[1005]*1005Opinion
CHIN, J.
In this case, three children were removed from the custody of their mother, petitioner, Sara M. (hereafter mother), on grounds that she had failed to protect them and they had suffered serious emotional damage. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 300, subds. (b), (c).)1 The juvenile court declared them dependents of the court and began reunification services to try to reunite the family. After six months of reunification services, the court found that mother had failed to contact or visit the children. (§ 366.21, subd. (e).) Under section 366.21, subdivision (e), and California Rules of Court, rule 1460(f)(1)(B),2 it terminated reunification services and scheduled a hearing to establish a permanent plan for the children. (See § 366.26.)
In this writ proceeding, mother contends that section 366.21, subdivision (e), does not permit a court to terminate reunification services after only six months due to a parent’s failure to contact or visit a child, unless the child had originally been removed from the parent’s custody because of abandonment. Because she did not originally abandon the children, she argues, she is entitled to a full year of reunification services before the court may begin to consider a permanent plan. She also argues that rule 1460(f)(1)(B) is invalid because it is contrary to the statute. The Court of Appeal agreed with her.
Section 366.21 can be read as mother and the Court of Appeal in this case read it. But it can also be read differently. Previous Court of Appeal decisions, as well as the Judicial Council in adopting rule 1460(f)(1)(B), have long interpreted section 366.21, subdivision (e), as permitting a court to terminate reunification services whenever a parent fails to contact or visit a child for six months after those services commenced. If this were a matter of first impression, the question would be close, but we are not writing on a clean slate. At this late date, we will not overturn the earlier appellate court decisions and the applicable rule of court.
Mother also claims her failure to contact or visit her children during this time was excusable because the Tuolumne County Department of Social Services (hereafter department) effectively prevented her from visiting them. As we explain, we disagree.
I. Factual and Procedural History
In November 2003, the department filed juvenile dependency petitions on behalf of mother’s three children, who were four, seven, and eight years old [1006]*1006at the time, under section 300, subdivisions (b) (failure to protect) and (c) (serious emotional damage). The petitions alleged, among other things, that mother failed to provide the children with “adequate food, clothing, and shelter,” and that she was “unable to provide regular care for her children due to her substance abuse” involving crack cocaine and methamphetamine. The juvenile court detained the children. On December 9, 2003, it conducted the initial jurisdictional hearing. Mother appeared at that hearing, and the court ordered her to participate in a drug dependency program. The court set a contested jurisdictional hearing for December 30, 2003.
Mother failed to appear at the December 30 hearing, and her attorney did not know where she was. The juvenile court found it had dependency jurisdiction under section 300, subdivisions (b) and (c). It ordered reunification services, including visitation “as deemed appropriate by the case managing social worker pursuant to” section 362.1, subdivision (a), and scheduled a six-month review hearing. It also ordered mother to review, sign, and comply with the family reunification plan. On January 13, 2004,3 mother appeared before the juvenile court sitting as the drug dependency court. She said that she had not received notice of the previous hearing by mail until after it was conducted, but she also acknowledged that the court had informed her of the hearing date when she appeared in court on December 9, 2003. At the January 13 hearing, the court ordered her to sign and comply with the family reunification case plan. She signed the plan. It required mother, among other things, to stay free from illegal drugs, to show her ability to live free from drug dependency, and to comply with all required drug tests. It conditioned her right to visit the children on her not being under the influence of alcohol or drugs and not ingesting alcohol or drugs before the visit.
Over the next six months, mother failed to comply with her drug dependency treatment and reunification plans. According to the department’s six-month review report prepared in June, the only time she visited her children was on January 7. At that time, she had a “faint negative” test for methamphetamine on a presumptive test and was permitted to visit. During that visit, mother reportedly acted inappropriately and challenged the visitation rules. Consequently, the visit ended early, and the department discontinued further visits until mother agreed to abide by the visitation rules. Mother failed to appear at a court hearing on February 3, and the court issued a bench warrant. At a hearing on April 13, at which mother again did not appear, the court ordered her terminated from the dependency drug court program because she failed to participate or appear in hearings before that court.
[1007]*1007On May 21, mother asked the department for permission to visit her children. However, she admitted she was under the influence of methamphetamine and marijuana, and she declined to take a urinalysis test. The social worker denied visitation and told her that she must test “clean” on presumptive tests to have visits rescheduled. Except for a voice mail message mother left the department a few days later stating that she had not yet decided what to do and would call again later, mother had no further contact with the department before the next court hearing on June 22.
Mother appeared at the six-month review hearing on June 22. The court told mother that it had “ordered you to do certain things, you haven’t done it. There hasn’t been any contact, you’re not going to groups, you’re not testing.” It told her she had “a couple of weeks to fall in line and . . . start doing what you need to do .... If you don’t, then the Court’s going to terminate reunification services.” It scheduled another hearing for July 13, and told mother to “get over to your social worker and get with this program.”
A contested hearing was held on July 13, and then continued to July 15. A supplemental report the department provided for the July 13 hearing stated that on June 22, mother provided a random substance abuse test that was positive for methamphetamine. She was arrested that day for driving under the influence. She failed to take any scheduled substance abuse tests after June 22. She was arrested on June 30 for possession of a controlled substance and drug paraphernalia, although she denied that the drugs and paraphernalia were hers. On July 8, the social worker called mother and asked why she had not complied with the court’s directives. Mother said after her arrest she was unable to comply. She asked to visit her children and was told she had to comply with the case plan and not be under the influence of methamphetamine for a visit to occur.
The department recommended the court terminate reunification services under section 366.21, subdivision (e), and schedule a hearing to establish a permanent plan. It also recommended the court make certain statutory findings to support these actions. The report indicated that the youngest child’s grandmother wished to adopt him, and that the other two children might be placed with a grandfather.
Mother testified at the July 15 hearing. She admitted that she had signed the reunification case plan, but she said she did not fully understand it. She said she attended about three “group meetings,” but then her “car had broken down and stuff like that, so I failed to go to any more.” She said that if the court permitted her to participate in reunification services for the next six months, she was “hoping” that she could comply with the court’s orders. She [1008]*1008hoped to be placed in a rehabilitation program of some kind. Accordingly, she asked for six more months of reunification services. She said that on May 21, when she asked to visit her children, she declined to take a drug test “because I told [the social worker] I was dirty for marijuana at the time.” After her arrest for driving under the influence, she had no further drug testing.
At the end of the July 15 hearing, the court terminated reunification services and scheduled a hearing on November 9 to establish a permanent plan. It told mother that in June it had given her “another chance, perhaps to get into DDC [dependency drug court], to give the Court a reason to extend [reunification] services.” It noted the difficulty of balancing “the time it takes for someone to actually get clean and sober and build some sort of a foundation so they can stay that way, versus . .. what’s in the best interests of the children and that the children be placed ... in an appropriate supportive living environment, a safe living environment. They just don’t always mesh.” It said it had no “reasonable belief that the child will be returned to [mother] in the next six months.” It also made the findings the department’s report recommended, including finding by clear and convincing evidence that there had been no contact between mother and the children in the last six months. In the meantime, the court ordered that the youngest child be placed with his grandmother and the other two with their grandfather.
Mother filed the instant writ petition challenging the order terminating reunification services. The Court of Appeal granted the petition. It directed the superior court to conduct a new six-month review hearing and to reinstate reunification services for an additional six months. We granted the department’s petition for review.
II. Discussion
A. Interpretation of section 366.21, subdivision (e)
“California has a comprehensive statutory scheme establishing procedures for the juvenile court to follow when and after a child is removed from the home for the child’s welfare. (§ 300 et seq.; [citation].) ‘The objective of the dependency scheme is to protect abused or neglected children and those at substantial risk thereof and to provide permanent, stable homes if those children cannot be returned home within a prescribed period of time.’ [Citation.] When the child is removed from the home, the court first attempts, for a specified period of time, to reunify the family.” (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 52 [1 Cal.Rptr.3d 432, 71 P.3d 787].) If, after the specified time period has expired, the efforts to reunify the family have failed, “ ‘the court must terminate reunification efforts and set the matter for a hearing [1009]*1009pursuant to section 366.26 for the selection and implementation of a permanent plan. (§ 366.21, subd. (g).)’ ” {Ibid.) The hearing under section 366.26 is called a permanency planning hearing. (In re Celine R., supra, at p. 52.)
In this case, the court terminated reunification efforts and scheduled a permanency planning hearing. The permanency planning hearing does not necessarily result in a loss of parental rights, but it very often does. (In re Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 52-53.) Accordingly, terminating reunification services and setting the matter for a permanency planning hearing has potentially serious consequences for a parent.
The issue here is whether the specified period of time in which the court must provide reunification services had expired before the court set the permanency planning hearing. Mother contends she was entitled to an additional six months of services. This is a question of statutory interpretation. Generally, subject to certain exceptions not relevant here that can extend the time period, if, as here, the child is over three years of age when removed from the home, the reunification period “shall not exceed” 12 months. (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(1).)4 The court is also required to review the status of the child at least once every six months after the initial dispositional hearing until the matter is finally resolved. (§ 366, subd. (a)(1).) The initial six-month review hearing in this case was the one begun on June 22, then continued to July 13 and finally to July 15.
Section 366.21, subdivision (e), governs this initial six-month review hearing. The fifth paragraph of that subdivision is critical here and gives rise to the present legal dispute. It provides: “If the child was removed initially under subdivision (g) of Section 300 and the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the whereabouts of the parent are still unknown, or the parent has failed to contact and visit the child, the court may schedule a hearing pursuant to Section 366.26 within 120 days. If the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has been convicted of a felony indicating parental unfitness, the court may schedule a hearing pursuant to Section 366.26 within 120 days.”
This paragraph was interpreted in In re Monique S. (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 677 [25 Cal.Rptr.2d 863] {Monique S.). In that case, the child was initially removed from the mother under subdivision (b), but not subdivision (g), of section 300. The mother, like mother here, argued that section 366.21, subdivision (e), permitted the court to terminate reunification services “after six months of no parental contact only for those children initially removed [1010]*1010under subdivision (g) (the parent’s whereabouts are unknown).” (Monique S., supra, at p. 682.) The court disagreed: “We interpret the Legislature’s placement of the comma after the word ‘unknown’ to create an additional ground for setting the section 366.26 hearing, where ‘the parent has failed to contact and visit the child,’ regardless of the initial grounds for removal.” (Monique S., supra, at p. 682.)
The court found support for its interpretation in former rule 1460(f)(2)(A). (Monique S., supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 682.) The relevant subdivision of the rule has been renumbered, but it is still substantially identical to the rule cited in Monique S. Today, as relevant, it provides that the court may set the permanency planning hearing at the initial six-month review hearing if: “(A) the child was removed under section 300(g) and the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s whereabouts are still unknown; or [][] (B) the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has not had contact with the child for six months; or [1] (C) the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has been convicted of a felony indicating parental unfitness . . . .” (Rule 1460(f)(1).)
The Monique S. court noted that the “[r]ules relating to the juvenile court are ‘designed to implement the purposes of the juvenile court law by promoting uniformity in practice and procedure and by providing guidance to judges, referees, attorneys . . . and others participating in the juvenile court.’ (Rule 1400(b).) ‘Insofar as these rules are substantially the same as existing statutory provisions relating to the same subject matter, these rules shall be construed as restatements of those statutes ....[][] Insofar as these rules may add to existing statutory provisions relating to the same subject matter, these rules shall be construed so as to implement the purposes of the juvenile court law.’ (Rule 1400(c)(1) & (2).) We conclude rule 1460(f)(2)(A) restates section 366.21, subdivision (e), providing three discrete grounds for setting a selection and implementation hearing after six months.” (Monique S., supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 682.) The court found its “interpretation allowing the selection and implementation hearing to be set after six months of a parent’s failure to contact and visit a child is consistent with the intent of the dependency scheme to provide stability for abused, neglected and exploited minors. There is no purpose served in continuing to offer services where a parent, absent extenuating circumstances, makes no effort to reach out to his or her child for six months in the dependency process.” {Id. at pp. 682-683.)
The Monique S. opinion was followed, albeit without independent analysis, in In re Tameka M. (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1747, 1754 [40 Cal.Rptr.2d 64], and cited with approval in dicta in In re David H. (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 368, 386, footnote 11 [39 Cal.Rptr.2d 313].
[1011]*1011The Court of Appeal in this case disagreed with Monique S. It concluded that “the Legislature tied parental failure to visit or contact the child with a prior adjudication of abandonment. We believe our interpretation is sound both structurally and logically. For example, if we read the phrase ‘or the parent has failed to contact and visit the child’ as standing apart from a previous adjudication under section 300, subdivision (g), it would then also stand apart from the requirement of a finding under clear and convincing evidence, a result which makes no sense. Furthermore, it is not reasonable to assume the Legislature meant that a failure to contact and visit the child alone is an independent ground for advancing directly to the section 366.26 hearing when it carefully enumerated a second ground, conviction of a felony indicating parental unfitness, in a separate sentence and indicated that finding must be made by clear and convincing evidence. [][] Therefore, we interpret section 366.21, subdivision (e) as establishing only two situations where the court can schedule a section 366.26 hearing at the six-month review: (1) when the child has been removed under section 300, subdivision (g) and die court finds by clear and convincing evidence the whereabouts of the parent is still unknown or the parent has failed to contact and visit the child; or (2) when the court finds by clear and convincing evidence the parent been convicted of a felony indicating parental unfitness. Either of these circumstances reasonably justifies accelerating the section 366.26 hearing.”
Although the statute can be read as the Court of Appeal did here, over 15 years have passed since rule 1460 was promulgated, and 12 years have passed since Monique S. interpreted the statute. For several reasons, we conclude that we should not abruptly change the rule and this interpretation. Rule 1460(f)(1) is unambiguous. The Judicial Council adopted the rule “pursuant to its constitutional and statutory authority to adopt rules for court administration, practice, and procedure, not inconsistent with statute.” (Rule 1400(b).) The Legislature has specifically directed the Judicial Council to “establish rules governing practice and procedure in the juvenile court not inconsistent with law.” (§ 265.) “The rules have the force of statute to the extent that they are not inconsistent with legislative enactments and constitutional provisions.” (In re Richard S. (1991) 54 Cal.3d 857, 863 [2 Cal.Rptr.2d 2, 819 P.2d 843].)
Ultimately, the interpretation of a statute is a legal question for the courts to decide, and an administrative agency’s interpretation is not binding. (Reno v. Baird (1998) 18 Cal.4th 640, 660 [76 Cal.Rptr.2d 499, 957 P.2d 1333].) Certainly the Judicial Council’s interpretation of a statute, as reflected in the Rules of Court, is not binding on the courts, and we will invalidate a rule if it is contrary to statute. (People v. Hall (1994) 8 Cal.4th 950, 960-961 [35 Cal.Rptr.2d 432, 883 P.2d 974].) But we have also said that when a statute is susceptible of more than one interpretation, we will consider an administrative interpretation of the statute that is reasonably contemporaneous [1012]*1012with its adoption. (Robinson v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 226, 234 [5 Cal.Rptr.2d 782, 825 P.2d 767].) “ ‘Consistent administrative construction of a statute over many years, particularly when it originated with those charged with putting the statutory machinery into effect, is entitled to great weight and will not be overturned unless clearly erroneous.’ ” (Ibid.; see also Tidewater Marine Western, Inc. v. Bradshaw (1996) 14 Cal.4th 557, 568 [59 Cal.Rptr.2d 186, 927 P.2d 296].)
Courts have given similar deference to rules of court that the Judicial Council has promulgated. In Adams v. Commission on Judicial Performance (1994) 8 Cal.4th 630 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 641, 882 P.2d 358], we considered a constitutional provision that was construed in a rule of court. We said that “past or contemporaneous interpretation by an administrative entity ... of a constitutional provision it is charged with implementing, is accorded considerable weight [citation], and courts generally will not depart from such construction unless it is clearly erroneous or unauthorized. [Citations.] The Judicial Council, as an independent agency charged with a specialized and focused task of promulgating rules . . . , is the entity ‘ “presumably equipped or informed by experience” ’ to perform such task, and whose findings warrant deferential treatment by the court.” (Id. at pp. 657-658; see also Leydon v. Alexander (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 1, 4 [260 Cal.Rptr. 253]; Zenker-Felt Imports v. Malloy (1981) 115 Cal.App.3d 713, 720 [171 Cal.Rptr. 482] [Judicial Council’s “interpretation of the statutory term ‘the time of the trial’ is consequently to be accorded the benefit of the familiar rule that the contemporaneous construction of a statute by an administrative agency charged with its enforcement is entitled to ‘great weight’ unless it is ‘clearly erroneous or unauthorized’ ”].)
In Yamaha Corp. of America v. State Bd. of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal.4th 1 [78 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 960 P.2d 1031] (Yamaha), we considered in detail how much weight courts should give to administrative rules. We recognized the existence of two distinct categories of rules: quasi-legislative and interpretive. Quasi-legislative rules are those that the agency promulgates as part of the lawmaking power the Legislature has delegated to it. Judicial review of these rules is very limited. (Id. at pp. 10-11.) Rules that interpret a statute receive less judicial deference. “Unlike quasi-legislative rules, an agency’s interpretation does not implicate the exercise of a delegated lawmaking power; instead, it represents the agency’s view of the statute’s legal meaning and effect, questions lying within the constitutional domain of the courts. But because the agency will often be interpreting a statute within its administrative jurisdiction, it may possess special familiarity with satellite legal and regulatory issues. It is this ‘expertise,’ expressed as an interpretation . . . , that is the source of the presumptive value of the agency’s views. An important corollary of agency interpretations, however, is their diminished power to bind. Because an interpretation is an agency’s legal opinion, [1013]*1013however ‘expert,’ rather than the exercise of a delegated legislative power to make law, it commands a commensurably lesser degree of judicial deference.” (Id. at p. 11.)
The rules of court that the Judicial Council adopts can fall into either category; some rules are genuine lawmaking and some are interpretive. The rule at issue here (rule 1460(f)(1)) falls within the second category; it effectively interprets section 366.21, subdivision (e). So this rule is entitled to a lesser degree of judicial deference than a rule that comes within the agency’s delegated legislative power to make law. But it is still entitled to some deference. In such a case, “ ‘the judiciary, although taking ultimate responsibility for the construction of the statute, accords great weight and respect to the administrative construction.’ ” (Yamaha, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 12.) How much weight to give such a rule is “situational” and depends on a number of factors. (Ibid.) Factors to consider are whether the administrative interpretation is “ ‘contained in a regulation adopted after public notice and comment [rather than one] contained in an advice letter prepared by a single staff member’ ”; whether the interpretation is long-standing and has been consistently maintained; and whether the interpretation was contemporaneous with the legislative enactment of the statute being interpreted. (Id. at p. 13.) “If an agency has adopted an interpretative rule in accordance with Administrative Procedure Act provisions—which include procedures (e.g., notice to the public of the proposed rule and opportunity for public comment) that enhance the accuracy and reliability of the resulting administrative ‘product’—that circumstance weighs in favor of judicial deference.” (Ibid.)
The Judicial Council’s membership consists of appellate and trial judges, as well as others (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 6, subd. (a)), so it “is uniquely situated to implement the legislative policy.” (People v. Wright (1982) 30 Cal.3d 705, 713 [180 Cal.Rptr. 196, 639 P.2d 267].) It is charged, by both Constitution and statute, with adopting rules of court. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 6, subd. (d); § 265; see People v. Hall, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 956.) Moreover, although the Judicial Council is not subject to the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) because it is an agency in the judicial branch of state government (Gov. Code, § 11340.9, subd. (a)), its process for promulgating rules includes procedures similar to those of the APA that enhance the final product’s reliability. These procedures include internal review as well as notice to the public and an opportunity for public comment whenever the proposed rule is other than a minor or technical change. (See Cal. Rules of Court, tit. 6, Jud. Admin. Rules, rules 6.13(c), 6.20, 6.22.) The Judicial Council also has standing advisory committees that advise it in areas of each committee’s expertise. These standing committees are directed to “act in the best interests of the public and the entire court system.” (Id., rule 6.31(a).) Among the standing advisory committees is one on family and juvenile law, [1014]*1014which is required to have members with a wide variety of experience and perspectives. (Id., rule 6.43.)
Rule 1460 was adopted contemporaneously with section 366.21, subdivision (e), and its interpretation has never changed. It was subjected to public comment and internal review. (See Judicial Council of Cal., AOC, mem. to Sup. Ct. Com. of Judicial Council re Proposed Revisions to Juvenile Ct. Rules (May 2, 1989) pp. 2, 71-73.) The Judicial Council’s Advisory Committee on Juvenile Court Law considered these comments and the proposed juvenile court rules, and ultimately recommended adoption of the rules, including rule 1460. That advisory committee had 21 members, including appellate and juvenile court judges, a wide variety of public and private attorneys practicing juvenile court law and representing varying constituencies, and others involved in the juvenile court system. (Judicial Council of Cal., Ann. Rep. (1990) pp. 11, 20-21.)
All of these circumstances support the conclusion that the formal rules the Judicial Council adopts that interpret a statute, including rule 1460, are entitled to a measure of judicial deference. Accordingly, rule 1460’s interpretation of section 366.21, subdivision (e), although not binding on the courts and invalid if contrary to statute, is entitled to great weight and will be overturned only if it is clearly erroneous. (Adams v. Commission on Judicial Performance, supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 657-658; Robinson v. Fair Employment & Housing Com., supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 234.) We emphasize that this is merely deference, not abdication. Statutory construction remains ultimately a matter for the courts.5
Another circumstance weighing against overturning rule 1460(f)(1) and Monique S., supra, 21 Cal.App.4th 677, is legislative acquiescence. The Legislature has amended section 366.21, as well as other closely related dependency statutes, at least once, sometimes more than once, sometimes in response to judicial rulings, virtually every year since the Judicial Council adopted rule 1460 and the Court of Appeal decided Monique S. (See [1015]*1015Historical and Statutory Notes, 73 West's Ann. Welf. & Inst. Code (1998 ed.) foll. § 366.21, pp. 401-403, and id. (2005 supp.) pp. 188-194; Renee J. v. Superior Court (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 1450, 1457-1458 [118 Cal.Rptr.2d 118]; Maribel M. v. Superior Court (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 1469, 1471-1472 [72 Cal.Rptr.2d 536].) The Legislature has been very active in this area of the law and has carefully watched judicial interpretations of these statutes. But during all this time, it has left untouched rule 1460 and Monique S. It has not substantially changed the paragraph from section 366.21, subdivision (e), that is at issue since its original enactment. (See Stats. 1987, ch. 1485, § 43, p. 5631.)
This is not just a matter of legislative inattention, which is often of little significance. In Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 163 [83 Cal.Rptr.2d 548, 973 P.2d 527], we refused to overrule previous Court of Appeal interpretations of a statute for similar reasons. “During that time [in the course of judicial interpretation], the Legislature has amended California’s statutes regulating competition numerous times, sometimes to overrule judicial interpretations. [Citation.] But it has left this rule intact. Legislative inaction is often not a convincing reason to refuse to change a statutory interpretation. [Citation.] Under the circumstances here, however, including the longevity of the rule and the unanimity of the decisions stating it, we believe it is up to the Legislature to change it if it is to be changed.” (Id. at p. 178.)
Here, not only has the Legislature failed to overturn a judicial interpretation, it has failed to overturn a rule of court (rule 1460) that the Judicial Council promulgated at the Legislature’s direction. (See § 265.) Because the Legislature has specifically directed the Judicial Council to promulgate these rules, we can presume it was aware of the administrative interpretation, which makes its acquiescence all the more significant. (See Yamaha, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 21-22 (conc. opn. of Mosk, J.), and cases cited; Robinson v. Fair Employment & Housing Com., supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 235, fn. 7 [“Because the Legislature authorized the FEHC to establish the system of publication in which precedential decisions are printed [citations] the Legislature now is presumed to be aware of the two administrative decisions on which the Court of Appeal relied, and thus has reason to be aware of the construction the agency placed on its own regulation.”].)
Moreover, we agree with the court in Monique S., supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at pages 682-683, that its interpretation of the statute is consistent with the overall legislative intent behind the statutory scheme—to balance efforts to reunify the family with the child’s need for stability. “The parent’s interest in having an opportunity to reunify with the child is balanced against the child’s need for a stable, permanent home. The parent is given a [1016]*1016reasonable period of time to reunify and, if unsuccessful, the child’s interest in permanency and stability takes priority.” (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309 [19 Cal.Rptr.2d 544, 851 P.2d 826].) It makes sense for the Legislature to permit the court to set the permanency planning hearing if the parent has not contacted or visited the child for six months. “Childhood does not wait for the parent to become adequate.” (Id. at p. 310.)
Mother and the Court of Appeal claim the legislative history supports their interpretation of the statute. The Court of Appeal stated that “any doubt that remains is readily clarified by express Legislative intent. Section 366.21, subdivision (e) was enacted in 1987 as part of Senate Bill No. 243 (1987-1988 Reg. Sess.), a bill intended to establish a new structure for making permanency decisions. With respect to the six-month review, the Senate Committee on Judiciary stated ‘the new structure would allow a case to go directly from the 6 month review to a permanency planning hearing if the child had been abandoned or the parent was convicted of a felony which indicated parental unfitness.’ (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 243, as amended Apr. 27, 1998.)”
We do not believe that this legislative analysis supports mother’s position. The report is fully consistent with rule 1460(f)(1) and Monique S. Contrary to mother’s argument, the report does not show that the Legislature intended to require that additional technical requirements for abandonment stated in different statutes be met. (Cf. Civ. Code, former § 232, subd. (a)(1), now Fam. Code, § 7822.) The author of the report may simply have considered allowing six months to pass without contacting or visiting a child to constitute a form of abandonment. A commentary noted that rule 1460(f)(1) and Monique S. do not require that the original jurisdictional finding be made under section 300, subdivision (g), before the court may terminate services due to the parent’s failure to contact and visit the child. As explained, this rule “recognizes that a parent can abandon a child whether that parent’s whereabouts is known or unknown. Either way, the effect on the child is the same.” (Seiser et al., Cal. Juvenile Courts Practice and Procedure (2005 ed.) § 2.152[4][c], p. 2-293; see also Cal. Judges Benchguides, Juvenile and Family Court Procedures, Benchguide 103, Juvenile Dependency Review Hearings (CJER 2004 rev.) § 103.35, p. 103-47 [“A court may set a [section 366.26] hearing at this stage [the six-month review hearing] when the parent has failed to contact and visit the child; there is nothing to be gained in continuing to offer services when a parent makes no effort to reunify with the child for six months and there are no extenuating circumstances”], citing Monique S., supra, 21 Cal.App.4th 677.)
Mother also argues the statute would violate due process if it were interpreted to permit the finding that the parent had failed to contact and visit [1017]*1017the child to be based on some lesser showing than clear and convincing evidence. However, rule 1460(f)(1)(B) indicates that the court must make this finding by clear and convincing evidence.
For these reasons, we reaffirm the long-standing administrative and judicial construction of section 366.21, subdivision (e), as permitting the court to terminate reunification services and set the matter for a permanency planning hearing whenever it finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has failed to contact and visit the child for six months after reunification services have begun, whether or not jurisdiction was originally asserted under section 300, subdivision (g).
B. Application to this case
Mother also argues that even if we accept the Monique S. interpretation of the statute, the court erred in terminating reunification services because her “failure to contact or visit the child [was] caused by the social worker’s refusal to make the children available for frequent and regular visitation as required by section 362.1.” Monique S. held that reunification services need not be continued “where a parent, absent extenuating circumstances, makes no effort to reach out to his or her child for six months in the dependency process.” (Monique S., supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at pp. 682-683, italics added.) The italicized words imply that reunification services must be continued if there are extenuating circumstances excusing the failure to contact and visit the children. In effect, mother argues the department’s actions constitute such extenuating circumstances.
Section 362.1, subdivision (a)(1)(A), states that any order for reunification services shall provide, “[s]ubject to subparagraph (B), for visitation between the parent . . . and the child. Visitation shall be as frequent as possible, consistent with the well-being of the child.” Subparagraph (B) of that subdivision provides, as relevant: “No visitation order shall jeopardize the safety of the child.”
In this case, the department ended mother’s visit with her children on January 7 because it found she was acting inappropriately, a finding mother has never challenged. After that, it did not permit mother to visit the children unless she was free of drugs, as the reunification plan that mother signed required. Mother failed to participate in dependency drug court and for this reason was terminated from that program. The only time before the June 22 hearing that mother asked to visit her children she was, by her own admission, under the influence of methamphetamine and marijuana, and she declined to take a random urinalysis test. She has never claimed the department refused to permit her to visit the children anytime she was free of drags.
[1018]*1018Mother may not challenge the court’s order providing for reunification services because she never appealed it. Section 395 provides in relevant part: “A judgment in a proceeding under Section 300 may be appealed from in the same manner as any final judgment, and any subsequent order may be appealed from as from an order after judgment . . . .” “A consequence of section 395 is that an unappealed disposition or postdisposition order is final and binding and may not be attacked on an appeal from a later appealable order.” (In re Jesse W (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 349, 355 [113 Cal.Rptr.2d 184].) An appeal from the most recent order in a dependency matter may not challenge earlier orders for which the time for filing an appeal has passed. (Ibid.) “Permitting a parent to raise issues going to the validity of a final earlier appealable order would directly undermine dominant concerns of finality and reasonable expedition,” including “the predominant interest of the child and state . . . .” (In re Janee J. (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 198, 207 [87 Cal.Rptr.2d 634].) Accordingly, “By failing to appeal, [mother] has waived any complaint she may have regarding the [reunification] plan as ordered.” (In re Julie M. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 41, 47 [81 Cal.Rptr.2d 354].)
To the extent mother challenges the department’s actions, sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s implicit finding that the department provided reasonable reunification services. (In re Julie M, supra, 69 Cal.App.4th at p. 46.) The appellate court “constructs] all reasonable inferences in favor of the juvenile court’s findings regarding the adequacy of reunification plans and the reasonableness of [the social services department’s] efforts.” (Ibid.) Here, the department merely required that mother be free of drugs and alcohol before she visited her children, as the reunification plan required. The record shows, and mother never claimed otherwise, that she has a substance abuse problem. Accordingly, requiring her to be drug and alcohol free before she could visit with her children was reasonable to protect their well-being. (In re Christopher H. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1007-1008 [57 Cal.Rptr.2d 861]; see § 362.1.) “The program in which a parent or guardian is required to participate shall be designed to eliminate those conditions that led to the court’s finding that the child is a person described by Section 300.” (§ 362, subd. (c); see In re Christopher H., supra, at p. 1006.)
In this case, mother made no apparent effort after January 7 to visit her children under the reunification plan when she was free of drugs and alcohol. At the June 22 hearing, the court gave her another chance, and she still failed to visit the children. Under the circumstances, we find no error in the court’s ultimate order of July 15 terminating reunification services and setting a hearing to establish a permanent plan.
[1019]*1019III. Conclusion
We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal and remand the matter to that court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
George, C. J., Baxter, J., and Werdegar, J., concurred.