NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0525n.06
No. 17-4269
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Oct 22, 2018 SARA TOMAS RIOS-ZAMORA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Petitioner, ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW ) FROM THE UNITED STATES v. ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION ) APPEALS JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney General, ) ) OPINION Respondent. ) )
BEFORE: MERRITT, DAUGHTREY, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Sara Rios-Zamora and her daughter left Honduras
in 2014 after being robbed at gunpoint. The immigration judge denied her application for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture; the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed. Though we have no doubt the robbery was traumatic for
both Rios-Zamora and her daughter, we are bound by precedent to conclude that the robbery did
not amount to persecution on account of a protected characteristic and so DENY the petition for
review.
I. BACKGROUND
Before she left Honduras, Rios-Zamora managed a small convenience store with her oldest
son. The store, which was located in the two-room house where the family lived, stocked a variety
of items, such as propane tanks, water bottles, and food. One morning, a little after 5:30 a.m., four
men and one woman entered the store. The intruders, whom Rios-Zamora believed to be gang No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
members, stopped Rios-Zamora at the door and then entered the rooms where the children were
sleeping. They put guns to the children’s heads and tied up the family members. Watching the
robbers move through the house, Rios-Zamora feared for her life and the lives of her children. The
robbers took all the cash they could find, which totaled approximately $2,0001 and represented the
sale proceeds for the day, as well as other items such as cell phones. As the robbers were leaving,
they threatened to return and kill the family if they reported the incident to the police. Rios-Zamora
never saw them again.
Rios-Zamora was terrified and unwilling to remain in that house. The very same day, she
and her daughter moved to her mother’s home. But there, too, she felt unsafe, fearing the gangs
that she testified could be found on “every corner” of that neighborhood. So Rios-Zamora and her
daughter left Honduras to seek safety in the United States. But as soon as they crossed the southern
border, they were put in removal proceedings.
Rios-Zamora applied for asylum and withholding of removal under both the Immigration
and Nationality Act (INA) and the Convention Against Torture, listing her daughter as a derivative
beneficiary on each application. The immigration judge denied her applications and ordered that
Rios-Zamora and her daughter be removed. The BIA affirmed, holding that (1) Rios-Zamora did
not “suffer[] harm amounting to past persecution,” (2) her proposed social groups did not have
“the requisite distinction within Honduran society to qualify” as a basis for asylum under the INA,
(3) she did not show that the individuals who committed the robbery “were motivated by her
membership in a particular social group,” and (4) the future harm she feared was general crime,
which also did not amount to persecution on account of a protected ground. Rios-Zamora petitions
this court for review.
1 It is not clear from the record if this figure is in U.S. dollars or Honduran lempira.
-2- No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
II. ANALYSIS
We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo, Stserba v. Holder, 646 F.3d 964, 971 (6th
Cir. 2011), but “administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator
would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
To obtain asylum, Rios-Zamora must show that she qualifies as a refugee under the INA,
meaning that she “is unable or unwilling to return to” her home country “because of persecution
or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). A showing of past
persecution gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution.
8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). “Withholding of removal claims are analyzed under the same
framework, except that the ‘alien must show a “clear probability” of persecution.’”
Abdurakhmanov v. Holder, 735 F.3d 341, 345 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Dugboe v. Holder, 644 F.3d
462, 472 (6th Cir. 2011).
Persecution is an “ambiguous” term that is not defined in the INA or the accompanying
regulations. Stserba, 646 F.3d at 972. “To determine whether past persecution occurred, we
evaluate the overall context of the applicant’s situation and view the evidence in the aggregate.”
Kukalo v. Holder, 744 F.3d 395, 400 (6th Cir. 2011). Typical examples of “actions that might
cross the line from harassment to persecution include: detention, arrest, interrogation, prosecution,
imprisonment, illegal searches, confiscation of property, surveillance, beatings, or torture.”
Haider v. Holder, 595 F.3d 276, 286–87 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Zacarias v. Gonzales, 232 F.
App’x 458, 462 (6th Cir. 2007)). As this list demonstrates, “physical harm is not an essential
feature of persecution.” Stserba, 646 F.3d at 972. Economic deprivation, for example, can
constitute persecution if “the resulting conditions are sufficiently severe.” Id. at 976 (quoting
Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 624 n.9 (6th Cir. 2004)).
-3- No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
Persecution must also be “on account of” a protected ground, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42),
which is to say, the protected characteristic must be “at least one central reason” for the
persecution, id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). To prove this so-called “nexus,” a petitioner must show that
she was “specifically targeted” based on a protected characteristic, “not merely victimized ‘by
indiscriminate mistreatment’ or ‘random crime.’” Stserba, 646 F.3d at 972 (quoting Gilaj v.
Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2005)).
In this case, the past harm that Rios-Zamora suffered was an armed robbery, which she
argues on appeal was motivated by her membership in the particular social group of Honduran
business owners.2 In some circumstances, acts that occur during a robbery—such as physical
violence, death threats, and seizing property—can amount to persecution. See Marouf v. Lynch,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0525n.06
No. 17-4269
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Oct 22, 2018 SARA TOMAS RIOS-ZAMORA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Petitioner, ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW ) FROM THE UNITED STATES v. ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION ) APPEALS JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney General, ) ) OPINION Respondent. ) )
BEFORE: MERRITT, DAUGHTREY, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Sara Rios-Zamora and her daughter left Honduras
in 2014 after being robbed at gunpoint. The immigration judge denied her application for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture; the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed. Though we have no doubt the robbery was traumatic for
both Rios-Zamora and her daughter, we are bound by precedent to conclude that the robbery did
not amount to persecution on account of a protected characteristic and so DENY the petition for
review.
I. BACKGROUND
Before she left Honduras, Rios-Zamora managed a small convenience store with her oldest
son. The store, which was located in the two-room house where the family lived, stocked a variety
of items, such as propane tanks, water bottles, and food. One morning, a little after 5:30 a.m., four
men and one woman entered the store. The intruders, whom Rios-Zamora believed to be gang No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
members, stopped Rios-Zamora at the door and then entered the rooms where the children were
sleeping. They put guns to the children’s heads and tied up the family members. Watching the
robbers move through the house, Rios-Zamora feared for her life and the lives of her children. The
robbers took all the cash they could find, which totaled approximately $2,0001 and represented the
sale proceeds for the day, as well as other items such as cell phones. As the robbers were leaving,
they threatened to return and kill the family if they reported the incident to the police. Rios-Zamora
never saw them again.
Rios-Zamora was terrified and unwilling to remain in that house. The very same day, she
and her daughter moved to her mother’s home. But there, too, she felt unsafe, fearing the gangs
that she testified could be found on “every corner” of that neighborhood. So Rios-Zamora and her
daughter left Honduras to seek safety in the United States. But as soon as they crossed the southern
border, they were put in removal proceedings.
Rios-Zamora applied for asylum and withholding of removal under both the Immigration
and Nationality Act (INA) and the Convention Against Torture, listing her daughter as a derivative
beneficiary on each application. The immigration judge denied her applications and ordered that
Rios-Zamora and her daughter be removed. The BIA affirmed, holding that (1) Rios-Zamora did
not “suffer[] harm amounting to past persecution,” (2) her proposed social groups did not have
“the requisite distinction within Honduran society to qualify” as a basis for asylum under the INA,
(3) she did not show that the individuals who committed the robbery “were motivated by her
membership in a particular social group,” and (4) the future harm she feared was general crime,
which also did not amount to persecution on account of a protected ground. Rios-Zamora petitions
this court for review.
1 It is not clear from the record if this figure is in U.S. dollars or Honduran lempira.
-2- No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
II. ANALYSIS
We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo, Stserba v. Holder, 646 F.3d 964, 971 (6th
Cir. 2011), but “administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator
would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
To obtain asylum, Rios-Zamora must show that she qualifies as a refugee under the INA,
meaning that she “is unable or unwilling to return to” her home country “because of persecution
or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). A showing of past
persecution gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution.
8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). “Withholding of removal claims are analyzed under the same
framework, except that the ‘alien must show a “clear probability” of persecution.’”
Abdurakhmanov v. Holder, 735 F.3d 341, 345 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Dugboe v. Holder, 644 F.3d
462, 472 (6th Cir. 2011).
Persecution is an “ambiguous” term that is not defined in the INA or the accompanying
regulations. Stserba, 646 F.3d at 972. “To determine whether past persecution occurred, we
evaluate the overall context of the applicant’s situation and view the evidence in the aggregate.”
Kukalo v. Holder, 744 F.3d 395, 400 (6th Cir. 2011). Typical examples of “actions that might
cross the line from harassment to persecution include: detention, arrest, interrogation, prosecution,
imprisonment, illegal searches, confiscation of property, surveillance, beatings, or torture.”
Haider v. Holder, 595 F.3d 276, 286–87 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Zacarias v. Gonzales, 232 F.
App’x 458, 462 (6th Cir. 2007)). As this list demonstrates, “physical harm is not an essential
feature of persecution.” Stserba, 646 F.3d at 972. Economic deprivation, for example, can
constitute persecution if “the resulting conditions are sufficiently severe.” Id. at 976 (quoting
Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 624 n.9 (6th Cir. 2004)).
-3- No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
Persecution must also be “on account of” a protected ground, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42),
which is to say, the protected characteristic must be “at least one central reason” for the
persecution, id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). To prove this so-called “nexus,” a petitioner must show that
she was “specifically targeted” based on a protected characteristic, “not merely victimized ‘by
indiscriminate mistreatment’ or ‘random crime.’” Stserba, 646 F.3d at 972 (quoting Gilaj v.
Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2005)).
In this case, the past harm that Rios-Zamora suffered was an armed robbery, which she
argues on appeal was motivated by her membership in the particular social group of Honduran
business owners.2 In some circumstances, acts that occur during a robbery—such as physical
violence, death threats, and seizing property—can amount to persecution. See Marouf v. Lynch,
811 F.3d 174, 189 (6th Cir. 2016) (beating); Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d 980, 998 (6th Cir.
2009) (death threats); Ouda v. INS, 324 F.3d 445, 454 (6th Cir. 2003) (confiscation of property).
If, however, a robbery is merely an instance of “widespread crime and violence,” it does not
constitute persecution. Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 491, 501 (6th Cir. 2015). Thus, pointing to a
single instance of robbery, even armed robbery, does not in and of itself carry Rios-Zamora’s
burden. See Ajanel-Gonzalez v. Sessions, 685 F. App’x 419, 424–25 (6th Cir. 2017); Cano-Huerta
v. Holder, 568 F. App’x 371, 373 (6th Cir. 2014). In this case, Rios-Zamora and her family
members were not physically injured, the threats were not specific or targeted, and the money
stolen represented only a single day’s sales.
Moreover, the record supports the immigration judge’s conclusion that Rios-Zamora did
not demonstrate that she was robbed “on account of” her membership in a protected group.
2 Because we ultimately conclude that the robbery cannot support Rios-Zamora’s asylum claim, we need not decide whether the proposed particular social group is properly before us or whether it satisfies the social distinction requirement.
-4- No. 17-4269, Rios-Zamora v. Sessions
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). During the hearing, Rios-Zamora’s attorney asked her at least four times
if she knew or suspected why the robbers targeted her business or if she thought the attack was
“just random[].” Rios-Zamora guessed that perhaps her store was targeted because it had a lot of
business but agreed that the robbery might have been random. In light of this testimony, we cannot
agree that “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude” that the robbery was
anything other than an instance of generic crime. Id. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
That logic also holds for the future persecution that Rios-Zamora fears should she be
returned to Honduras: harm “due to the prevalence of gangs in Honduras.” Although we have no
doubt that Rios-Zamora honestly and legitimately fears gangs, “[g]eneral conditions of rampant
gang violence alone are insufficient to support a claim for asylum.” Umaña-Ramos v. Holder,
724 F.3d 667, 670 (6th Cir. 2013).
Our conclusion on the merits of Rios-Zamora’s asylum claim also decides her remaining
claims. A petitioner seeking withholding of removal or relief under the Convention Against
Torture must show that it is “more likely than not” that she will be persecuted or tortured,
respectively, upon return. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2), (c)(2). “Because the withholding of
removal standard is higher than that governing asylum, an applicant who fails to establish a well-
founded fear of persecution for purposes of establishing asylum is necessarily ineligible for
withholding of removal.” Zhao v. Holder, 569 F.3d 238, 246 n.10 (6th Cir. 2009). Likewise,
“[b]ecause the petitioner cannot demonstrate entitlement to a grant of asylum, [s]he also cannot
meet the more stringent requirements of the Convention Against Torture.” Kaba v. Mukasey, 546
F.3d 741, 751 (6th Cir. 2008).
III. CONCLUSION
Although we are loath to return a woman and her daughter to a country they fled in fear for
their lives, we are bound by established precedent. The petition for review is DENIED.
-5-