 “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court 4 should assume their veracity and then determine whether they 5 plausibly give rise to an entitlement of relief.” Iqbal,556 U.S. 6 at 679. Plaintiffs must allege “plausible grounds to infer” that 7 their claims rise “above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. 8 at 555-56. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible 9 claim for relief” is “a context-specific task that requires the 10 reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common 11 sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. 12 III. Discussion 13 A. Mitigation damages 14 SATA contends that Harbor Freight’s breach of contract 15 counterclaim does not adequately allege damages resulting from 16 SATA’s public filing of the confidential Agreement. Damages are, 17 of course, “[a]n essential element of a claim for breach of 18 contract.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Am. Dynasty Surplus 19 Lines Ins. Co., 101 Cal. App. 4th 1038, 1060 (2002). The 20 counterclaim alleges that Harbor Freight “expended resources to 21 have its attorneys mitigate harm by SATA’s breach by interacting 22 with numerous third parties to get the publicly-filed materials 23 removed from publicly-accessible platforms.” (Counterclaim ¶ 14.) 24 The counterclaim further alleges that members of the public, 25 including Harbor Freight’s competitors, were able to learn the 26 terms of the confidential Agreement. (Counterclaim ¶¶ 9-14.) 27 It is well-settled “that an injured party who makes a 28 reasonable attempt to mitigate his damages is allowed to recover the cost of such reasonable mitigation effort as damages from the party who breached the contract.” Brandon & Tibbs v. George 3] Kevorkian Acct. Corp., 226 Cal. App. 3d 442, 462 (1990); see also Barnes v. Berendes, 139 Cal. 32, 36 (1903). Nevertheless, SATA 5} contends that Harbor Freight cannot recover its mitigation expenses because those expenses were incurred in the form of attorney’s fees. As an initial matter, the counterclaim does not characterize the expenses as “attorney’s fees,” but rather alleges that attorneys “interacted” with third-party services to ensure that the 10}| confidential Agreement was removed from publicly-accessible 11] platforms. In any event, SATA reads too much into cases stating, 12}/in the insurance context, that attorney’s fees do not constitute “damages” for the purpose of triggering insurance coverage. See, 14] e.g., Travelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am. v. KFx Med. Corp., 637 F. 15] App’ x 989, 991 (9th Cir. 2016) (unpublished disposition); Great Am. E &€ S Ins. Co. v. Theos Med. Sys., Inc., 357 F. Supp. 3d 953, 967 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (“[Defendant] does not appear to dispute that attorneys’ fees and sanctions are not covered as ‘damages’ under the [insurance] policies. The Court finds that under California law, attorneys’ fees do not constitute covered ‘damages.’” (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted); Combs v. State Farm 22\| Fire & Cas. Co., 143 Cal. App. 4th 1338, 1345 (2006) (“Attorney fee awards may not normally be considered as ‘damages’ in that they do not compensate claimants for the injury for which they brought suit.”) (emphasis added); Cutler-Orosi Unified Sch. Dist. v. Tulare 26 Cty. Sch. etc. Auth., 31 Cal. App. 4th 617, 631 (1994). As the Cutler-Orosi court, looking to analogous civil rights cases 28 involving fee-shifting provisions, explained, “attorney’s fees,”
1 i.e. those incurred litigating a matter, are best understood as 2 part of litigation costs, rather than as “‘damages’ as the term is 3 used in its ordinary and popular sense, that is, compensation paid 4 to a party for the loss or detriment suffered because of the 5 wrongful act of another.” Cutler-Orosi, 31 Cal. App. 4th at 631- 6 32. 7 Here, however, the damages sought are intended to compensate 8 Harbor Freight for the expenses it incurred as a result of SATA’s 9 wrongful publication of the confidential Agreement. In similar 10 circumstances, at least one court has considered “legal expenses” 11 as recoverable mitigation damages. See USA Wheel & Tire Outlet 12 #£2, Inc. v. United Parcel Serv. Inc., No. SACV 13-0403-DOC MLG, 13 2014 WL 197733, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2014). Here, moreover, 14 Harbor Freight does not seek “attorney’s fees” in the traditional, 15 litigation cost-related sense of the term. Rather, Harbor Freight 16 seeks to recover for remedial efforts made, with third parties and 17 outside the litigation context, by individuals who happen to be 18 attorneys. SATA has not put forth, nor can this Court discern, any 19 principled reason why these same mitigation efforts would 20 constitute recoverable damages if undertaken by non-lawyers, yet 21 cannot qualify as “damages” here because attorneys played some 22 role.2 23 B. Propriety of Sealing 24 SATA argues, in the alternative, that the Counterclaim must be 25 dismissed because the confidential Settlement Agreement “does not 26 27 2 Whether these attorney-led efforts were a reasonable expenditure of Harbor Freight’s resources is an entirely different 28 question, not presently before the court. meet the criteria for sealing,” and therefore SATA’s publication of 21 the Agreement “cannot constitute a breach.” (Motion at 12.) Even putting aside the fact that it was SATA, not Harbor Freight, that 4!) requested the belated, emergency sealing of the Agreement in this case, SATA’s argument is a non-segquitur, and conflates the distinct issues of confidentiality and sealing. 7 Harbor Freight does not appear to dispute that “there is a strong presumption of public access” to court records, nor that 9]|/many records may only be sealed for “compelling reasons.” Kamakana 10}]}v. City & Cty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006).° Courts must balance the public’s interest in access against a private party’s interest in secrecy. Ctr. for Auto Safety v. 13] Chrysler Grp., LLC, 809 F.3d 1092, 1097 (9th Cir. 2016). Examples of compelling reasons warranting sealing include preventing the 15] circulation of libelous statements or “sources of business information that might harm a litigant’s competitive standing.” Id. (quoting Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 598 18} (1978)). Without divulging the particulars of the Agreement, the court is satisfied that the business information therein, which the parties agreed to keep confidential, is sufficiently sensitive to warrant the continued sealing of the Agreement. 22 Nothing in this Order should be read to suggest that the mere existence of a confidentiality provision is sufficient to justify the sealing of a settlement agreement, or any other agreement between two private parties. “Confidential” and “worthy of 26 27 7 A lower, good cause standard applies to matters that are only tangentially related to the merits of the case, such as many 28 discovery issues. See Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 809 F.3d 1092, 1097, 1101 (9th Cir. 2016).
1 sealing” are not coterminous. Courts will and must exercise 2 independent judgment in deciding whether a record should be sealed. 3 See Ctr. for Auto Safety, 809 F.3d at 1097. But the court is not 4 aware of, nor has SATA cited, any authority for the proposition 5 that the viability or enforceability of a confidentiality provision 6 is in any way dependent upon a court’s decision to seal or unseal 7 information that a party agreed to keep secret. In other words, 8 whether a document is confidential and whether that document should 9 be sealed are, for the most part, two distinct questions. For 10 example, the fact that a document “may lead to a litigant’s 11 embarrassment, incrimination, or exposure to further litigation 12 will not, without more, compel the court to seal its records.” 13 Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179. But a desire to avoid embarrassment is 14 precisely the type of consideration that might lead parties to 15 enter into a confidentiality agreement. A party who breaches such 16 an agreement cannot escape liability for any resulting damages 17 simply because a court later determines that the public’s interest 18 in government transparency outweighs the opposing party’s interest 19 in avoiding ignominy. 20 Thus, even if this Court were to agree with SATA that the 21 Agreement here should not be sealed, Harbor Freight’s counterclaim 22 for breach of the confidentiality provision would not be moot. 23 IV. Conclusion 24 For the reasons stated above, SATA’S Motion to Dismiss 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 // 1 Counterclaim is DENIED. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 4 Dated: September 13, 2021 United States District Judge 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28