Salamone v. Douglas Marine Corp.

111 F.4th 221

Opinion

21-1331 Salamone v. Douglas Marine Corp.

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ------ 4 August Term, 2022 5 (Argued: February 8, 2023 Decided: August 8, 2024) 6 Docket No. 21-1331 7 _________________________________________________________ 8 KENNETH E. SALAMONE and RUFSTR RACING, LLC, 9 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 10 - v. - 11 DOUGLAS MARINE CORPORATION,

12 Defendant-Appellant.* 13 _________________________________________________________

14 Before: KEARSE, PARKER, and SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. 15 Appeal by defendant Douglas Marine Corporation from so much of an 16 August 23, 2021 amended judgment of the United States District Court for the

* The Clerk of Court is instructed to amend the official caption to conform with the above.

1 Northern District of New York, Mae A. D'Agostino, Judge, as requires defendant to 2 pay plaintiffs $451,500 in damages for breach of contract, upon plaintiffs' motion 3 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) to alter the original judgment entered on a jury 4 verdict awarding plaintiffs damages in the amount of $131,171. On appeal, defendant 5 contends principally that the district court erred in increasing the amount awarded 6 based on its ruling that the jury's damages calculation constituted a fundamental error 7 that excused plaintiffs' failure to object to the verdict prior to the dismissal of the jury. 8 See Salamone v. Douglas Marine Corp., No. 19-CV-01213, 2021 WL 3723105 (N.D.N.Y. 9 Aug. 23, 2021). Defendant also contends that the court erred in failing to instruct the 10 jury on a mitigation-of-damages defense and in denying defendant's post-amended- 11 judgment motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction. See Salamone 12 v. Douglas Marine Corp., No. 19-CV-01213, 2022 WL 111774 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2022). 13 We find merit only in defendant's challenge to the district court's Rule 59(e) ruling 14 that increased plaintiffs' damages recovery above the amount awarded by the jury, 15 which we conclude violated principles of federal procedure. We reverse the amended 16 judgment to that extent; as neither side asked the district court to order a new trial, 17 we remand with instructions to enter a further amended judgment that accords with 18 the verdict returned by the jury.

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1 Reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded for entry of a second 2 amended judgment that grants plaintiffs damages in the amount awarded by the jury, 3 along with such other relief awarded in the amended judgment as defendant has not 4 challenged on appeal.

5 LEONARD F. LESSER, New York, New York (Nathaniel 6 Levy, Simon Lesser, New York, New York, on the 7 brief), for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

8 DANIEL R. LeCOURS, Albany, New York (Elliot A. Hallak, 9 Harris Beach, Albany, New York, on the brief), for 10 Defendant-Appellant.

11 KEARSE, Circuit Judge: 12 Defendant Douglas Marine Corporation ("Douglas Marine") appeals from 13 so much of an August 23, 2021 amended judgment of the United States District Court 14 for the Northern District of New York, Mae A. D'Agostino, Judge, as requires Douglas 15 Marine to pay plaintiffs Kenneth E. Salamone and his company RUFSTR Racing, LLC 16 ("Plaintiffs"), $451,500 in damages for breach of contract, upon Plaintiffs' motion 17 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) to alter or amend an April 22, 2021 judgment entered 18 on a jury verdict awarding Plaintiffs damages in the amount of $131,171 (the "Original 19 Judgment"). On appeal, Douglas Marine contends principally that the district court 20 erred in entering the August 23, 2021 amended judgment increasing Plaintiffs'

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1 damages award to $451,500 (the "Amended Judgment") based on its ruling that the 2 jury's damages calculation constituted a fundamental error that excused Plaintiffs' 3 failure to object to the verdict prior to the dismissal of the jury. Douglas Marine also 4 contends that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury on its mitigation-of- 5 damages defense, and in denying its post-Amended-Judgment motion to dismiss the 6 action for lack of personal jurisdiction. 7 For the reasons that follow, we find merit only in Douglas Marine's 8 challenge to the Rule 59(e) ruling increasing Plaintiffs' damages recovery above the 9 amount awarded by the jury, which we conclude violated principles of federal 10 procedure. We reverse the Amended Judgment to that extent; as neither side moved 11 in the district court for a new trial, we remand for entry of a second amended 12 judgment that grants Plaintiffs damages in the amount awarded by the jury, along 13 with such other relief awarded in the Amended Judgment as Douglas Marine has not 14 challenged on appeal.

15 I. BACKGROUND

16 The following account of the principal events is based on facts stipulated 17 by the parties, as well as facts described by the district court in its posttrial

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1 Memorandum-Decision and Order granting, in pertinent part, Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) 2 motion, see Salamone v. Douglas Marine Corp., No. 19-CV-01213, 2021 WL 3723105 3 (Aug. 23, 2021) ("Salamone I"), descriptions that are not challenged by either side.

4 A. The Contract 5 In December 2015, Plaintiffs entered into a contract with Douglas Marine 6 to purchase a new, custom-made Skater 388 Race Boat (the "Skater") and boat trailer. 7 The parties stipulated that the contract purchase price for the Skater was $542,117. 8 The contract price did not include engines or certain other equipment that Plaintiffs 9 were to purchase separately. On December 30, 2015, Plaintiffs made an initial 10 payment to Douglas Marine of $300,000. On December 31, 2016, they paid Douglas 11 Marine $61,500. In March 2017, Plaintiffs paid Douglas Marine $140,000 for engines 12 that they had authorized Douglas Marine to order for the Skater. 13 Although the contract did not specify an agreed date for delivery, 14 Salamone testified at trial that the boat was to be delivered by August 2016 so that he 15 could race it during the 2016 season. Douglas Marine did not complete the boat by 16 August 2016. 17 On June 27, 2017, Douglas Marine told Salamone the Skater was not 18 completed; Salamone told Douglas Marine that Plaintiffs no longer wanted the Skater.

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1 Douglas Marine asked and received Salamone's consent to sell the boat. Douglas 2 Marine listed the Skater for sale, initially seeking the contract price, but lowering the 3 asking price five times before the boat was eventually sold. Douglas Marine sold the 4 Skater for $300,000 and the engines for $75,000; but it remitted only $50,000 to 5 Plaintiffs.

6 B. The Present Action 7 Plaintiffs commenced the present action in September 2019, asserting 8 breach of contract, along with several other claims that were dismissed during trial. 9 Federal jurisdiction was premised on diversity of citizenship (New York and 10 Connecticut for Plaintiffs, Michigan for Douglas Marine). The complaint alleged that 11 Douglas Marine, incorporated and headquartered in Michigan, did business in New 12 York through dealerships authorized to sell Douglas Marine power boats, including 13 Skaters.

14 1. Pretrial Proceedings 15 Prior to answering the complaint, Douglas Marine sent a letter to the 16 district court requesting permission to file a pre-answer motion to dismiss the action 17 for lack of personal jurisdiction. It stated, inter alia, that Douglas Marine "ha[s] no

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1 physical presence" in New York, "conduct[s] no business activities in New York," and 2 "does not . . . transact with any dealers in New York." (Douglas Marine Letter to the 3 District Court dated October 31, 2019, at 1.) Plaintiffs' responding letter asserted that 4 Douglas Marine "contracted with a New York customer and afforded that New York 5 customer with a 35% dealer discount because this transaction was arranged through 6 Performance Marine in Bolton Landing, New York." (Plaintiffs' Letter to the District 7 Court dated November 13, 2019, at 1.) The district court held a telephone conference 8 to address Douglas Marine's proposed motion, stating at the outset, "[n]othing I say 9 during this phone conference should be taken as an indication as to how I would rule 10 on a motion." (Pre-Motion Conference Transcript, November 15, 2019 ("2019 Tr."), 11 at 2.) 12 In the conference, Douglas Marine insisted that "[t]here was no dealer in 13 this transaction" and that it was several years since it had used dealers. (2019 Tr. 3; 14 see id. at 8-9.) Plaintiffs pointed out that it was also several years since Douglas 15 Marine's contract with Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs maintained that Douglas Marine had 16 consistently used dealers in New York and that the New York dealer Performance 17 Marine, according to its owner Jason Saris, had been "intimately involved in this boat 18 order," "procur[ing]" and "arrang[ing]" the purchase, and "routinely follow[ing] up" 19 with Douglas Marine as to the progress of the boat's construction. (Id. at 3-9.)

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1 The district court instructed the parties to confer in "good faith" in order 2 to determine whether Douglas Marine needed to make a motion to dismiss for lack 3 of personal jurisdiction. If Douglas Marine then saw "a bona fide reason to make this 4 motion," the court would set a schedule for briefing. The court stated that

5 [o]bviously, on a motion like this, if there are questions of fact, I 6 don't think I need to be too--you don't have to be too imaginative 7 to know at this stage what a judge is going to have to do with it. 8 So, before you spend your clients' time and money, talk a little bit. 9 If there's a bona fide reason to make this motion, go ahead and 10 make it, but talk first.

11 (Id. at 12.) 12 Without further proposing a motion to dismiss the complaint, Douglas 13 Marine filed its answer, asserting lack of personal jurisdiction as a defense. It made 14 no pretrial motion to dismiss; nor did it raise a lack-of-personal-jurisdiction defense 15 in opposing a motion by Plaintiffs for partial summary judgment, or request from the 16 court or the jury any factual findings at trial that could warrant such a dismissal, or 17 seek such a dismissal after the $131,171 jury verdict or the entry of judgment on that 18 verdict. Douglas Marine made no motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal 19 jurisdiction until after the court entered the Amended Judgment increasing the 20 damages that had been awarded to Plaintiffs in the Original Judgment. As described 21 in Part III below, the district court appropriately ruled that the defense had been

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1 forfeited, see Salamone v. Douglas Marine Corp., No. 19-CV-01213, 2022 WL 111774, at *5 2 (Jan. 12, 2022) ("Salamone II"). 3 As to the merits of the case, following Douglas Marine's December 2019 4 answer to the complaint and a modicum of discovery and motion practice, the parties 5 filed a detailed Joint Pre-trial Stipulation (or "Stipulation") stating their agreement on 6 certain facts and their disagreement as to others. Among the 99 facts on which the 7 parties agreed were the following:

8 12. The purchase price of the Skater under the . . . Contract 9 was $542,117.00, which included as follows: (1) $568,009.00 for the 10 basic race boat; (2) $56,750.00 for the full race canopy system 11 (4-man double wide); (3) $19,250.00 for widening the hull; (4) 12 $20,680.00 for the tunnel escape hatch; (5) $2,937.00 for the cockpit 13 cover; (6) $166,400.00 for the hydraulic tilt trailer; and (7) 14 $291,909.00 off of the price as a 35% "DEALER DISCOUNT".

15 ....

16 93. Plaintiffs paid Defendant a total of $501,500.00 for the 17 Skater, Engines, Drives, and hydraulic tilt trailer.

18 94. Defendant received a total of $876,500.00 for the Skater, 19 Engines, Drives, and hydraulic tilt trailer.

20 95. Defendant has only made one payment to Plaintiffs in 21 the total amount of $50,000.00.

22 (Joint Pre-trial Stipulation at 5, 11.)

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1 The Stipulation included 55 paragraphs as to matters on which the 2 parties disagreed. More than a dozen of these "Facts In Dispute" concerned "[w]hat 3 caused the delays in the Skater's construction" (id. at 13, ¶ 33) and reflected Douglas 4 Marine's contention that any delays in its completion of the Skater were caused by 5 indecisiveness on the part of Salamone (see, e.g., id. at 12-13, ¶¶ 5-7, 14-25).

6 2. The Trial 7 At the four-day trial, the evidence principally concerned (a) whether Saris 8 and his company Performance Marine had acted as Douglas Marine's dealer in 9 procuring the contract with Plaintiffs for construction of the Skater; (b) whether 10 Salamone was the cause of delaying Douglas Marine's completion of the Skater; and 11 (c) whether, after repudiating the contract, Salamone had hindered Douglas Marine's 12 efforts to sell the Skater by initially insisting that it be listed at an unrealistically high 13 asking price, and, thereafter, by causing a willing buyer to withdraw an offer that was 14 higher than the eventual sale price. (See, e.g., Trial Transcript, April 19-22, 2021 ("Tr."), 15 at 325-26, 360-61, 470-71.)

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1 a. The Charge Conference 2 Following the close of the evidence, the district court held a charge 3 conference at which the court and the parties discussed, inter alia, how the jury charge 4 and verdict sheet should address the issue of damages. Although in their Joint 5 Pre-trial Stipulation the parties had agreed that the contract price for the boat was 6 $542,117, Plaintiffs suggested that that number "ha[d] been increased," and that the 7 contract price was "555559." Douglas Marine then pointed out that that number did 8 not include $140,000 for the engines; Plaintiffs agreed and suggested that the total 9 price was "695559." When Douglas Marine's attorney Elliot A. Hallak said that there 10 were still more "add-ons to the contract," and "I think we also need to talk about the 11 cost of the paint that was added on afterwards," the court interrupted:

12 THE COURT: I just want to know what the contract price 13 was.

14 MR. HALLAK: So it would be 723559 plus 38,500 for the 15 cost of the paint.

16 THE COURT: As I look at your trial briefs, none of the 17 numbers make any sense to me.

18 (Tr. 596.) 19 Eventually the parties agreed that "$723,559" was the contract price; but 20 they disagreed as to whether that price included the paint. Plaintiffs contended that

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1 the paint was included; Douglas Marine contended that the charge for the paint was 2 an extra $38,500. The court stated that it would instruct the jury as to the agreed 3 $723,559 contract price and as to the parties' respective positions as to whether $38,500 4 for the paint was included in the contract price. 5 In addition, consistent with the Stipulation, the parties agreed that 6 Plaintiffs had paid a total of $501,500 to Douglas Marine and that Douglas Marine had 7 remitted only $50,000 to Plaintiffs. But while Plaintiffs proposed that the court 8 instruct the jury that their damages were thus $451,500, Douglas Marine refused to 9 stipulate that Plaintiffs were damaged in that amount. It contended that Plaintiffs had 10 both impeded the sale of the Skater at a price higher than Douglas Marine eventually 11 received and caused Douglas Marine to incur storage costs because that eventual sale 12 was delayed. 13 After Plaintiffs began to argue that the jury should be told that the total 14 of all moneys Douglas Marine received with respect to the Skater was $876,500, the 15 court said:

16 You know what? You can go through whatever numbers 17 you want during your summation. I'm going to tell the jury that 18 the contract price was [$]723[,]559 . . . that the plaintiff[s] paid 19 $501,500, and that the defendant remitted $50,000. Period. End of 20 story.

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1 You can dazzle them with your numbers in your 2 summation.

3 (Id. at 613.)

4 b. Plaintiffs' Summation as to Damages 5 Counsel for Plaintiffs, in his summation to the jury, introduced his 6 discussion of damages by saying that Douglas Marine

7 received $886,500 [sic] for the boat, engines and drives; $501,500 8 of which was from plaintiffs.

9 Think about that for a second. The defendants [sic] received 10 $876,500 for a boat. They [sic] weren't even entitled to that amount 11 of money under the contract with Mr. Salamone. They [sic] were 12 entitled to $102,000 and change less and they [sic] paid, including 13 [sic] the $50,000, that they [sic] repaid to Mr. Salamone.

14 ....

15 . . . . [T]here's no dispute between the parties that a contract 16 existed. There is also no dispute that plaintiffs made each of the 17 first two installment payments that he [sic] was required to make 18 under the terms of the contract, totaling $361,500.

19 There is no dispute, and it is stipulated, that the plaintiffs 20 paid $140,000 for the engines and drives. . . .

21 ....

22 . . . I know that this is--has been repeated multiple times 23 with respect to the numbers, but I think it's important. The 24 evidence shows here--the plaintiff [sic] is required to show that

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1 he's [sic] been damaged. The evidence shows that the plaintiff [sic] 2 has. The contract price for the boat that Mr. Salamone was 3 required to pay was $723,559. Again, the defendant received 4 $300,000 from the plaintiff [sic] and that's not disputed. Another 5 $140,000 for engines and drives, which is not disputed. $61,000-- 6 $61,500 which is not disputed.

7 Defendant also received $300,000 from Mr. Sheker in the 8 subsequent sale of the boat, and another $75,000 from Happy 9 Days Marina.

10 (Tr. 645-48.) 11 After stressing Plaintiffs' contentions on the issues of liability, Plaintiffs' 12 counsel returned to damages, stating that

13 plaintiff [sic] owned the engines, drives and transoms and their 14 proceeds. There's no dispute that plaintiffs paid 140,000 for the 15 engines and drives. There's no dispute they were sold. There's no 16 dispute that only $50,000 of the proceeds were ultimately paid to 17 Mr. Salamone.

18 In addition to the--to the $50,000, Mr. Salamone [sic] received 19 an additional $25,000 for the engines. The evidence clearly shows 20 that the drives and transoms were sold as part of the defendant's 21 subsequent sale and garnered $78,230. None of that money was 22 paid back to the plaintiff [sic].

23 (Tr. 653 (emphases added).) Plaintiffs' counsel ended his summation with the 24 following:

25 The amounts that Mr. Salamone paid and the amounts that 26 were ultimately due to the defendant are clear. There's no 27 dispute. The dispute arises with respect to when the boat was 28 done. The evidence shows the boat was not done when it was

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1 rejected by Mr. Salamone. And as a result, we would respectfully 2 request the Court or the jury enter a verdict in favor of the plaintiff 3 [sic] for the full contractual balance [sic] that is due [sic] as instructed 4 by the Court. Thank you.

5 (Id. at 653-54.)

6 c. The Trial Court's Instructions to the Jury 7 In instructing the jury, the court addressed the issue of damages as 8 follows.

9 If you find that the defendant breached the contract by failing to 10 make delivery of the goods called for in the contract, you must 11 compute the plaintiffs' damages as discussed below.

12 Now, although I am instructing you on the law of damages, 13 it's entirely up to you to decide what to do on that account. If you 14 believe that the plaintiff[s] ha[ve] carried . . . their burden of proof 15 and should be awarded damages, then you will take into 16 consideration the damages charge. . . .

17 I instruct you that the parties have agreed that the contract 18 price was $723,559. That's $723,559. Plaintiffs assert that the cost 19 of the paint was included in the $723,559. Defendant asserts that 20 $38,000 [sic] is not reflected in the $723,559. If you find that the 21 cost of the paint was not reflected in the invoice of June 12th . . . , 22 add $38,500.

23 I instruct you that the parties agree that the amount 24 plaintiffs paid to the defendant was $501,500. $501,500. That is 25 the amount plaintiffs paid to the defendant. And the amount 26 defendant paid to plaintiffs was $50,000.

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1 If plaintiffs have proven by a preponderance of the evidence 2 that defendant is liable for breach of contract, then you must 3 determine the amount of damages which plaintiffs are entitled to 4 for that claim. . . .

5 A successful plaintiff in a breach of contract claim is entitled to 6 recover damages that would place that plaintiff in the same position as 7 if the contract had not been breached. In other words, the plaintiff 8 may recover those damages naturally arising from the breach of 9 contract.

10 In making this determination, you must determine the contract 11 price, the amount that plaintiffs paid to the defendant, any expenses that 12 plaintiff[s] may have saved as a result of the breach, and the amounts 13 remitted to plaintiff[s].

14 Additionally, if plaintiffs still owed money to defendant on 15 the agreed-upon contract price, that amount should not be 16 included in any damages award.

17 (Tr. 672-74) (emphases added). 18 With respect to the Jury Verdict Form's question "1-G," which addressed 19 damages, the court stated:

20 If you decide to award damages in this case, 1-G, what amount of 21 compensatory damage[s], if any, do you find that plaintiffs have 22 proven by a fair preponderance of the evidence would fairly 23 compensate plaintiffs for the damages resulting from defendant's breach? 24 You will fill that in with an amount that you believe is just and 25 reasonable based upon the evidence . . . .

26 (Tr. 678) (emphases added).

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1 d. The Verdict and the Original Judgment 2 On April 22, 2021, responding to the questions set out in the Jury Verdict 3 Form, the jury reported its findings that Plaintiffs established that they had 4 "substantially performed their obligations under the contract" and that Douglas 5 Marine "breached the contract by failing to tender the Skater within a reasonable 6 time." (Tr. 687.) The jury found that Douglas Marine had failed to prove that 7 Plaintiffs waived the right to insist on tender of the Skater prior to June 27, 2017, and 8 failed to prove that Plaintiffs breached the contract by rejecting the Skater before 9 Douglas Marine tendered it. (See id. at 687-88.) The jury found that Plaintiffs proved 10 that they were damaged as a result of Douglas Marine's breach and found that the 11 amount that "would fairly compensate Plaintiffs for the damages resulting from 12 Defendant's breach of the contract [was] $131,171.00." (Id. at 688.) The jury stated that 13 each finding was unanimous. 14 The court asked whether either side would like to have the jury polled. 15 Counsel for each side responded "No" (id. at 689). The court thanked the jurors for 16 their service and stated that their service as jurors in this case was completed. Final 17 judgment was promptly entered, reciting that the jury's verdict was in favor of 18 Plaintiffs against Douglas Marine for compensatory damages in the amount of 19 $131,171. See Original Judgment, dated April 22, 2021.

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1 C. The Post-Original-Judgment Proceedings 2 On May 19, 2021, Plaintiffs moved pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) to 3 alter or amend the judgment principally (1) "to rectify a clear and fundamental error 4 of law and increas[e] the damage award from $131,171 to $451,500," and (2) "to 5 include pre-judgment interest and post-judgment interest." (Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) 6 motion at 1.) Of these requests, only the increase in damages is at issue on this 7 appeal; the district court denied the motion for pre-judgment interest; it granted post- 8 judgment interest, which Douglas Marine had not opposed. The court granted 9 Plaintiffs' motion to increase the damages award to $451,500. See Salamone I, 2021 WL 10 3723105, at *3-*8. 11 With respect to damages, Plaintiffs argued that under the Michigan 12 Uniform Commercial Code, MCL § 440.2711(1), they were entitled to recover $451,500 13 because that represented the sum they paid Douglas Marine minus the amount 14 remitted to them from Douglas Marine. Douglas Marine opposed, arguing (1) that 15 Plaintiffs "waive[d their] objection to any inconsistency in a jury verdict" by "fail[ing] 16 to object to the verdict prior to the excusing of the jury" (Douglas Marine 17 Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) Motion at 5 (internal 18 quotation marks omitted)); and (2) that an increase in the damages award would 19 violate the Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury in civil cases.

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1 The district court rejected Douglas Marine's constitutional objection, and 2 it found that Plaintiffs' procedural default could be excused. See Salamone I, 2021 WL 3 3723105, at *3-*8. The court began by noting that in the absence of "'an intervening 4 change of controlling law[ or] the availability of new evidence,'" a Rule 59(e) motion 5 may properly be granted only if the movant shows "'the need to correct a clear error 6 or prevent manifest injustice.'" Id. at *3 (quoting Hollander v. Board of Regents of the 7 University of the State of New York, 524 F. App'x 727, 729 (2d Cir. 2013)). With respect 8 to Douglas Marine's waiver contention, the court noted that "'[i]t is well established 9 that a party waives its objection to any inconsistency in a jury verdict if it fails to 10 object to the verdict prior to the excusing of the jury'"--the purpose of that 11 requirement being "'to give the court and the opposing party the opportunity to 12 correct an error in the conduct of the trial.'" Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *3 13 (quoting Kosmynka v. Polaris Industries, Inc., 462 F.3d 74, 83 (2d Cir. 2006) ("Kosmynka") 14 (other internal quotation marks omitted)). The court found it "clear from the record 15 that Plaintiffs did not object to the verdict after judgment had been entered and before 16 the jury was excused." Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *4. 17 The court rejected Plaintiffs' contention that an objection had been 18 preserved by their request that the jury be instructed that the parties' agreement--that 19 Plaintiffs had paid Douglas Marine $501,500 and that Douglas Marine had remitted

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1 to Plaintiffs $50,000--required the conclusion that Plaintiffs' damages totaled $451,500. 2 See id. at *3. The court also pointed out that Plaintiffs did not and could not claim 3 there was any error in the instructions given to the jury, noting that, at the charge 4 conference,

5 [w]hen Plaintiffs' Counsel initially declined the Court's invitation 6 for objections and instead offered a "comment," the Court 7 specifically stated, "Do you have any objections? I'm asking if you have 8 an objection. Tell me. Preserve the record." [Tr.] 615. Plaintiffs' 9 Counsel then only objected to the instructions regarding the 10 reasonable time standard under Michigan Law. Id. Again, the 11 Court asked, "Any other objections?" to which Plaintiffs' Counsel 12 responded "No, your Honor." Id. at 616. Plaintiffs' Counsel also did 13 not object to the damages section of the proposed jury verdict form. Id. 14 at 617. Plaintiffs' Counsel even affirmatively stated that the 15 Court's reading of the stipulated amounts paid and remitted by 16 both parties and including a copy of the charge with the proposed 17 verdict form would be sufficient. Id. at 618-19.

18 Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *4 n.5 (emphases ours). 19 However, the court noted that a party's failure to make a timely objection 20 to the verdict could be "excuse[d]" if the verdict constituted "fundamental error." Id. 21 at *3 (internal quotation marks omitted).

22 "Fundamental error is more egregious than the 'plain' error 23 that can excuse a procedural default in a . . . trial, . . . and is 'so 24 serious and flagrant that it goes to the very integrity of the trial.'" 25 Jarvis v. Ford Motor Co., 283 F.3d 33, 62 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting 26 Shade v. Housing Auth. of New Haven, 251 F.3d 307, 31[3] (2d Cir. 27 2001)). "[A]ccurate and unobjectionable" jury instructions may 28 present a fundamental error where they lack important rules of

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1 damage calculations resulting in the "verdict form [acting as] an 2 invitation to the jury to come up with an erroneous damage 3 calculation." Rodick v. City of Schenectady, 1 F.3d 1341, 1348 (2d Cir. 4 1993).

5 Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *3. 6 The district court attempted to fathom the jury's thinking that led to a 7 conclusion that Plaintiffs' appropriate damage award totaled $131,171. It observed 8 that in their summation to the jury, although Plaintiffs "recounted all the sums paid 9 and remitted," they did not tell the jury "the specific amount of damage they were 10 seeking"; they instead requested "'a verdict in favor of the plaintiff [sic] for the full 11 contractual balance that is due as instructed by the Court'"; and they "stopped short of 12 telling the jury they were seeking $451,500." Id. at *5 (quoting Tr. 654 (emphases ours) 13 ("sic" = thus in the summation)). 14 The court pointed out that Plaintiffs had instead argued "that Defendant 15 was not entitled to the $876,500 it received for the Skater, but '$102,000 and change 16 less . . . including the $50,000[] that they [sic] repaid to Mr. Salamone.'" Salamone I, 17 2021 WL 3723105, at *5 (quoting Tr. 645 ("sic" = thus in the summation)). "Essentially," 18 the court observed, "Plaintiffs stated that Defendant was not entitled to the $152,941 19 it received in excess of the contract price but [Plaintiffs] failed to state at closing that

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1 [Defendant was] not entitled to any of the money Plaintiffs paid because of Defendant's 2 breach." Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *5 (emphasis added). 3 In reconstructing the jury's route to $131,171, the court observed that if 4 the jury was

5 subtracting the additional $25,000 that Plaintiffs also claimed they 6 were entitled [to] for the engines, the total comes to $127,941, only 7 $3,230 from the amount the jury actually awarded. [Tr.] at 653.

8 Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *5. Although stating that the obscure $3,230 could 9 have resulted from a mathematical error or possible confusion, the court went on to 10 note that Plaintiffs' summation had included the following:

11 "[T]he evidence also shows that plaintiff [sic] owned the engines, 12 drives and transoms and their proceeds. There is no dispute that 13 plaintiffs paid $140,000 for the engines and drives. There is no 14 dispute they were sold. There's no dispute that only $50,000 of the 15 proceeds were ultimately paid to Mr. Salamone. In addition to the 16 $50,000, Mr. Salamone [sic] received an additional $25,000 for the 17 engines. The evidence clearly shows that the drives and transoms 18 were sold as part of the defendant's subsequent sale and garnered 19 $78,230. None [sic] of that money was paid back to the plaintiff 20 [sic]."

21 Id. (quoting Tr. 653 ("sic" = thus in the summation) (emphases ours)). The court 22 recognized that

23 [t]he difference between the $75,000 Plaintiffs asserted that 24 they were entitled to for the engine and the $78,230 which Plaintiffs 25 claimed that they were owed for the drives and transoms is $3,230. 26 By adding $3,230 to $127,941, the Court arrives at the damages

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1 award ultimately entered by the jury, $131,171. Given the large 2 discussion of the engines, drives, and transoms together at trial, it 3 is likely that the jury thought the $75,000 Plaintiffs asked for in damages 4 for the engines also included the sale of the drives and transoms, leaving 5 only $3,230 to be added to the total of damages to make up the difference. 6 While complicated, this is the only logical way of interpreting the 7 jury verdict based on the evidence.

8 Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *6 (emphases added). 9 The court found it "clear . . . that the jury attempted to award Plaintiffs what 10 they said that they were due"; that the court had repeatedly warned the parties "that the 11 jury would be confused and have a difficult time calculating the damages"; that 12 "Plaintiffs, nevertheless, did not clearly tell the jury what they were asking for in damages"; 13 and that the jury's "damages calculation was an error that was largely due to Plaintiffs' 14 strategical errors." Id. (emphases added). 15 Nonetheless, the court stated that--because according to "clear-cut 16 commands of Michigan contract law," "Plaintiffs were entitled to the balance paid 17 under the contract"--"[t]he jury award . . . presents a fundamental error." Id. (internal 18 quotation marks omitted). The court concluded that "as Plaintiffs paid Defendant 19 $501,500 and Defendants remitted $50,000," they were entitled to have the verdict 20 increased "to $451,500 . . . to correct the fundamental error." Id. at *8. 21 The court rejected Douglas Marine's contention that such an increase 22 would violate its Seventh Amendment right to have fact issues decided by the jury.

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1 It noted that, although that Amendment precludes a process such as "additur," in 2 which the court would condition the denial of a new trial on the defendant's 3 agreement to an increase in the jury's award, see Dimick v. Schiedt, 293 U.S. 474, 486-87 4 (1935), Plaintiffs here had made no request for a new trial. As discussed in Part II.C. 5 below, the court concluded that a "'simpl[e] adjust[ment]'" to the jury's verdict was 6 permissible, Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *7 (quoting Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 170 7 F.3d 264, 273 (2d Cir. 1999)), because "[t]he Parties stipulated that Plaintiffs paid 8 Defendant $501,500 and Defendant remitted $50,000 to Plaintiffs. Thus, there is no 9 question that Plaintiffs were entitled to $451,500 in damages," Salamone I, 2021 WL 10 3723105, at *7. 11 The Amended Judgment was entered, awarding Plaintiffs damages in the 12 amount of $451,500.

13 D. Douglas Marine's Post-Amended-Judgment Motion 14 Douglas Marine timely filed the present appeal from the Amended 15 Judgment. Thereafter, on September 24, 2021, Douglas Marine moved in the district 16 court to set aside the Amended Judgment (1) pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(4) on 17 the ground that it was void for lack of personal jurisdiction over Douglas Marine, and 18 (2) pursuant to Rule 60(b)(3) on the ground that it had been procured by fraud,

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1 misrepresentation, or other misconduct by Plaintiffs in connection with the issue of 2 the court's jurisdiction over Douglas Marine (collectively "Rule 60(b) motion"). 3 Following the district court's denial of the Rule 60(b) motion in Salamone II, 2022 WL 4 111774 (see Part III below), Douglas Marine filed an amended notice of appeal to 5 include challenges to Salamone II.

6 II. THE GRANTING OF PLAINTIFFS' RULE 59(e) MOTION

7 Rule 59(e) allows a party, not later than 28 days after entry of a judgment, 8 to make "[a] motion to alter or amend [the] judgment." Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). Rules 9 59(a) and (b) allow a party, within 28 days after entry of judgment, to move for a new 10 trial on some or all issues. While Rule 59(a) allows the court, following a jury trial, to 11 grant a new trial motion "for any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been 12 granted in an action at law in federal court," Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1)(A), the court is 13 authorized to grant a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment "only when 14 the [moving party] identifies an intervening change of controlling law, the availability 15 of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice," Metzler 16 Investment GmbH v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 970 F.3d 133, 142 (2d Cir. 2020) 17 ("Metzler") (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis ours); see generally 11 Wright

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1 & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2810.1 (3d ed. 2024); 12 Moore's Federal Practice 2 § 59.30[5][a][i] (3d ed. 2024). 3 We review the district court's ruling on a Rule 59(e) motion for "abuse of 4 discretion." Schwartz v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 539 F.3d 135, 150 (2d Cir. 2008). 5 A court abuses its discretion in ruling on such a motion if its decision either rests on 6 an error of law or a clearly erroneous finding of fact, or cannot be located within the 7 range of permissible decisions. See, e.g., Padilla v. Maersk Line, Ltd., 721 F.3d 77, 83 (2d 8 Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 571 U.S. 1200 (2014). 9 On this appeal, Douglas Marine contends principally that the district 10 court erred (1) in ruling that Plaintiffs' procedural failure to object to the verdict 11 before the jury was discharged should be excused on the ground that the verdict 12 constituted fundamental error, and (2) in ruling that the court's increasing the 13 damages awarded by the jury did not violate the Seventh Amendment's guarantee of 14 the right, in civil cases, to trial by jury. We conclude that the Amended Judgment 15 must be reversed.

16 A. The Fundamental-Error Standard 17 Plaintiffs in their Rule 59(e) motion asked the court to increase the 18 verdict's award of damages in order to "rectify" what they characterized as "a clear

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1 and fundamental error of law." (Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) motion at 1.) The district court, 2 citing Jarvis v. Ford Motor Co., 283 F.3d 33, 60-62 (2d Cir. 2002), concluded that 3 Plaintiffs had waived their objection to the verdict except insofar as they alleged 4 fundamental error since they failed to object to the damages award before the jury 5 was dismissed. Plaintiffs have not cross-appealed the district court's decision to hold 6 them to the fundamental error standard. We therefore assume without deciding that 7 the district court was correct to apply that standard. Cf. Browe v. CTC Corp., 15 F.4th 8 175, 194 (2d Cir. 2021) (employing similar assumption regarding district court's 9 allocation of burden of proof). 10 The fundamental-error standard, applied in civil cases, is akin to the 11 plain error standard applicable to criminal cases, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b), but is even 12 "more stringent." Fabri v. United Technologies International, Inc., 387 F.3d 109, 119 (2d 13 Cir. 2004) ("Fabri"). "In order to warrant relief, such a 'fundamental' error must be 14 even more egregious than the type of 'plain' errors that might suffice to excuse a 15 procedural default in a criminal trial." Shade v. Housing Authority of the City of New 16 Haven, 251 F.3d 307, 313 (2d Cir. 2001) ("Shade"). 17 The fundamental-error standard is one that is applied when a party seeks 18 relief from a final judgment after having bypassed the normal opportunity to present 19 his objection--as when the party seeks such relief on the basis of inconsistent findings

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1 in a jury verdict despite having failed to object to the inconsistency before the jury 2 was discharged, see, e.g., Kosmynka, 462 F.3d at 83, or on the basis of an erroneous 3 instruction to which he has failed to object before the jury retired to deliberate, see, 4 e.g., Fabri, 387 F.3d at 121; Jarvis, 283 F.3d at 56-57, 62; Shade, 251 F.3d at 312-13. Given 5 the strong federal interests in the finality of civil judgments and the efficient use of 6 scarce judicial resources, see, e.g., Metzler, 970 F.3d at 142; Lavoie v. Pacific Press & Shear 7 Co., 975 F.2d 48, 57 (2d Cir. 1992) ("Lavoie"), an error in a civil case is considered 8 "fundamental" only if it "deprived the jury of adequate legal guidance to reach a 9 rational decision" or was "so serious and flagrant that it [went] to the very integrity of 10 the trial." Jarvis, 283 F.3d at 62 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphases ours); 11 see, e.g., Fabri, 387 F.3d at 121; Shade, 251 F.3d at 313.

12 B. The Record as to the Provenance of Error 13 In the present case, in support of their Rule 59(e) motion claiming a "clear 14 and fundamental error of law" (Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) motion at 1), Plaintiffs did not 15 point to an error of law. While they argue that the jury's verdict was erroneous, juries 16 decide questions of fact, not law. See generally Landin v. Healthsource Saginaw, Inc., 305 17 Mich. App. 519, 547, 854 N.W.2d 152, 171 (2014) ("the adequacy of the amount of the 18 damages is generally a matter for the jury to decide"). Thus, the Michigan Supreme

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1 Court Committee provides "Model Civil Jury Instructions" that set out fact questions 2 for the jury to answer in order to find the amount of damages to which the claimant 3 is entitled. 4 Nor did Plaintiffs point to any error by the district court--much less an 5 error that affected the integrity of the trial or led to a jury verdict that was not rational. 6 While Plaintiffs cited Michigan's MCL § 440.7211 for their assertion that it was "clear" 7 (Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) motion at 1) that they were entitled to $451,500 in damages-- 8 because they had paid Douglas Marine $501,500 and Douglas Marine had remitted 9 to them only $50,000--that arithmetic argument does not accurately reflect § 440.7211. 10 That section, while cross-referencing to potential additional damages or remedies 11 dealt with in other sections, states that "the buyer may . . . recover[] so much of the 12 price as has been paid." Section 440.7211 makes no mention of any subtraction for 13 money that the seller may have remitted to the buyer. Thus, § 440.7211 does not fully 14 describe the basic damages to which Plaintiffs claim entitlement in the present case. 15 The district court, however, accurately instructed the jury as a matter of law that 16 Plaintiffs were "entitled to recover damages that would place [them] in the same 17 position as if the contract had not been breached." 18 Further, under Michigan law, a seller's failure to deliver agreed-upon 19 goods may in fact allow the buyer to avoid some expenses that it would otherwise

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1 have borne. Thus, the Model Civil Jury Instructions include questions as to "expenses 2 the buyer saved," which are to be subtracted in calculating the buyer's damages, 3 Model Instruction No. 241.02. Accordingly, the district court instructed the jury that 4 "[i]n making [the] determination" as to the amount of "damages that would place" 5 Plaintiffs "in the same position as if the contract had not been breached," the jury not 6 only must determine the amount Plaintiffs paid to Douglas Marine and the amount 7 Douglas Marine remitted to Plaintiffs, but also "must determine any expenses that 8 plaintiff[s] may have saved as a result of the breach." (Tr. 674.) Thus, Plaintiffs' 9 entitlement to $451,500 in damages was not clear as a matter of law; and the jury's 10 factual finding as to the damages it calculated would appropriately compensate 11 Plaintiffs for nondelivery of the boat could not constitute "a clear and fundamental 12 error of law" (Plaintiffs' Rule 59(e) motion at 1). 13 While Plaintiffs insist that the damages to which they were entitled was 14 clearly and simply $451,500--i.e., the $501,500 they paid Douglas Marine, minus the 15 $50,000 that Douglas Marine remitted to them--Plaintiffs' summation to the jury made 16 the amount of damages they sought complicated, and anything but clear. In 17 discussing damages in their summation, Plaintiffs began by stating that Douglas 18 Marine had "received $876,500" for the Skater, and emphasizing that that sum was 19 more than "$102,000 and change" in excess of the contract price to which Douglas

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1 Marine was entitled. (Tr. 645.) Plaintiffs' counsel threw at the jury 14 different dollar 2 figures, not one of which was $451,500. 3 Nor have Plaintiffs shown that the jury's arrival at a damages award of 4 $131,171 was a decision that was not rational. The district court did well to unravel 5 the plethora of numbers the jury was given, and to determine how it arrived at such 6 a specific determination that the damages to which Plaintiffs were entitled totaled 7 $131,171 (see Part I.C above). Plaintiffs' summation at the outset had urged the jury 8 to think about the fact that Douglas Marine had received a total of "$876,500" for a 9 boat whose contract price was $723,559. The court noted that the difference between 10 those two numbers was $152,941; and it inferred that the jury had likely begun with 11 $152,941 and arrived at its verdict of $131,171 by, first, "subtracting the additional 12 $25,000 that Plaintiffs also claimed they were entitled [to] for the engines," Salamone I, 13 2021 WL 3723105, at *5--leaving $127,941--and then adding $3,230 which was the 14 difference between the "$78,230" that Plaintiffs told the jury Douglas Marine had 15 received for the engines and other items (Tr. 653), and the $75,000 total that Plaintiffs 16 said Douglas Marine had received for the engines. 17 These inferred calculations are mathematically sound to explain how the 18 jury arrived at $131,171. And although at first glance the court's hypothesis that the 19 jury subtracted from $152,941 a sum of "$25,000 that Plaintiffs also claimed they were

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1 entitled [to]" seems illogical, a clear explanation for that subtraction appears in 2 Plaintiffs' summation. After having stated that "only $50,000 of the proceeds [from 3 Douglas Marine's $75,000 sale of the engines] were ultimately paid to Mr. Salamone," 4 Plaintiffs' counsel's very next sentence stated that "In addition . . . to the $50,000, Mr. 5 Salamone [sic] received [sic] an additional $25,000 [sic] for the engines." (Tr. 653 6 (emphasis added).) While apparently a slip of the tongue, Plaintiffs' own literal 7 statement that Salamone "received an additional $25,000" explains why the jury 8 would subtract $25,000 from the $152,941 that, as Plaintiffs emphasized, Douglas 9 Marine had received in excess of the price of the boat. 10 Plaintiffs could have made their current desire for damages in the 11 amount of $451,500 as clear to the jury as they stated it in their Rule 59(e) motion and 12 on appeal. In the charge conference, when the parties were proffering numerous 13 possible damages formulas, the court had warned that the jury would likely be 14 confused and had agreed to instruct the jury that the parties were in agreement that 15 Plaintiffs had paid Douglas Marine $501,500, and that the amount Douglas Marine 16 had repaid was $50,000. Yet, Plaintiffs' counsel in summation, while including 17 reference to these two numbers, never mentioned them in conjunction or even 18 suggested that they were the two components of the relevant equation. Counsel 19 instead chose to bury the two most relevant numbers in an avalanche of 14 different

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1 dollar figures (see Part I.B.2.b. above), and chose never to mention the dollar amount 2 that they now claim as their "clear" damages, $451,500. 3 The court found, aptly, that the jury's damages calculation "was largely 4 due to Plaintiffs' strategical errors." Salamone I, 2021 WL 3723105, at *6. But "[u]nlike 5 . . . contradictory and confusing verdict sheet errors," Armstrong ex rel. Armstrong v. 6 Brookdale University Hospital & Medical Center, 425 F.3d 126, 138 (2d Cir. 2005)--a 7 party's own "strategic trial decisions," id., and "tactical trial" choices, Lavoie, 975 F.2d 8 at 54, 55-56, do not provide a basis for concluding that that party has been a victim of 9 fundamental error or a miscarriage of justice. 10 In sum, we see no fundamental error or manifest injustice here. The 11 record does not permit a conclusion that the jury reached a verdict that was irrational 12 or that there was any impingement on the integrity of the trial process. And it surely 13 does not permit a conclusion that Plaintiffs--whose summation was confusing and 14 contained misstatements that may have led directly to the jury's bottom-line 15 calculation of damages--were victims of any manifest injustice. Even if there were no 16 constitutional impediment to the court's increasing Plaintiffs' recovery--a question we 17 need not reach--we would conclude that the district court erred as a matter of law in 18 ruling that there was a fundamental error or a manifest injustice that required or 19 permitted the court to increase the amount of damages awarded by the jury.

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1 III. DOUGLAS MARINE'S OTHER CONTENTIONS

2 Douglas Marine also contends that the district court erred in refusing to 3 give the jury an instruction at trial with regard to mitigation of damages, and in 4 denying its post-Amended-Judgment motion for dismissal of this action on the 5 ground that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over Douglas Marine. Neither 6 contention warrants extended discussion. 7 As to the first contention, the principle that a claimant has an obligation 8 to mitigate his damages focuses on losses suffered by the claimant. See, e.g., King v. 9 Taylor Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 184 Mich. App. 204, 213-14, 457 N.W.2d 42, 46 (Mich. 10 Ct. App. 1990) ("The injured party in a contract action must make every reasonable 11 effort to minimize his or her damages." (emphasis added)). Douglas Marine provides 12 no support for its contention that a seller of goods, after breaching the contract, is 13 entitled to have the disappointed buyer help to mitigate the seller's self-inflicted 14 losses. And to the extent that Douglas Marine was seeking to reduce any damages 15 award on account of Plaintiffs' unclean hands from their interference with Douglas 16 Marine's efforts to recover value from its expenditures on the boat, Douglas Marine

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1 has not shown that the district court erred in ruling that the evidence in that regard 2 was too speculative. 3 As to Douglas Marine's challenge to the district court's denial of its post- 4 Amended-Judgment motion pursuant to Rule 60(b), asserting that the Amended 5 Judgment was void for lack of personal jurisdiction over Douglas Marine, see Fed. R. 6 Civ. P. 60(b)(4), and that Plaintiffs had perpetrated a fraud on the court in asserting 7 that there was such jurisdiction, see id. Rule 60(b)(3), the district court rejected those 8 contentions in Salamone II, 2022 WL 111774, at *5-*6, familiarity with which is 9 assumed. The court denied those motions principally because Douglas Marine had 10 litigated the action through a jury verdict and a post-judgment motion without ever 11 moving to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm the denial of Douglas 12 Marine's personal-jurisdiction-related motion substantially for the reasons stated by 13 the district court in Salamone II. We also think it noteworthy that in Douglas Marine's 14 main brief on this appeal, despite devoting more of the argument section to issues 15 relating to personal jurisdiction than to any other issue, the brief's sole conclusion is 16 that "[t]he district court's [Rule 59(e)] order should be reversed and a new trial 17 ordered," or "[a]t minimum, the original Judgment should be restored" (Douglas 18 Marine brief on appeal at 50). Consistent with Douglas Marine's approach

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1 throughout the proceedings in the district court, neither of those requests suggests a 2 lack of personal jurisdiction.

3 CONCLUSION

4 We have considered all of the parties' arguments in support of their 5 respective positions on this appeal and, except as indicated above, have found them 6 to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, so much of the Amended Judgment 7 as awarded Plaintiffs $451,500 in damages is reversed, and the matter is remanded to 8 the district court for entry of a second amended judgment that (a) reinstates the 9 original jury award of $131,171 in damages, and (b) grants Plaintiffs costs and 10 postjudgment interest. We affirm the district court's denial of Douglas Marine's Rule 11 60(b) motions. 12 Neither side shall have costs for this appeal.